Classifications

• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
  • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
  • D21H21/16—Sizing or water-repelling agents
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
  • D21H17/17—Ketenes, e.g. ketene dimers
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
  • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
  • D21H17/675—Oxides, hydroxides or carbonates
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
  • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
  • D21H17/68—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments siliceous, e.g. clays

Definitions

• This invention relates to a method of improving high speed precision conversion performance of paper by surface treating paper with a reactive sizing agent and a filler and to paper so made.
• Alkaline fine paper generally performs well in most down stream end use applications, but high speed converting and high speed reprographic operations often present severe paper handling requirements for paper so used, including alkaline fine paper.
• Precision converting applications for alkaline fine paper, such as forms bond and copy paper can result in high speed runnability problems.
• Typical handling problems associated with high speed converting or high speed reprographic operations using alkaline fine paper containing an internal reactive size include reduced operating speeds, double feeds or jams in high speed copiers, paper welding, and registration errors on high speed folding equipment and printing equipment.
• Alkaline paper grades that are often used in high speed precision handling equipment include copy paper, forms bond, envelope paper and adding machine tape.
• Sizing agents are typically added to alkaline fine paper, either as an internal sizing agent or as a surface-applied sizing agent to effect changes in the paper's physical characteristics, e.g., the sizing property of the paper, a measure of the resistance of a manufactured paper to the penetration or wetting by an aqueous liquid.
• the sizing property and sizing agent used can have a significant impact on the handling characteristics of the paper in subsequent end use applications such as high speed converting or reprographic operations. Sizing agents are therefore often added to alkaline fine paper as internal sizes to improve the runnability of the paper-making equipment and of the performance of the resultant paper in end use applications.
• alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) and alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA). Both of these sizing agents are so-called reactive sizes since each has a reactive functional group that covalently bonds to cellulose pulp and hydrophobic tails that are oriented away from the pulp once the size-cellulose reaction has occurred.
• the nature and orientation of the hydrophobic tails on the reactive sizes provide the water-repellency property in the sized paper.
• AKD- and ASA-based reactive sizing agents are widely used in commercial practice for sizing alkaline fine paper but each has shortcomings that adversely affect the manufacturing processes used to make alkaline fine paper internally sized with either of these sizes.
• Moderate addition levels of ASA as an internal size can cause undesirable deposits on the papermaking equipment, web breaks and holes in the paper.
• Addition levels of ASA-based sizing agents of about 1.0 - 1.25 kg/metric tonne of paper generally lead to unacceptable papermaking machine runnability and paper quality problems.
• addition levels greater than 1.0 - 1.25 kg/metric tonne of paper are often required to meet end-use sizing requirements, especially for high levels of filler added to the paper furnish.
• AKD-based sizing agents are more satisfactory than ASA-based sizing agents in these respects, but AKD sizing agents generally exhibit a slower rate of size development than ASA sizing agents. Consequently, an extended period of curing may be required with alkaline paper internally sized with AKD before its sizing development is complete. However, AKD sizing development is generally completed by the time the paper has reached the reel in the papermaking process.
• Non-reactive polymeric sizes such as styrene maleic anhydride (SMA) avoid many of the paper handling problems on high speed converting equipment and high speed reprographic equipment associated with AKD and ASA, primarily due to the high molecular weight of such polymeric sizes.
• SMA styrene maleic anhydride
• Polymeric sizes are generally applied as a surface size typically at the size press in the papermaking process, in contrast to the internal addition of ASA- and AKD-based sizing agents.
• ASA- and AKD-based sizing agents are nevertheless preferred in commercial papermaking processes because of their cost and sizing efficiency.
• Polymeric surface sizes, on a weight basis, are 50% more expensive than AKD- and ASA-based sizing agents.
• AKD and ASA exhibit very high relative sizing efficiency, being 2-3 times more efficient than a typical polymeric surface size on an equal weight basis.
• Reactive sizes such as AKD may be categorized as 2-oxetanone sizing agents, which include ketene dimers containing one ⁇ -lactone ring, e.g., alkyl ketene dimers, and ketene multimers, containing more than one such ⁇ -lactone ring, e.g., alkyl ketene multimers.
• 2- oxetanone reactive sizing agents and their preparation are described in EP-A1-0 629 741 of Zhang et al., in U.S. Patent 5,685,815 of Bottorff et al., and in U.S. Patent No. 5,846,663 of Brungardt et al., the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.
• the present invention provides for improved high speed runnability of alkaline fine paper that is surface treated with a reactive size.
• One aspect of this invention is a method of improving high speed precision paper converting or reprographic operations by surface sizing paper used in high speed precision converting or reprographic operations with a reactive sizing agent and an inorganic filler, the inorganic filler being applied in an amount effective to improve paper runnability with the weight ratio of inorganic filler to surface sizing agent being about 0.1 : 1 to about 10:1.
