EP1103349A2 - Presswerkzeuggerät und Verfahren zu dessen Steuerung - Google Patents
Presswerkzeuggerät und Verfahren zu dessen Steuerung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1103349A2 EP1103349A2 EP00810910A EP00810910A EP1103349A2 EP 1103349 A2 EP1103349 A2 EP 1103349A2 EP 00810910 A EP00810910 A EP 00810910A EP 00810910 A EP00810910 A EP 00810910A EP 1103349 A2 EP1103349 A2 EP 1103349A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- piston
- tool device
- pressing
- press tool
- sensor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B25—HAND TOOLS; PORTABLE POWER-DRIVEN TOOLS; MANIPULATORS
- B25B—TOOLS OR BENCH DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR, FOR FASTENING, CONNECTING, DISENGAGING OR HOLDING
- B25B27/00—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for
- B25B27/02—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for for connecting objects by press fit or detaching same
- B25B27/10—Hand tools, specially adapted for fitting together or separating parts or objects whether or not involving some deformation, not otherwise provided for for connecting objects by press fit or detaching same inserting fittings into hoses
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01R—ELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
- H01R43/00—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors
- H01R43/04—Apparatus or processes specially adapted for manufacturing, assembling, maintaining, or repairing of line connectors or current collectors or for joining electric conductors for forming connections by deformation, e.g. crimping tool
- H01R43/042—Hand tools for crimping
- H01R43/0428—Power-driven hand crimping tools
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for Control of an electrically operated pressing tool device for pressing coupling elements with a pair of pliers.
- the invention further relates to a pressing tool device with which the method according to the invention can be carried out.
- Press tool devices of the type mentioned at the beginning Pressing coupling elements such as press sleeves, press fittings, Pipe sleeves, nested pipe sections and the like.
- the press tool devices have a Clamping pliers with clamping jaws, which create a pressing space Form recording of the coupling element to be pressed.
- the the pressing pressure required for the pressing is carried out by a, in general hydraulic, drive supplied.
- Press tool devices are working tools that have an increased Have an accident risk. There are already several work accidents Occurred where the clamp is uncontrolled was thrown away and the fork-shaped receptacle spread and was deformed.
- This task solves a pressing tool device with the features of 5. Further advantageous embodiments of the pressing tool device go from the dependent claims 6 to 10 and their meaning is also in the the following description.
- the pressing tool device 1 consists essentially of an electro-hydraulic device that has a pistol shape is.
- the device has a housing 3 with a handle 4.
- Am Handle 4 is the trigger switch 5, via which a Pressing process is triggered.
- the housed in the housing 3 Electromotive drive 6 acts on a gear 7 a hydraulic pump 8, which hydraulic oil from a Presses the storage space into the cylinder and thus moves the piston.
- the piston / cylinder unit is designated 10 in total. It comprises the cylinder 11 and the piston movable therein 12.
- a piston rod 13 engages the piston 12, which passes through a two-part bearing 14 is passed through.
- On that End opposite piston 12 is on piston rod 13 a roll holder 15 is arranged.
- the roll holder 15 has the Shape of a yoke in which two rollers 16 are mounted.
- the extension of the cylinder housing 11 is in the Milled in the longitudinal direction and thus forms two cheeks 17, which form the fork-shaped receptacle 20. Transversely to the longitudinal direction the cheeks 17 becomes the fork-shaped receptacle 20 of one Safety bolt 18 passes through.
- a monitoring sensor 19 the correct position of the safety pin 18 supervised.
- This locking bolt 18 passes through the bearing plates or a connecting strap of the clamp pliers 2. To The clamp pliers 2 must be replaced Safety bolts 18 are removed.
- one of the two cheeks 17 of the fork-shaped receptacle 20 one Recess 27 attached in which a determining the stroke Sensor 28 is arranged.
- This can be a Magnetic sensor, a magnetoresistive angle sensor, a Act a displacement sensor or a Hall sensor.
- a distance sensor that works with a Magnetic strip 29, which is fastened on the roll holder 15, is in a corresponding operative connection.
- At the Magnetic stripe is a small plate, which in dense arrangement alternately striped in plus and Minus poles is divided.
- the roll holder 15 moves and thus the one on it located magnetic strips 29 under the sensor 28, the receives counts corresponding to the changing poles.
- the number of counting pulses determined is direct proportional to the stroke of the piston 12 or Roll holder 15.
- the constant stroke of the constant Closing movement of the clamp which results in a constant compression leads.
