EP1109672B1 - Kapillare rakel mit flächiger einspritzung für den siebdruck von flüssigen produkten und arbeitsverfahren dieser rakel - Google Patents

Kapillare rakel mit flächiger einspritzung für den siebdruck von flüssigen produkten und arbeitsverfahren dieser rakel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1109672B1
EP1109672B1 EP99940274A EP99940274A EP1109672B1 EP 1109672 B1 EP1109672 B1 EP 1109672B1 EP 99940274 A EP99940274 A EP 99940274A EP 99940274 A EP99940274 A EP 99940274A EP 1109672 B1 EP1109672 B1 EP 1109672B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
screen
squeegee
printing
liquid product
capillary
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP99940274A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1109672A1 (de
Inventor
Francis Bourrieres
Clément KAISER
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Novatec SA
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Novatec SA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41F—PRINTING MACHINES OR PRESSES
    • B41F15/00—Screen printers
    • B41F15/14—Details
    • B41F15/44—Squeegees or doctors
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO PRINTING, LINING MACHINES, TYPEWRITERS, AND TO STAMPS
    • B41P2215/00—Screen printing machines
    • B41P2215/10—Screen printing machines characterised by their constructional features
    • B41P2215/13—Devices for increasing ink penetration
    • B41P2215/132—Devices for increasing ink penetration by increasing pressure above the screen