• Another aspect of this invention is a method of improving high speed precision paper converting or reprographic operations by surface sizing paper used in high speed precision converting or reprographic operations with a reactive sizing agent that is a 2-oxetanone that is a liquid at 35 °C and an inorganic filler selected from the group consisting of kaolin, titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide, bentonite and calcium silicate, the inorganic filler being applied in an amount effective to improve paper runnability with the weight ratio of inorganic filler to surface sizing agent being about 0.1 : 1 to about 10: 1. - 4 -
• Still another aspect of this invention is a sizing composition useful as a surface size for alkaline fine paper comprising a 2-oxetanone reactive sizing agent that is a liquid at 35 °C and an inorganic filler, the weight ratio of inorganic filler to reactive sizing agent being about 0.1 : 1 to about 10:1. Paper made by the method of this invention is yet another aspect of the present invention.
• the method of the present invention provides for the improvement of high speed precision paper converting performance and reprographic operations with surface-sized paper used in such operations by the application of a reactive surface size to alkaline fine paper in combination with an inorganic filler, both being applied to the surface of the paper and the inorganic filler being present in an amount effective to improve paper runnability with the weight ratio of inorganic filler to surface sizing agent being about 0.1 : 1 to about 10: 1.
• Precision converting refers to precision high speed converting and reprographic operations carried out on equipment that handles high throughput paper volumes, requiring-precise control during such high rate paper handling.
• the linear speed at which paper is processed through precision converting equipment is high, e.g., about 500 to about 2000 ft/min (about 160 to about 660 m/min) being typical, with cut size paper generally being sheeted at the lower end of this range, i.e., about 500 to about 850 ft/min (about 160 to about 280 m/min).
• Precision high speed reprographic equipment is generally operated at speeds that process at least about 50 sheets of cut paper per minute.
• the IBM 3800 high speed laser printer, used in the Examples to illustrate high speed reprographic operations typically processes about 180 sheets per minute.
• the paper sizing agent used as a surface size in this invention is a reactive sizing agent.
• the reactive sizing agent is preferably a 2-oxetanone sizing agent.
• the 2-oxetanone compound may contain a single ⁇ -lactone ring, e.g., a ketene dimer, or may contain two or more ⁇ -lactone rings, e.g., ketene multimers.
• the 2-oxetanone reactive sizing agent of this invention may be an alkyl ketene dimer, an alkyl ketene multimer, an alkenyl ketene dimer, an alkenyl ketene multimer, or mixtures of such dimers and/or multimers.
• alkyl ketene dimer (AKD) sizing agents are typically solids at temperatures of about 20-30°C and are generally made by the dimerization of two saturated, straight-chain fatty acid chlorides, e.g., stearic acid chloride and palmitic acid chloride.
• the 2-oxetanone reactive sizing agent of this invention is preferably a liquid at 35 °C, i.e., it is not a solid at 35 °C, preferably is a liquid at 25 °C, and is also preferably a liquid at 20°C.
• Those 2-oxetanone compounds having these desirable non-solid (liquid) characteristics at the specified temperatures are generally characterized by containing hydrocarbon substituents with irregularities that may be branched alkyl, linear alkenyl or branched alkyl.
• Such liquid 2- oxetanone compounds generally are mixtures of compounds that contain a significant percentage, e.g., at least about 25 wt%, more preferably at least about 50 wt% and most preferably at least about 75 wt%, of 2-oxetanone which is liquid at 35 °C (preferably 25 °C or preferably 20°) containing at least one hydrocarbon substituent with an irregularity in the chemical structure of these substituents, such as branching and/or carbon to carbon double bonds, i.e., unsaturation.
• Such liquid 2-oxetanone compounds may be ketene dimers, ketene multimers or mixtures of these.
• a general structure of a 2-oxetanone compound useful as a reactive sizing agent is as follows:
• n can be 0 (e.g., a ketene dimer) or n can be 1 or more ( e.g., a ketene multimer), preferably n being 1 to about 20 and more preferably n being at least 1 to about 8.
• Ketene multimers are typically mixtures, and mixtures of the 2-oxetanone multimers typically contain regio isomers of such multimer compounds and typically contain an average n of from about 1 to about 8.
• Such mixtures of 2-oxetanone multimers may also contain some 2- oxetanone dimers, i.e., n equals 0 in the general formula noted above, which is a consequence of the preparation method conventionally used to make 2-oxetanone multimers.
• the 2-oxetanone dimers and multimers may be prepared from reaction of a monoacid component, e.g., a fatty acid, and a diacid component, e.g., a dicarboxylic acid.
• R and R" are substantially hydrophobic in nature and may be the same or different. They are typically acyclic and are preferably hydrocarbons of at least about 4 carbon atoms in length, preferably about C JQ - C20 and are preferably independently selected from the group of straight (linear) or branched alkyl or straight (linear) or branched alkenyl hydrocarbon substituents.