- magnetoresistive angle sensor When using a magnetoresistive angle sensor can this can be accommodated in the cylinder seal through which the piston rod 13 is passed through.
- the piston rod can then be provided with magnetized areas, wherein the directions of magnetization are different.
- the magnetoresistive angle sensor detects a vector that corresponds to an absolute position of the piston rod. This preferred embodiment includes destruction in the Jaw replacement completely out.
- the number determined when the pliers were first closed Signals are supplied to an electronics system, which at 30 im Housing 3 is housed.
- the electronic circuit contains a data memory, a comparator and possibly further conventional means, on the one hand, to increase the target path value save as well as below and / or above Enter tolerance ranges and an arithmetic unit, which the actual path values determined with the specified target path value compares and checks whether the actual travel value within the so specified tolerance range.
- the determined target path value is a Relative value that depends on the type of clamp and even from every single clamp, as such Clamping pliers also show wear, reducing tolerance would practically always get bigger.
- Clamping pliers can either be replaced earlier or readjusted. Every time the clamp is used again due to the above-mentioned empty opening, the real one Closing travel determined and newly recorded as the target travel value. Because neither mechanical scanning elements on the clamp still electronic data transmission elements required the entire system is extremely insensitive in everyday use and all suitable clamp pliers can be used and monitored.
- FIG. 1 A second embodiment is shown in FIG. The second embodiment differs from that first described embodiment only in relation to the Arrangement of the sensor and the type of sensor.
- cylinder head 9 is a hollow cylindrical pin 31 arranged.
- This pin 31 which is permanently supported in the cylinder head 9 protrudes into the piston 12 and the piston rod 13 into one Blind hole.
- the corresponding blind hole 32 is so large in diameter that the pin 31 in it can protrude without contact.
- an enlarged bore 33 arranged in the magnetic ring 34 is kept fixed.
- the hollow pin 31 is a straight or Wound arranged wire attached, which at the Movement along the magnetic ring 34 induces a signal, which in turn is connected to the electronic at 30 Circuit is evaluated.
- the signal proportional to the stroke of the piston The evaluation of the Signals occur exactly the same as the one described above Solution.
- the clamping pliers determine the Desired stroke and the corresponding tolerances can be found in program the circuit from the manufacturer. The user has no access to setpoint tolerance setting.
- Control system for monitoring the clamping pliers does not have regulated the pressure.
- the hydraulic pressure is subject to considerable Fluctuations that are dependent on external influences, which are hardly considered.
- the Viscosity is an essential parameter.
- the viscosity the hydraulic oil also depends on the temperature.
- the pressure relief valve In the solution described here is only one Pressure relief valve available, which only when a certain security value switches. This value can relatively high above the possible compression pressure lie. In principle, the pressure is so high that the pliers can close securely. This is accordingly Value completely uncritical for the actual pressing. This is another significant advantage of the solution according to the invention.
- the electronic Circuit in the press tool device be switched so that when Elimination of the voltage on the press tool device the saved Setpoint value disappears. This is to ensure that if the clamp is replaced, while the device is switched off, when switching on again an incorrect stored value is not assumed. This would not be a tragedy, because then the entered one Target value is either fallen below, whereupon the device perceives this pressure as a new empty pressure and so save the determined value as the new setpoint value and this process also optically and / or acoustically shows. However, it is certainly desirable that Resumption of work after changing the clamp a new empty pressing or full pressing takes place and this Empty pressure is determined as a reference.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Manufacturing Of Electrical Connectors (AREA)
- Automatic Assembly (AREA)
- Surgical Instruments (AREA)
- Press Drives And Press Lines (AREA)
- Casting Or Compression Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Hydraulic Clutches, Magnetic Clutches, Fluid Clutches, And Fluid Joints (AREA)
- Gripping On Spindles (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Figur 1
- eine Vorrichtung, bei der die Wegmesssensorik zwischen Rollenhalter und gabelförmiger Aufnahme angeordnet ist und
- Figur 2
- ein Presswerkzeuggerät, bei dem die Wegmesssensorik in der Kolben/Zylindereinheit integriert ist.