Definitions

  • the object of the present invention is a surface injection capillary squeegee for screen printing under optimal conditions of liquid products with viscous liquids through the openings of a screen printing screen.
  • This organ is particularly adaptable to the device which is the object of FR-A-2754473 or any other existing device with built-in tank in which pressure can be adjusted.
  • the deposition of liquid products on a surface is done by spraying, dipping, or brushing when there are no complex areas to protect.
  • the screen printing method is used.
  • the screen printing process consists of a screen or screen-printing mask generally made from a canvas made of synthetic material or stainless metal. This screen screen is made in such a way that it has closed areas and open areas corresponding to the drawings whose reproduction is desired.
  • the screen printing screen is applied to the screen-printing surface and an inclined scraper simultaneously pressed and moved in a direction parallel to the screen forces the liquid product to pass through the open areas of the mask.
  • Scrapers are generally made either by a more or less hard rubber profile, or by stainless steel blades. In all cases, the transfer force impressed on the product depends on the angle formed between the plane of the mask and the active face of the doctor blade. The transfer force will be greater as this scraping angle is small.
  • the masks can be made from a woven mesh of stainless steel, polyester or silk or it can be a stencil. These masks can be either planar or cylindrical in the case of continuous screen printing. Screen printing, as described above, is a very old process but has a certain number of disadvantages, such as, for example, the rheology modification of the product to be transferred during work, either by evaporation of solvents contained in the product or by interaction. with the environment. This change in rheology results in an obligation to readjust the working parameters or to replace the altered product with good quality product.
  • topping operation which consists in spreading the product uniformly on the surface of the mask and thus make it available for the scraping operation itself. If this additional operation improves the quality of the screen printing, it has the counter part of bringing into contact with the environment a large product area, which generates rapid changes in rheology by evaporation of the solvents contained in the product.
  • WO-A-96/20088 and US Patent 4622239 describe devices of this type suitable for the transfer of pasty products such as soldering creams. These devices do not apply to the transfer of liquid products of low to high viscosity, because the sealing provided by the limbs which define the distribution slot is not effective because it is a very thin slot. wide and that, therefore, whenever the device is separated from the mask, for example for a change of series, the product contained in the device will flow, resulting in significant product losses.
  • FR-A-2754473 proposes another device with improved sealing but, again, significant leakage of product have been observed as soon as one seeks to transfer liquid products and in this case also, the product contained between the sealing elements flows of the device when it is separated from the mask.
  • the invention described and claimed is also limited to the application of pasty products such as soldering creams.
  • US Patent 3921521 , US Patent 4023486 , GB-A-1433957 and DE-A-2250092 also mention closed devices for the transfer which, this time, are dedicated to liquid products, but again all these devices have a distribution chamber delimited at the bottom by the sealing members forming a narrow slot and closed by the screen-printing mask, which implies a flow of the product contained in this chamber when these devices are separated from the mask.
  • DE-A-4330681 proposes to ensure the coating of a product on a printing roll, an applicator device comprising a capillary element impregnated with the product to be coated in direct and constant contact with the roll to be coated.
  • This capillary element has the function of ensuring a homogeneous coating of the roll with which it is in contact.
  • This device although having an interest in the operation of a capillary element intermediate, can not be exploited in the context of a screen printing since it incorporates the use of a screen printing mask whose function is to ensure a good transfer of the product on the screen-printing substrate.
  • the main disadvantage of conventional methods and devices is the difficulty in preventing the flow of the product when the latter is particularly fluid, when the applicator device is no longer in contact with the mask.
  • the present invention makes it possible to remedy the various problems related to the transfer devices of the prior art.
  • a screen printing device is available for screen printing a fluid, namely a liquid product, on a substrate through openings in a screen-printing mask by a translation on it.
  • the screen printing device comprising: a reservoir which can be pressurized to contain the liquid product to be screen printed, the reservoir having a fluid transfer opening;
  • the silkscreening device being characterized by: a surface-injection-type capillary scraper integral with the reservoir and interposed between the reservoir and the screen-printing mask, the surface-injection-type capillary scraper comprising a capillary element for delivering liquid product from the reservoir to the mask screen, the capillary element being in fluid communication with the fluid transfer opening of the reservoir and being configured to provide a resistance to flow which is such as to prevent flow from the reservoir when is not pressurized and allows flow from the latter when pressurized, and first and second sealing lips which, during screen printing, are both in contact with the mask of silkscreen, the sealing lips being elastically deformable and being arranged,
  • the invention consists of a means of using the capillary effect to prevent the natural flow of the product, associated with a very wide distribution slot proposed by the doctor blade, object of the invention, whose contact surface with the screen screen very important, represents the place of injection to reduce the pressure to exert on the.produit while increasing the flow.