• R' is preferably a straight chain alkyl, with about C 2 - C j 4 being more preferred and about C4 - C ⁇ being most preferred.
• R' may also be alicyclic (linear, branched or cyclic) having 28-40 carbon atoms, typically being derived from a C32 - C44 dicarboxylic acid.
• Ketene multimers useful in this invention made be made by conventional methods, e.g., from the reaction of a fatty acid or other monocarboxylic acid with a dicarboxylic acid.
• Reactive sizing agents based on 2-oxetanone compounds and their preparation are well known in the paper sizing art.
• the 2-oxetanone sizing agents used in this invention, including the preferred liquid 2-oxetanone compounds may be made by conventional methods, such as those described for solid ketene multimers in U.S. Patent 5,685,815 of Bottorff et al., the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.
• the reactive sizing agent of this invention is generally formulated as an aqueous emulsion.
• Such aqueous emulsions are well known in the paper sizing art and may contain from about 1 to about 50 wt% of the sizing agent active component, e.g., 2-oxetanone compound, and preferably contain about 5 to about 35 wt% of sizing agent, all percentages based on the total weight of the emulsion.
• Such aqueous emulsions typically contain an emulsifying agent that is generally employed in an amount in the range of about 0.1 to about 5 parts by weight, more preferably about 0.2 to about 3 parts by weight, all parts being based on the weight of the sizing agent.
• Such emulsions may be prepared by conventional methods, using either low shear or high shear techniques, and these procedures are well known in the papermaking art.
• the inorganic filler that is an essential component in the method of this invention is a finely divided inorganic material that has a relatively high surface area.
• the inorganic filler preferably has a particle size distribution in which the mean particle size of less than bout 10 microns, more preferably less than about 5 microns, and most preferably less than about 2 microns.
• the inorganic filler of this invention is preferably kaolin clay (China clay), titanium dioxide, silicon dioxide (silica, precipitated amorphous silica, and the like), bentonite (a naturally occurring sodium montmorillonite), calcium silicate (e.g., precipitated amorphous calcium silicate) or mixtures of these.
• kaolin clay China clay
• titanium dioxide silicon dioxide
• silicon dioxide silicon dioxide
• bentonite a naturally occurring sodium montmorillonite
• calcium silicate e.g., precipitated amorphous calcium silicate
• Other inorganic fillers having the finely divided particle size and absorptivity characteristics of these preferred fillers may also be used.
• inorganic fillers include diatomaceous earth, sodium alumino silicates, precipitated amorphous silicates, ground calcium carbonate, precipitated calcium carbonate (pec), talc, i.e., hydrated magnesium silicate, alumina including hydrated alumina, i.e., aluminum hydroxide, diatomaceous earth, and the like.
• the weight ratio of inorganic filler to reactive surface size that is applied as a surface treatment of the paper being treated should be from about 0.1 : 1 to about 10:1 or higher, preferably from about 0.2: 1 to about 5:1.
• the precise weight ratio selected for filler to surface size generally depends on the inorganic fillers used and the physical characteristics of the inorganic filler selected.
• kaolin clay preferably is surface applied at a weight ratio of kaolin clay to reactive surface size of at least about 0.5: 1. More preferably, the weight ratio of kaolin clay filler to surface size is at least about 1 : 1, up to about 5: 1, more preferably about 1.5: 1 to about 3: 1.
• the weight ratio of inorganic filler to surface size is at least about 0.5: 1, with about 1 : 1 to about 5: 1 being preferred.
• the weight ratio of bentonite to surface size is preferably at least about 0.1 : 1 , more preferably 0.2 to about 10: 1, and most preferably about 0.2:1 to about 3: 1.
• Addition levels of the surface size on the paper being treated are generally selected to provide the desired sizing characteristics sought for the end-use applications for such paper.
• Addition levels of reactive sizes such as the preferred 2-oxetanone reactive size may range from about 0.02 to about 5 kg/metric tonne, more preferably about 0.1 to about 3 kg/metric tonne and most preferably about 0.5 to about 2 kg/metric tonne of paper, all based on the weight of dry paper. These addition rates refer only to surface sizing and do not include internal size, if any, in the paper. Addition levels of the inorganic filler will depend on the addition rate of the reactive size used and are generally adjusted to provide a weight ratio of inorganic filler to surface size within the ranges specified above.
• the reactive size and inorganic filler are applied as a surface treatment to the paper in the method of this invention.
• the reactive surface size and inorganic filler are normally applied as a surface treatment to both sides of the paper being treated, but if desired surface application could be made to only one side of the paper sheet.
• the reactive size and the inorganic filler are preferably applied to the paper surface concurrently, e.g. , in a single operation, although the two components could alternatively be applied as separate treatments, e.g., in separate steps.