Claims (10)
- Verfahren zur Steuerung eines elektrisch betriebenen Presswerkzeuggerätes (1) zum Verpressen von Kopplungselementen mit einer Klemmzange (2), wobei das Presswerkzeuggerät einen hydraulisch betätigbaren Kolben (12) bis zum Erreichen eines vorgegebenen Druckes bewegt und hierbei die Klemmzange (2) schliesst, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass nach dem Einsetzen oder Wechsel der Klemmzange (2) das Presswerkzeuggerät (1,5) betätigt wird mit oder ohne eine Klemmung durchzuführen, wobei der Weg, welchen der Kolben (12) zurücklegt bis zum Erreichen eines vorgegebenen Druckes registriert wird und als Sollwegwert bis auf einstellbare Toleranzen mit jedem effektiven Wegwert jedes nachfolgendes Pressvorganges verglichen wird, wobei Abweichungen vom Sollwegwert ein Signal aktivieren.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der gespeicherte Sollwegwert mit dem Wegfall der Spannung am Presswerkzeuggerät (1) erlischt.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der gespeicherte Sollwegwert mit dem Wechsel der Klemmzange (2) erlischt.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass bei Unterschreitung des gespeicherten Sollwegwertes dieser tiefere Wert als Fehlverpressung erkannt wird und optisch und/oder akustisch aufgezeigt wird.
- Elektrisch betriebenes Presswerkzeuggerät (1) mit einer elektrisch getriebenen Hydraulikpumpe (8), welche auf eine hydraulische Kolben-Zylindereinheit (10) wirkt, die wirkverbunden mit einem Rollenhalter (15) ist, dessen Rollen (16) auf die Klemmbacken (21) einer Klemmzange (2) abrollen und damit dieselben relativ zueinander bewegen, und dass die Klemmzange (2) auswechselbar und mit einem Sicherungsbolzen gehalten in einer gabelförmigen Aufnahme gehalten ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Gerät eine logische Schaltung umfasst sowie einen Sensor, der den Hubweg des Kolbens ermittelt und in datenübermittelnder Verbindung mit der logischen Schaltung steht.
- Presswerkzeuggerät nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der den Hubweg des Kolbens ermittelnde Sensor ein Magnet-, Magnetfeld-, Weg- oder Hallsensor oder ein Drehgeber ist.
- Presswerkzeuggerät nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der den Hubweg ermittelnde Sensor in der gabelförmigen Aufnahme angeordnet ist und auf einem mit dem Kolben verbundenen Teil ein Magnetstreifen angeordnet ist.
- Presswerkzeuggerät nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der den Hubweg ermittelnde Sensor oder ein Magnet in einem offenen hohlzylindrischen fest angeordneten Stift liegt, der in den Kolben hineinragend angeordnet ist und von einem fest am Kolben oder der Kolbenstange befestigten Magneten oder Sensor umgeben ist.
- Presswerkzeuggerät nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass aussen am hohlzylindrischen Stift der hydraulische Pressdruck anliegt.
- Presswerkzeuggerät nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der den Hubweg ermittelnde Sensor ein magnetoresistiver Sensor ist, der im Bereich der Kolbenstangenlagerung angeordnet ist und den Magnetfeldwinkel von auf der Kolbenstange angeordneten Magnetfeldern ermittelt und an die logische Schaltung liefert.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CH214899 | 1999-11-24 | ||
| CH214899 | 1999-11-24 |
Publications (4)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1103349A2 true EP1103349A2 (de) | 2001-05-30 |
| EP1103349A3 EP1103349A3 (de) | 2002-01-16 |
| EP1103349B1 EP1103349B1 (de) | 2003-04-23 |
| EP1103349B2 EP1103349B2 (de) | 2006-07-26 |
Family
ID=4227007
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00810910A Expired - Lifetime EP1103349B2 (de) | 1999-11-24 | 2000-10-04 | "Verfahren zur Steuerung eines elektrisch betriebenen Presswerkzeuggerätes" |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6662621B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1103349B2 (de) |