  • this surface injection capillary wiper has a resistance to flow (capillarity) large enough that the product to be transferred does not flow from the device when the latter is separated from the screen-printing mask and the product n is not under pressure
  • the resistance to flow (capillarity) of the capillary element can be adjusted according to the viscosity of the product to be transferred.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee has a permeability corresponding to the needs of the application, that is to say that the flow rate of the product under pressure through the surface injection capillary squeegee is adaptable according to the range of desired screen printing speed, the nature of the substrate and the viscosity of the product to be transferred. It being understood that the flow rate through the surface injection capillary squeegee is also adjustable by adjusting the pressure applied to the product in the tank.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee has an available volume occupied by the product which decreases if the pressing force exerted to push the device in contact with the mask increases and which increases if the bearing force is decreased. In this way, the residual liquid which is at the dispensing surface will be re-sucked by vacuum at the end of scraping or at the time of separation of the device and the screen.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee has on the front and on the back, two opposite inclined sealing lips which have the function of scraping the excess product and thus confining it inside. of the device. Additional sealing blocks arranged on either side of the device, make it possible to prevent product leakage on the ends of the surface-injection capillary wiper.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee is sufficiently flexible to conform to the height variations related to the irregularities of the substrate or of the mask and thus to allow the sealing lips which delimit the distribution surface. to ensure their role in scraping the surplus.
  • an intermediate capillary element between the pressurized screen printing product and the screen printing mask is not a simple adaptation of a known device in a new field of application but the result of studies and of research aimed at meeting a need different from that of a homogeneous coating of a printing roll but to avoid the loss of screen-printing product or at least the loss of its initial rheological characteristics by the integration a capillary element retaining it when the pressure on the product is interrupted.
  • said sealing lips coming into contact with said mask and whose opening determines the injection surface of the product accept elastic deformations and are connected with said capillary element so as to change its volume according to whether or not supported on said capillary scrape.
  • a method of screen printing a fluid namely a liquid product
  • a method of screen printing a fluid is used on a substrate through openings in a screen-printing mask, the method being characterized by the following steps: providing said device silkscreen; lowering the doctor blade on the screen-printing mask above the substrate; pressurizing the liquid product in the reservoir, thereby allowing the flow of liquid product from the capillary element of the doctor blade to the surface of the screen-printing mask; translation of the doctor blade at least once on the surface of the screen-printing mask; removing the pressure applied to the liquid product in the tank; and raising the squeegee from the screen-printing mask, the capillary element of the squeegee preventing a flow of liquid product therefrom.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee can constitute an independent module that can be mounted on a screen printing device comprising a pressurizable reservoir.
  • all of the component parts of the surface injection capillary squeegee can chemically withstand the products used as well as cleaning solvents that can be used for cleaning the screen printing device.
  • figure 1 is shown the implementation of a screen printing with a doctor blade 3 of a product 4 through a mask 2 on the substrate 1.
  • the doctor blade is inclined at an angle " ⁇ " relative to the surface of the substrate, moves in the direction E, it prints a force perpendicular to the edge of the doctor blade on the product of which only the vertical component T, called transfer thrust, to transfer the product through the mask.
  • FIG 2 is represented a technique of direct transfer of pasty product through a mask invented by the same depositor.
  • the product 4 contained in the reservoir constituted by the flexible membrane 5 and the assembly 9 is transferred onto the substrate 1 through the mask 2.
  • the force F1 pushes the device against the mask and thus generates a tight contact between the sealing members or lips 6a and 6b and the mask.
  • the lips are fixed on the assembly 9 by means of the parts 7.
  • the transfer thrust generated by the force F2 on the piston 8 expels the product 4 by the distribution surface 10 delimited on either side by the lips 6a and 6b.
  • This type of device is particularly suitable for the transfer of pasty products such as solder creams or epoxy adhesives with a viscosity greater than or equal to 1000 poises.
  • the figure 3 shows an embodiment of the present invention. It consists in interposing an autonomous element called a surface-injection capillary squeegee between the reservoir constituted by the flexible membrane 5 and the assembly 9 containing the product to be transferred and the mask.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee is fixed on the assembly 9 by means of the screws 17.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee incorporates a capillary element consisting of a resiliently deformable profile 13, for example Rhone Poulenc RTV 71557 silicone and a mesh 12 fixed on the profile 13 and which has product supply orifices 14, uniformly distributed in the distribution zone 10, which open on the mask side in a countersink 11.
  • the function of the mesh 12 is to put in communication all the orifices 14 and to homogenize the pressure of the liquid to be transferred over the entire surface 10 of the mask facing the counterbore.
  • the weft of the mesh 12 can be adjusted according to the viscosity of the product to be transferred. We will choose a mesh with opening rates all the lower as the product will have a low viscosity. In all cases, all the openings 14 and the mesh 12 has sufficient resistance to flow (capillarity) so that the product can not flow freely from the device when the latter is separated from the mask and that the force F2 is released.