• a preferred method of application is by use of a conventional size press.
• the reactive size and inorganic filler are preferably applied to the surface of the paper being treated via a size press, with both the reactive size and the filler being introduced into the size press solution.
• the inorganic filler may be introduced to the size press solution (or other aqueous medium) as a dry powder or as an aqueous slurry containing the filler.
• the reactive sizing agents of this invention applied as a surface size may also contain or be used in combination with water soluble inorganic salts.
• water soluble inorganic salts may include a calcium halide, a magnesium halide, a sodium halide or the like. Calcium chloride, magnesium chloride and sodium chloride are particularly preferred as the water soluble inorganic salt.
• Such additives conventionally used in paper making include starch, polymeric surface sizing agents, and the like.
• the method of this invention may be used with or without commonly used size press starches.
• size press starches may include ethylated starch, enzyme-converted starch, cationic starch, oxidized starch and pearl starch.
• Starch addition levels useful with this invention may range from 0 to 100 kg/metric tonne of paper, and such starch addition may be made via the size press.
• Polymeric surface sizing agents that may be used in combination with this invention include styrene maleic anhydride copolymers and styrene acrylates.
• the water-soluble inorganic salts mentioned above may be used in combination with the reactive surface size and/or inorganic filler and/or other conventional paper processing components.
• a 2-oxetanone sizing agent which is liquid at 35 °C, preferably 20 °C, such as alkenyl or branched alkyl ketene dimer is used in combination with at least one other sizing agent.
• Useful other sizing agents include alkenyl succinic anhydride (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,766,417) and straight chain alkyl ketene dimer (see, e.g., U.S. Patent No. 5,725,731).
• Sizing agents comprising 2-oxetanones of different types useful in such an embodiment can be prepared by mixing fatty acids and forming the 2-oxetanones or blending 2- oxetanones.
• the paper used in the method of this invention is not critical and may be any paper grade that requires sizing in its normal end-use application.
• the present invention is intended for use with alkaline, including neutral, paper that is made by an alkaline or neutral papermaking process, and such papermaking processes are well known to those in the papermaking art.
• the invention is most useful with precision paper handling grades of paper, particularly alkaline fine paper. These grades include forms bond, cut size paper, also called cut sheet paper, copy paper, envelope paper, adding machine tape, and the like.
• 2 paper used m this invention may range from about 30 to about 200 g/m and is preferably within
• the paper used in this invention may be made with or without conventional internal sizes being present.
• Internal sizing agents if used, may be present at addition levels ranging from about 0.02 to about 4 kg/metric tonne of paper, more preferably about 0.25 to 2.5 kg/metric tonne and most preferably about 0.5 to about 2.0 kg/metric tonne of paper.
• Conventional internal sizes may be used and these include alkenyl succinic anhydride (ASA) sizing agents and
• 2-oxetanone sizing agents e.g., alkenyl ketene dimer and multimer sizing agents being preferred, as well as other reactive and non-reactive internal paper sizing agents.
• Such internal paper sizes may include and/or be identical to the reactive surface sizes used in the present invention.
• Paper made by the method of this invention exhibits excellent paper handling performance, particularly in applications involving high speed precision conversion or high speed precision reprographic operations. Fine paper grades that require good runnability on high speed paper handling equipment may be surface treated with reactive size in the method of this invention to provide increased sizing agent efficiency, improved ink jet print quality, and a reduction of the amount of internal sizing agent added at the wet end of a paper making process.
• the method of the present invention reduces or eliminates the need for such internal size addition by providing for the surface treatment of paper using reactive surface sizes, to provide the desired sizing characteristics and other physical properties sought for such paper, but without compromising or deteriorating high speed convertibility and runnability for such surface-sized paper on high speed paper handling equipment.
• the method of the present invention permits the use of 2-oxetanone reactive sizing agents such as alkyl ketene dimers and/or multimers and alkenyl ketene dimers and/or multimers - 11 -
• the method of this invention is particularly useful for 2-oxetanone reactive sizing agents that are liquids at temperatures of about 20°C to about 30°C, e.g., alkenyl ketene dimer and/or multimer sizing agents.
• the method of this invention permits the addition of these and other reactive 2-oxetanone sizing agents as surface sizes, e.g., via addition at the size press, to provide the desired sizing performance characteristics required for alkaline fine paper.
• the use of the inorganic filler in the method of this invention provides good runnability for such surface sized paper on high speed precision paper handling equipment.
• the procedures used in the Examples are pilot scale procedures that mimic a full scale paper machine size press application.
• the paper in the following Examples was prepared on a pilot paper machine at Western Michigan University.
• a representative fine paper furnish was used with the Western Michigan University paper machine, to make a typical forms bond paper-making stock.