| AT (1) | ATE238137T1 (de) |
| DE (1) | DE50001848D1 (de) |
| ES (1) | ES2193930T5 (de) |
Cited By (10)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2003078102A1 (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2003-09-25 | Attexor Clinch Systems S.A. | Safety arrangement for an apparatus for carrying out a squeezing type of operation on a mechanical workpiece |
| DE20315938U1 (de) * | 2003-10-16 | 2005-02-24 | Ipa Produktions- & Vertriebsges. M.B.H. | Werkzeug zur Durchführung eines Verbindungsvorganges sowie Haltehülse |
| US7059166B2 (en) | 2002-06-17 | 2006-06-13 | Emerson Electric Co. | Method and apparatus for assuring or determining appropriate closure of a crimp assembly |
| US7155955B2 (en) | 2001-09-11 | 2007-01-02 | Emerson Electric Co. | Crimping assembly |
| CN100436069C (zh) * | 2003-11-20 | 2008-11-26 | 沃恩阿克斯公开股份有限公司 | 滚轮固持装置 |
| DE202008002200U1 (de) | 2008-02-15 | 2009-03-26 | Novopress Gmbh Pressen Und Presswerkzeuge & Co. Kg | Handgeführtes Pressgerät |
| CN102363297A (zh) * | 2011-10-09 | 2012-02-29 | 苏州百泰柯机械有限公司 | 一种由冲击扳手驱动的夹紧或剪切作业的工作头 |
| EP2452762A1 (de) * | 2010-11-11 | 2012-05-16 | Novopress GmbH Pressen und Presswerkzeuge & Co. KG | Vorrichtung zum Überprüfen der Presskraft eines Presswerkzeuges |
| CN101712142B (zh) * | 2008-10-03 | 2014-03-12 | 沃恩阿克斯公开股份有限公司 | 辊保持单元 |
| IT202000002128A1 (it) * | 2020-02-04 | 2021-08-04 | Sofca S R L | Utensile per il montaggio di fascette stringitubo su un tubo |
Families Citing this family (18)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7861798B2 (en) * | 2004-08-26 | 2011-01-04 | Von Arx Ag | Needle gun |
| US20080289394A1 (en) * | 2007-05-23 | 2008-11-27 | Emerson Electric Co. | Compression jaw set with failure mode preventing reuse |
| CN100591484C (zh) * | 2008-07-28 | 2010-02-24 | 浙江世进水控股份有限公司 | 电动液压式钳压装置 |
| CN102120319B (zh) * | 2010-01-11 | 2013-01-02 | 张家港市创基机械设备制造有限公司 | 电动压接钳 |
| CN102480094A (zh) * | 2010-11-29 | 2012-05-30 | 张家港市创基机械设备制造有限公司 | 用于压接装置的传动组件 |
| CN102241010B (zh) * | 2011-06-30 | 2012-10-24 | 苏州百泰柯机械有限公司 | 自动电动钳 |
| WO2013040661A1 (ru) * | 2011-09-19 | 2013-03-28 | Махимов Консулт Ад | Устройство и инструмент для холодного расширения крепежных отверстий |
| CN102416603B (zh) * | 2011-12-15 | 2013-01-30 | 苏州百泰柯机械有限公司 | 一种冲击式电动压接或剪切钳 |
| US9862137B2 (en) | 2015-04-20 | 2018-01-09 | Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation | PEX expanding tool |
| WO2016201196A1 (en) | 2015-06-10 | 2016-12-15 | Milwaukee Electric Tool Corporation | Pex expanding tool |
| CN114211453B (zh) | 2016-09-30 | 2025-01-17 | 米沃奇电动工具公司 | 操作液压压接工具以压接连接器的方法 |
| US10847944B2 (en) | 2017-05-16 | 2020-11-24 | Elpress Ab | Method for monitoring a crimping process |
| NO344001B1 (en) * | 2017-11-29 | 2019-08-12 | Smart Installations As | Method for cutting a tubular structure at a drill floor and a cutting tool for carrying out such method |
| CN108233120B (zh) * | 2018-01-03 | 2020-06-09 | 安溪县雅池茶业有限公司 | 一种电源接口 |
| DE102019217816B4 (de) | 2018-11-29 | 2025-11-13 | Ridge Tool Company | Werkzeugköpfe für scherarbeiten |
| CN220783770U (zh) | 2020-08-07 | 2024-04-16 | 米沃奇电动工具公司 | 在工具中使用的压接头 |
| WO2023171496A1 (ja) * | 2022-03-11 | 2023-09-14 | 株式会社村田製作所 | 操作ストローク検出ユニット、トリガースイッチ及び電動工具 |
| EP4279216A1 (de) | 2022-05-20 | 2023-11-22 | Hilti Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren zum überwachen eines press- oder crimpprozesses |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2910108A (en) * | 1957-11-15 | 1959-10-27 | Floyd M Fike | Leaf spring re-arching tool |
| US4936126A (en) * | 1988-05-17 | 1990-06-26 | Daiichi Electric Co., Ltd. | Press brake with a displacement sensor of electric signal output |