  • the set of orifices 14 and the opening rate of the mesh 12 must allow a flow of product subjected to the pressure in the tank in accordance with the screen printing speed and the nature of the substrate to be printed.
  • the resilient section crushes so that the sealing members 6a and 6b disposed around the dispensing surface 10 can conform to the variations in heights and marry the mask intimately in order to to avoid leaks.
  • This crash also fulfills another function. Indeed, under the action of the preload F1, the volume available inside the capillary surface injection nozzle and occupied by the product 4, determined by the orifices 14 and the countersink 11, decreases and conversely increases when the prestress is released as this may be the case during a downtime or between two screenprints.
  • the product which is located at the dispensing surface is re-sucked into the reservoir and thus can not escape the device.
  • the materials of the various parts constituting the surface injection capillary squeegee can be adapted according to the application and their chemical resistance to the product to be transferred.
  • the choice of the mesh 12 will preferably be on a mesh of the same nature.
  • the profile 13 is glued on a rigid support plate 18 which closes the reservoir and which supports the profile 13 so that it does not bend in the middle.
  • the plate 18 also has product passage orifices 15 facing the holes 14 in the profile 13. The diameter of these product passage orifices 15 is advantageously calculated and adapted to the viscosity of the product and in adequacy with the size. cells constituting the capillary element.
  • the figure 4 is a perspective view of the surface injection capillary squeegee evoked in figure 3 .
  • the counterbore 11 which contains the mesh 12 does not extend over the entire length of the surface injection capillary wiper so that the product can not escape through both ends.
  • surface injection capillary squeegee is an independent module that can be mounted on the tank of a direct transfer device.
  • the capillary element consists of an elastically deformable profile 16 made of open-cell foam, for example polyurethane foam, which has both a permeability sufficient for the flow rate of the product is in adequacy with the need of the application when pressing with the force F2 on the piston 8 but also resistance to the flow (capillarity) sufficient so that the product can not s' free flow of the device when it is separated from the mask and the force F2 is released.
  • open-cell foam for example polyurethane foam
  • the surface injection capillary wiper has a volume occupied by the product which varies according to the preload F1 applied to the device so that when the pressure is released the product which is at around the dispensing surface 10 is re-sucked inside the device.
  • the foam profile occupies the entire volume between the lips 6a and 6b and the support plate 18.
  • FIG 6 is shown a perspective view of the surface injection capillary squeegee as described in figure 5 .
  • the open cell foam does not extend the full length of the dispensing surface to prevent lateral leakage of product.
  • At each end is disposed a profile 19 closed cell foam such as silicone foam or EPDM.
  • the lips 6a and 6b and the support plate 18 are bonded to the profiles 19.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee is an independent and interchangeable module. Interchangeability is particularly advantageous when it is desired to change product viscosity or serigraphy speed range, it is sufficient in this case to change the surface injection capillary squeegee by choosing a foam with an open cell dimension adapted to the need of the new application. It is also advantageous to take advantage of the interchangeability during a cleaning operation since this can be done in masked time if two injection-made capillary scrapers are available. identical surface area.
  • Another way of sealing at each end of the surface injection capillary squeegee can be achieved by closing the open cells, for example with silicone, which can be poured into the foam to fill the cells, thus a single foam is necessary for the realization of an injection doctor blade.
  • the mask and the elastically deformable profile are of different nature and to avoid premature wear of the foam or mask, it is possible to interpose a mesh between the profile and the mask so that the friction the device on the mask is between two materials of the same nature.
  • the surface injection capillary squeegee is in contact with the mask over the entire surface of the dispensing slot in such a way that the product can not accumulate in a pocket which could be emptied onto the mask during a period of time. stopping or when separating the device from the mask.
  • the device according to the invention is therefore particularly suitable for screen-rotating or planing liquid products with viscous liquids on all kinds of substrates.
  • the device according to the invention can be adapted to existing devices.
  • it can be adapted to the PROFLOW device which is the commercial name of the product which is the subject of FR-A-2754473 which has the effect of considerably increasing the possible field of application of this product.
  • This invention will particularly apply to industrial sectors already using screen printing for the deposit of liquid products: printing, manufacture of posters, decoration (tiles, enamels, textiles %), glass industry, automotive ....
  • the liquid product is placed in a pressurizable reservoir open on the mask side by a distribution surface of dimension adapted to the width of the substrate on which the deposit is to achieve; said integral reservoir of the surface injection doctor is mounted on a screen printing machine and, together with the pressurization of the liquid, the assembly consisting of the pressurizable reservoir and the surface injection capillary doctor is subjected to a relative translational movement. compared to the mask and is pressed on it.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Screen Printers (AREA)
  • Detergent Compositions (AREA)
  • Cosmetics (AREA)
  • Rotary Presses (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Manufacture Or Reproduction Of Printing Formes (AREA)
  • Printing Plates And Materials Therefor (AREA)