• the pulp furnish (three parts hardwood kraft pulp and one part softwood kraft pulp) was refined to 425 ml Canadian Standard Freeness (C.S.F.) using a double disk refiner.
• the pH (7.8 - 8.0), alkalinity (150 - 200 ppm) and hardness (100 ppm) of the paper making stock were adjusted using appropriate amounts of NaHCO3, H2SO4 and NaOH.
• the filler added to the pulp furnish was 10%> medium particle-size precipitated calcium carbonate, in particular, Albacar 5970 precipitated calcium carbonate (available from Specialty Minerals Inc., Bethlehem, PA) which was added at a rate of 100 kg/metric tonne and was added at the machine chest.
• Albacar 5970 precipitated calcium carbonate available from Specialty Minerals Inc., Bethlehem, PA
• a 35 minute roll of paper at each paper making condition was collected and converted on a commercial forms press to two boxes of standard 8 x 1 1 " forms. Samples were also collected before and after each 35-minute roll for a determination of basis weight (generally 46 lbs/3000 sq.ft. (75 kg/1000 m 2 )) and smoothness.
• the paper was made on the Western Michigan University pilot paper machine, converted into forms, and then printed on a IBM 3800 high speed continuous forms laser printer, as a measure of its converting performance.
• the converted paper was allowed to equilibrate in the printer room for at least one day prior to evaluation.
• Each box of paper provided an amount of paper sufficient to allow a 10-14 minute ( at 67 meters/min.) evaluation on the IBM 3800 high speed laser printer, which served as an effective testing device for determining convertibility performance for the surface-treated paper on state of the art converting equipment.
• the phenomenon of "billowing" gives a measurable indication of the extent of slippage on the IBM 3800 printer between the undriven roll beyond - 13 -
• Such billowing involves a divergence of the paper path from the straight line between the rolls, which is 2 inches (5 cm) above the base plate, causing registration errors and dropped folds in the stacker.
• the billowing during steady-state running time is measured as the billowing height (in inches or centimeters) above the straight line paper path after 600 seconds (10 min.) of running time. The faster and higher the sheet billows, the worse the converting performance for such paper. All samples reported in the Examples were tested in duplicate, since two boxes from each run (roll) were available for testing.
• Example 1 describes the evaluation of high speed precision converting performance of paper made as described above and surface treated with a 2-oxetanone reactive size in combination with various inorganic fillers. High speed converting performance was measured using an IBM 3800 high speed laser printer, in which the maximum billowing height was determined after 10 minutes of operation using the paper being evaluated. Results of all evaluations described in this Example 1 are summarized in Table 1 below.
• Control 1A was an evaluation of a prior art acid fine paper made in a conventional manner with rosin and alum as the internal size and with no surface treatment being carried out. Evaluation of the high speed converting performance for the acid fine paper of Control 1A gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.5 - 2.75 inches (6.4 - 7.0 cm), indicating excellent high speed runnability.
• Control IB the second benchmark control, was an alkaline paper made as described above with an internal size that was an alkenyl ketene dimer added at the wet end at a rate of 0.47 kg/metric tonne of paper.
• This alkaline fine paper was prepared as described above on the Western Michigan University pilot paper machine.
• the addition rate of internal size used in the alkaline fine paper for this and subsequent Examples (0.47 kg/metric tonne) represents a relatively light internal sizing rate for the alkenyl ketene dimer used as an internal size.
• the internally sized alkaline paper in this Control IB was not subjected to a surface treatment with either a 2-oxetanone reactive size or an inorganic filler. Evaluation of this paper on the IBM 3800 high speed laser printer resulted in a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.5 - 2.75 inches (6.4 - 7.0 cm), the same results as obtained with the acid fine paper - 14 -
• Control IC a third control, was carried out using the same internally sized alkaline fine paper used in Control IB but surface sized with a reactive 2-oxetanone size to demonstrate the adverse effect on high speed converting performance that results with the use of such a surface size.
• the internally sized alkaline paper in Control 1 C was surface treated with an alkenyl ketene dimer reactive size made from a mixture of unsaturated/branched fatty acids (the same size used to internally size the paper), applied at the size press at an addition rate of 2.5 kg/metric tonne. Evaluation of the high speed converting performance on the IBM 3800 high speed laser printer gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes that was in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm), indicating unacceptable high speed converting performance for this surface sized alkaline fine paper.
• Control 1A, Control IB and Control IC are summarized below in Table 1.
• Table 1 The results of the evaluations of Control 1A, Control IB and Control IC, as well as of the other examples carried out in this Example 1, are summarized below in Table 1.
• Control IC surface treated with an alkenyl ketene dimer surface size gave unacceptable high speed converting performance when evaluated on the IBM 3800 laser printer, since maximum billowing height increased to more than 6 inches (more than 15 cm) after 5-6 minutes of running time, and frequent stacker and registration errors were also observed.