| ES2054028T3 (es) * | 1989-03-31 | 1994-08-01 | Japan Storage Battery Co Ltd | Mecanismo de leva-manivelo y herramienta hidraulica accionada a motor. |
| US5113679A (en) * | 1990-06-27 | 1992-05-19 | Burndy Corporation | Apparatus for crimping articles |
| GB9323212D0 (en) * | 1993-11-10 | 1994-01-05 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Device for cutting pipes or tubes |
| CH688470A5 (de) | 1994-11-16 | 1997-10-15 | Pamag Ag | Presswerkzeug. |
| SE505162C2 (sv) * | 1995-03-22 | 1997-07-07 | Pressmaster Tool Ab | Verktygshuvud |
| DE29602240U1 (de) * | 1996-02-09 | 1997-06-19 | Novopress GmbH Pressen und Presswerkzeuge & Co KG, 41460 Neuss | Preßgerät |
| CH691527A5 (de) | 1997-02-12 | 2001-08-15 | Arx Ag | Presswerkzeug mit elektronischer Sicherheitseinheit |
| DE29703052U1 (de) * | 1997-02-21 | 1997-04-03 | Novopress GmbH Pressen und Presswerkzeuge & Co KG, 41460 Neuss | Preßgerät zum Verbinden von Werkstücken |
| EP0941813B1 (de) * | 1998-03-10 | 2003-10-29 | Ridge Tool Ag | Presswerkzeug und Pressverfahren zum Verpressen von Fittings |
| DE19814202A1 (de) * | 1998-03-31 | 1999-10-07 | Gaenslein Hans Guenther | Hydraulische Kabelpresse |
| CH690063A5 (de) * | 1999-02-11 | 2000-04-14 | Arx Ag | Presswerkzeug. |
| DE10000868C2 (de) * | 2000-01-12 | 2002-09-19 | Franz Viegener Ii Gmbh & Co Kg | Presswerkzeug und Verfahren zum Eichen eines Presswerkzeuges |
-
2000
- 2000-10-04 ES ES00810910T patent/ES2193930T5/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-10-04 EP EP00810910A patent/EP1103349B2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-10-04 DE DE50001848T patent/DE50001848D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2000-10-04 AT AT00810910T patent/ATE238137T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2000-11-22 US US09/721,226 patent/US6662621B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (12)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7155955B2 (en) | 2001-09-11 | 2007-01-02 | Emerson Electric Co. | Crimping assembly |
| WO2003078102A1 (en) * | 2002-03-19 | 2003-09-25 | Attexor Clinch Systems S.A. | Safety arrangement for an apparatus for carrying out a squeezing type of operation on a mechanical workpiece |
| US7059166B2 (en) | 2002-06-17 | 2006-06-13 | Emerson Electric Co. | Method and apparatus for assuring or determining appropriate closure of a crimp assembly |
| DE20315938U1 (de) * | 2003-10-16 | 2005-02-24 | Ipa Produktions- & Vertriebsges. M.B.H. | Werkzeug zur Durchführung eines Verbindungsvorganges sowie Haltehülse |
| CN100436069C (zh) * | 2003-11-20 | 2008-11-26 | 沃恩阿克斯公开股份有限公司 | 滚轮固持装置 |
| DE202008002200U1 (de) | 2008-02-15 | 2009-03-26 | Novopress Gmbh Pressen Und Presswerkzeuge & Co. Kg | Handgeführtes Pressgerät |
| CN101712142B (zh) * | 2008-10-03 | 2014-03-12 | 沃恩阿克斯公开股份有限公司 | 辊保持单元 |
| EP2452762A1 (de) * | 2010-11-11 | 2012-05-16 | Novopress GmbH Pressen und Presswerkzeuge & Co. KG | Vorrichtung zum Überprüfen der Presskraft eines Presswerkzeuges |
| CN102363297A (zh) * | 2011-10-09 | 2012-02-29 | 苏州百泰柯机械有限公司 | 一种由冲击扳手驱动的夹紧或剪切作业的工作头 |
| IT202000002128A1 (it) * | 2020-02-04 | 2021-08-04 | Sofca S R L | Utensile per il montaggio di fascette stringitubo su un tubo |
| EP3862136A1 (de) * | 2020-02-04 | 2021-08-11 | Sofca S.r.l. | Werkzeug zum befestigen von schlauchklemmen an einem rohr |
| EP3868515A1 (de) * | 2020-02-04 | 2021-08-25 | Sofca S.r.l. | Werkzeug zum befestigen von schlauchklemmen |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE50001848D1 (de) | 2003-05-28 |
| EP1103349B1 (de) | 2003-04-23 |
| EP1103349B2 (de) | 2006-07-26 |
| EP1103349A3 (de) | 2002-01-16 |
| ES2193930T3 (es) | 2003-11-16 |
| ATE238137T1 (de) | 2003-05-15 |
| ES2193930T5 (es) | 2007-04-01 |
| US6662621B1 (en) | 2003-12-16 |
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