Claims (11)

  1. Eine Siebdruckvorrichtung für den Siebdruck eines Fluides, nämlich eines flüssigen Produkts (4), auf einen Trägerwerkstoff (1) durch Öffnungen in einem Drucksieb (2) beim Verschieben darüber umfassend:
    ein druckbeaufschlagbares Reservoir (5, 9, 18), um das flüssige Produkt (4) für den Siebdruck aufzunehmen, wobei das Reservoir (5, 9, 18) eine Flüssigkeitstransferöffnung (15) einschließt;
    die Siebdruckvorrichtung ist gekennzeichnet durch:
    eine am Reservoir (5, 9, 18) angeschlossene und zwischen Reservoir (5, 9, 18) und Drucksieb (2) angeordnete kapillare Rakel mit flächiger Einspritzung umfassend ein kapillares Bauteil, das geeignet ist, das flüssige Produkt (4) vom Reservoir (5, 9 18) auf das Drucksieb (2) auszubringen, wobei das kapillare Bauteil in Flüssigkeitsverbindung mit der Flüssigkeitstransferöffnung (15) des Reservoirs (5, 9, 18) steht und ausgelegt ist, einen Fließwiderstand zu bilden, um einen Fluss davon zu unterbinden, wenn es nicht unter Druck steht und den Fluss davon zu ermöglichen, wenn es unter Druck steht, und erste und zweite Dichtlippen (6a, 6b), welche, während des Siebdrucks, beide zusammen das Drucksieb (2) berühren, wobei die Dichtlippen (6a, 6b) elastisch verformbar und angeordnet sind, in entgegengesetzt geneigter Ausrichtung, an gegenüberliegenden Kanten des kapillaren Bauteils in Richtung der Verschiebung, eine Ausgabeöffnung (10) zu definieren, die eine an die Breite des Trägerwerkstoffes angepasste Größe hat, mit einem verfügbaren Volumen für das flüssige Produkt (4) in der Rakel, das ansteigt, wenn der Druck auf die Rakel nachlässt und abfällt, wenn der Druck auf die Rakel erhöht wird.
  2. Die Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei das kapillare Bauteil ein elastisch verformbares Element (13, 16) umfasst.
  3. Die Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, wobei das kapillare Bauteil weiterhin ein Gewebe (12) umfasst, das an einer Unterseite des elastisch verformbaren Elements (13, 16) angeordnet ist.
  4. Die Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, wobei das elastisch verformbare Element (16) einen offenporigen Schaumstoff umfasst.
  5. Die Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 4, wobei die seitlichen Enden des elastisch verformbaren Elements (16) von einer Dichtung (19, 19) abgedichtet sind.
  6. Die Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2 oder 3, wobei das elastisch verformbare Element (13) einen geschlossenporigen Schaumstoff umfasst, der eine Vielzahl an Flüssigkeitstransferkanälen (14) einschließt.
  7. Die Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 2 bis 6, wobei die Dichtlippen (6a, 6b) geeignet sind, das elastisch verformbare Element (13, 16) bei der Verformung desselben zu deformieren.
  8. Die Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, wobei das flüssige Produkt (4) ein dickflüssiges Produkt ist.
  9. Die Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, wobei sich die Flüssigkeitstransferöffnung (15) des Reservoirs (5, 9, 18) an dessen Unterseite befindet.
  10. Die Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, wobei die Rakel davon abtrennbar ist.
  11. Ein Siebdruckverfahren mit einem Fluid, nämlich einem flüssigen Produkt (4), auf einen Trägerwerkstoff (1) durch Öffnungen in einem Drucksieb (2), das durch die Schritte gekennzeichnet ist:
    Bereitstellen einer Siebdruckeinrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 10;
    Absenken der Rakel auf das Drucksieb (2) oberhalb des Trägerwerkstoffes (1);
    Ausüben eines Drucks auf das flüssige Produkt (4) in dem Reservoir (5, 9, 18), so dass der Fluss des flüssigen Produkts (4) von dem kapillaren Bauteil der Rakel auf die Oberfläche des Drucksiebs ermöglicht wird;
    Verschieben der Rakel mindestens einmal über die Oberfläche des Drucksiebs (2); Entfernen des auf das flüssige Produkt (4) ausgeübten Drucks in dem Reservoir (5, 9, 18); und
    Abheben der Rakel von dem Drucksieb (2), wobei das kapillare Bauteil der Rakel, den Fluss des flüssigen Produkts (4) davon unterbindet.
EP99940274A 1998-09-03 1999-09-02 Kapillare rakel mit flächiger einspritzung für den siebdruck von flüssigen produkten und arbeitsverfahren dieser rakel Expired - Lifetime EP1109672B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9811005A FR2782945B1 (fr) 1998-09-03 1998-09-03 Racle capillaire a injection surfacique pour la serigraphie de produits liquides
FR9811005 1998-09-03
PCT/FR1999/002088 WO2000013904A1 (fr) 1998-09-03 1999-09-02 Racle capillaire a injection surfacique pour la serigraphie de produits liquides et procede de travail de ladite racle