• Example 1-1 the inorganic filler was kaolin clay, HYDRAFINE " 90 kaolin, available from J.M. Huber Corp., Edison, New Jersey, applied at an addition rate of 10 kg/metric tonne.
• the weight ratio of inorganic filler to surface size in this Example 1 -1 was 4: 1. Evaluation of high speed converting performance on the IBM 3800 laser printer gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.75 - 3.0 inches (7.0 - 7.6 cm).
• Example 1-2 the inorganic filler was silicon dioxide, OPTISIL 3265 silicon dioxide, a precipitated amorphous silica, available from J.M. Huber Corp., that was applied at an addition rate of 2.5 kg/metric tonne of paper.
• the weight ratio of filler to surface size was 1 :1 in this Example 1-2. Evaluation of high speed converting performance gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.75 - 3.0 inches (7.0 - 7.6 cm).
• Example 1-3 the inorganic filler was titanium dioxide, TI-PURE R-941 rutile titanium dioxide, available from E.I. duPont de Nemours & Company, Wilmington, Delaware, applied at a filler addition rate of 2.5 kg/metric tonne of paper.
• the weight ratio of filler to surface size in this Example 1 -3 was 1 :1. Evaluation of high speed converting performance gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 3.0 inches (7.6 cm).
• Example 1 -4 the inorganic filler was bentonite, AQUAGEL GOLD SEAL bentonite, i.e., sodium montmorillonite, available from Baroid Corporation, Houston, Texas, applied at an addition rate of 1.0 kg/metric tonne.
• the weight ratio of filler to surface size in this Example 1-4 was 0.4:1. Evaluation of high speed converting performance gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.75 - 3.0 inches (7.0 - 7.6 cm).
• Control IC in which the alkaline paper was surface treated with the same reactive surface size and amount as in Examples 1-1 to 1-4 but without the presence of a surface- applied inorganic filler.
• Comparative Examples Cl-1 to Cl-3 evaluated three types of silicate fillers at an addition rate of 2.5 kg/metric tonne of paper, so that the weight ratio of filler to surface size in each example was 1 : 1.
• the inorganic fillers were respectively calcium silicate, HUBERSORB® 600 calcium silicate and HUBERSORB® 250 calcium silicate, available from J.M. Huber Corp., Edison, New Jersey.
• the precipitated amorphous calcium silicate in Comparative Example Cl-1 was finer in average particle size than that used in Comparative Example Cl-2.
• the inorganic filler was HYDREX P precipitated amorphous silicate, available from J. M. Huber Corp., Edison, New Jersey.
• evaluation of high speed converting performance gave unsatisfactory results since billowing maximum height after 10 minutes was in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm).
• precipitated amorphous silicate as internal additives does not improve paper convertibility of alkaline fine paper containing the identical internal size (alkyl ketene dimer) at the same addition rate.
• Comparative Examples Cl-4 and Cl-5 evaluated calcium carbonate as the inorganic filler as a surface treatment, applied at a filler addition rate of 10.0 kg/metric tonne paper, so the weight ratio of filler to surface size was 4:1.
• the inorganic filler was HYDROCARBTM 90 ground calcium carbonate, available from OMYA, Inc., Florence, Vermont
• the inorganic filler was ALBACAR HO precipitated calcium carbonate, available from Specialty Minerals Inc., New York, New York. Evaluation of high speed converting performance gave unsatisfactory results, with billowing maximum height being in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm) for both Comparative Examples.
• Comparative Example Cl-6 evaluated alumina as the inorganic filler, applied at an addition rate of 2.5 kg/metric tonne paper so that the weight ratio of filler to surface size was 1:1.
• the inorganic filler was HYDRAL 710 alumina, available from Alcoa Alumina and Chemicals,
• Comparative Example Cl-7 the inorganic filler was talc, i.e., magnesium silicate, applied at an addition rate of 10.0 kg/metric tonne so that the weight ratio of filler to surface size was 4:1.
• the inorganic filler in this Comparative Example Cl-7 was VANTALC 6H talc, available from R.T. Vanderbilt Company, Inc., Norwalk, Connecticut. High speed converting performance for both Comparative Examples Cl-6 and Cl-7 was unacceptable, the billowing maximum height after 10 minutes being in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm).
• Control 1 A none none 0 2.5 - 2.75 acid fine paper; (6.4 - 7.0) with rosin & alum internal size
• Example 2 evaluates the effect on high speed converting performance of an alkaline fine paper that is surface-treated with various amounts of an alkenyl ketene dimer reactive surface size used in combination with kaolin clay as the inorganic filler, both applied at various addition rates and weight ratios of filler to surface size.
• the paper used in this Example was alkaline paper that had been internally sized with an alkenyl ketene dimer at an addition rate of 0.47 kg/metric tonne of paper, the same internally sized alkaline fine paper used in Control IB of Example 1.
• the 2-oxetanone reactive size was an alkenyl ketene dimer sizing agent, and this reactive size was the same as that used in Example 1.
• HYDRAFINE 90 kaolin clay available from J.M. Huber Corporation, Edison, New Jersey, and this kaolin clay is a fine particle size clay having a particle size distribution in which 90-96 wt% is finer than 2 microns in size.
• the kaolin clay used in this Example 2 was a dry powder, an aqueous slurry of kaolin clay is preferable in commercial practice. Results of all evaluations described in this Example 2 are summarized in Table 2 below. Two controls, Control 2A and Control 2B, were carried out using a surface treatment of alkenyl ketene dimer alone, applied at the size press at an addition rate of 1.75 kg/metric tonne of paper without any inorganic filler being surface applied. Evaluation of high speed converting performance on the IBM 3800 laser printer resulted in billowing maximum height after 10 minutes being 4.0 - 6.0 inches (10.1 - 15.2 cm) for Control 2A and 3.0 inches (7.6 cm) for Control 2B.
• Examples 2-1 to 2-3 were carried out using the same reactive surface size and addition rate but with the concurrent surface treatment at the size press of the kaolin filler at three different addition rates: 2.5, 5 and 10 kg/metric tonne paper, such that the weight ratio of filler to surface size was respectively 1.4: 1 , 2.8: 1, and 5.7: 1. Evaluation of the high speed converting performance for each of these three Examples showed that the surface treated paper gave excellent performance, in which billowing maximum height after 10 minutes in all cases was only 2.75 inches (7.0 cm).
• Examples 2-4 and 2-5 surface treatment of the alkaline paper with the alkenyl ketene dimer sizing agent at a rate of 2.5 kg/metric tonne also included the concurrent surface application at the size press of HYDRAFLNE 90 kaolin clay at two different addition rates: 3.75 kg/metric tonne in Example 2-4, giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 1.5:1, and 5 kg/metric tonne in Example 2-5, giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 2: 1.
• High speed converting performance was generally satisfactory for Example 2-4, in which billowing maximum height after 10 minutes was 3.0 - 3.25 inches (7.6 - 8.2 cm), and significantly improved for Example 2-5 in which the kaolin filler addition rate was 5 kg/metric tonne instead of 3.75 kg/metric tonne .
• Billowing maximum height measured for Example 2-5 was 2.75 inches (7.0 cm), indicating excellent high speed converting performance.
• the addition rate of the alkenyl ketene dimer surface size was increased still further, to 3.75 kg/metric tonne paper.
• Control 2-F the alkenyl ketene dimer was surface applied at an addition rate of 3.75 kg/metric tonne without the concurrent surface application of an inorganic filler.
• Example 2-6 Evaluation of the high speed converting performance for this Control 2F gave a billowing maximum height that was in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm), indicating unacceptable paper runnability.
• the alkenyl ketene dimer surface size and kaolin clay filler were each surface-applied at the size press at identical respective rates of 3.75 kg/metric tonne, giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 1 : 1.
• High speed converting performance for this surface treated alkaline paper was marginally improved over that of Control 2F, with billowing maximum height after 10 minutes being 4.5 - 6 inches (1 1.4 - 15.2 cm).
• Example 2-7 the addition rate of kaolin clay filler was increased from 3.75 kg/metric tonne (used in Example 2-6) to 5 kg/metric tonne so that the weight ration of filler to surface size was 1.3:1 in this Example 2-7.
• the high speed converting performance measured for this Example 2-7 was inexplicably unsatisfactory, being in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm) maximum billowing height after 10 minutes. - 24 -
• Example 2-8 the addition rate of kaolin clay filler was increased further, as compared with Examples 2-6 and 2-7, to 7.5 kg/metric tonne.
• the weight ratio of filler to surface size in this Example 2-8 was therefore 2: 1, and this relative amount of kaolin filler to surface size provided excellent high speed converting performance.
• Billowing maximum height after 10 minutes measured for this Example 2-8 was 2.75 inches (7.0 cm), indicating excellent paper runnability for this surface-treated alkaline fine paper.
• Example 2 In the last evaluation grouping for Example 2, the addition rate at the size press of alkenyl ketene dimer surface size was increased to 5 kg/metric tonne of paper, and two different addition rates of HYDRAFINE 90 kaolin clay were evaluated.
• the kaolin filler addition rate was 3.75 kg/metric tonne, giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 0.75 : 1.
• High speed converting performance measured for this Comparative Example C2- 1 was unsatisfactory, billowing maximum height after 10 minutes being in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm).