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1109672A1 EP1109672A1 (de) 2001-06-27
EP1109672B1 true EP1109672B1 (de) 2010-12-15

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EP99940274A Expired - Lifetime EP1109672B1 (de) 1998-09-03 1999-09-02 Kapillare rakel mit flächiger einspritzung für den siebdruck von flüssigen produkten und arbeitsverfahren dieser rakel

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US6588335B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1109672B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2002524310A (de)
AT (1) ATE491573T1 (de)
AU (1) AU5427899A (de)
CA (1) CA2342816A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69943046D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2782945B1 (de)
WO (1) WO2000013904A1 (de)

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JP3685053B2 (ja) * 2000-12-05 2005-08-17 松下電器産業株式会社 スクリーン印刷装置
JP4156227B2 (ja) * 2001-11-02 2008-09-24 松下電器産業株式会社 スクリーン印刷装置
US6740543B2 (en) * 2002-03-07 2004-05-25 Kulicke & Soffa Industries, Inc. Method and apparatus for encapsulating articles by stencil printing
US6955120B2 (en) * 2003-03-28 2005-10-18 Speedline Technologies, Inc. Pressure control system for printing a viscous material
KR100782227B1 (ko) * 2006-02-23 2007-12-05 엘에스전선 주식회사 스크린 프린터의 스퀴즈
JP3965416B1 (ja) * 2006-06-16 2007-08-29 株式会社堅牢防水化学 布帛への樹脂加工に使用するドクターブレード及びそれを使用した樹脂加工法
JP5513168B2 (ja) 2010-02-26 2014-06-04 パナソニック株式会社 電子機器
JP5950258B2 (ja) 2011-08-19 2016-07-13 パナソニックＩｐマネジメント株式会社 電子機器
US8939073B2 (en) * 2012-02-08 2015-01-27 Illinois Tool Works Inc. Print head for stencil printer
CN107584865B (zh) * 2017-10-25 2023-06-02 京东方科技集团股份有限公司 一种网版印刷装置

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FR2754473B1 (fr) 1996-10-15 1999-02-26 Novatec Procede de realisation de depots de produit visqueux et/ou pateux sur un substrat a travers les ouvertures d'un pochoir et dispositif distributeur de produit
US5899142A (en) * 1996-11-20 1999-05-04 Brother Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Stamp apparatus with ink dispersing device

Patent Citations (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1433957A (en) * 1974-01-29 1976-04-28 Mitter & Co Apparatus for applying fluid or pasty printing media for screen printing machines

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FR2782945A1 (fr) 2000-03-10
WO2000013904A1 (fr) 2000-03-16
FR2782945B1 (fr) 2000-11-24
ATE491573T1 (de) 2011-01-15
EP1109672A1 (de) 2001-06-27
US6588335B1 (en) 2003-07-08
CA2342816A1 (en) 2000-03-16
JP2002524310A (ja) 2002-08-06
AU5427899A (en) 2000-03-27
DE69943046D1 (de) 2011-01-27

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