• Example 2-9 the addition rate of kaolin filler was twice that used in Comparative Example C2-1, being 7.5 kg/metric tonne of paper, which provided a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 1.5:1. High speed converting performance measured for this Example
• Ketene Dimer (HYDRAFINE 0 90) Filler : Surface
• Control 2C 2.5 none 5.0 (12.7)
• Control 2D 2.5 none 4.0-6.0 (10.1 - 15.2)
• Example 3 describes another evaluation of high speed converting performance of alkaline paper made as described above and surface treated with a 2-oxetanone reactive size in combination with various inorganic fillers. Results of all evaluations described in this Example 3 are summarized in Table 3 below.
• Control 3 A was an evaluation of a prior art acid fine paper made in a conventional manner with rosin and alum as the internal size and with no surface treatment being carried out. Evaluation of high speed convertibility performance of the acid fine paper in Control 3 A using the IBM high speed printer gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.5 - 2.75 inches (6.4 - 7.0 cm), indicating excellent performance.
• Control 3B was an alkaline fine paper made as described above on the Western Michigan University pilot paper machine with an internal size that was an alkenyl ketene dimer added at the wet end at a rate of 0.47 kg/metric tonne of paper.
• This internally sized alkaline paper was not subjected to a surface treatment with either a 2-oxetanone reactive surface size or an inorganic filler. Evaluation of this alkaline fine paper for converting performance gave excellent results, identical to that obtained with the acid fine paper in Control 3A. Without any surface size, both the internally sized acid fine paper and the internally sized alkaline fine paper provided excellent high speed converting performance.
• Control 3C was a third control that was carried out using the same internally sized alkaline fine paper used in Control 3B, but surface sized with a reactive 2-oxetanone size to demonstrate the adverse effect on high speed converting performance that results with the use of such a surface size.
• the internally sized alkaline paper used in Control 3C was surface-treated with the same size used to internally size the paper, i.e., an alkenyl ketene dimer reactive size, and that was applied at the size press at an addition rate of 1.0 kg/metric tonne.
• Controls 3D and 3E were likewise surface-treated with the same alkenyl ketene dimer reactive size applied at higher addition rates, 1.75 and 2.5 kg/metric tonne, respectively.
• each of these Examples differed from Control 3E in that an inorganic filler was applied, as described below, in combination with the alkenyl ketene dimer that was also applied as a surface treatment at the size press.
• the inorganic filler was calcium silicate, HUBERSORB 600 calcium silicate, available from J.M. Huber Corp., Edison, New Jersey, applied at an addition rate of 1.5 kg/metric tonne.
• the weight ratio of inorganic filler to surface size in comparative Example C-l was 0.6: 1.
• the evaluation of high speed converting performance on the IBM 3800 laser printer gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 6 inches (15.2 cm), indicating poor paper runnability.
• Example 3-1 the same inorganic filler was used, i.e., HUBERSORB 600 calcium silicate, but the filler addition rate in this surface treatment was increased to 2.5 kg/metric tonne, as compared to 1.5 kg/metric tonne in Comparative Example C3-1.
• the weight ratio of filler to surface size in this Example 3-1 was 1 : 1. Evaluation of high speed converting performance gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.75 - 3.0 inches (7.0 - 7.6 cm), indicating excellent paper runnability.
• Example 3-1 At the addition rate and weight ratio of filler to surface size used in Example 3-1, the calcium silicate inorganic filler eliminated the paper billowing and runnability problems caused by the presence of the alkenyl ketene dimer surface size.
• the poor paper convertibility results obtained with Comparative Example Cl-1 in Example 1, which also used HUBERSORB calcium silicate at similar levels to those used in Example 3- 1 indicate that a 1 : 1 weight ratio of filler to surface size should be increased, e.g. , to a weight ratio in excess of 1 : 1, to assure consistent improvement in paper convertibility from this - 29 -
• the inorganic filler was a kaolin clay, HYDRAF ⁇ NE 90 kaolin clay, available from J.M. Huber Corp., Edison, New Jersey, applied at three different addition rates, namely, 2.5, 5.0 and 10.0 kg/metric tonne, respectively. Since the addition rate of alkenyl ketene dimer that was likewise applied as a surface treatment in these three Examples was 2.5 kg/metric tonne, the respective weight ratios of filler to surface size in Examples 3-2 to 3-4 were 1:1, 2:1 and 4: 1. Evaluations of high speed converting performance on the IBM 3800 laser printer demonstrated excellent convertibility performance for Examples 3-3 and 3-4, as compared with Example 3-2 which gave only fair convertibility performance.
• Alkenyl Ketene Dimer Filler Filler Weight Ratio of Addition Rate Addition Rate Filler Surface (kg / metric tonne) (kg / metric Size tonne)
• Control 3A none none 0 2.5 - 2.75 acid fine paper (6.4 - 7.0) with rosin & ⁇ alum internal size
• Control 3D 1.75 none 0 4 0 - 6 0 (10.1 - 15 2)
• Example 4 describes the evaluation of high speed converting performance of paper made as described above and surface treated with a 2-oxetanone reactive size that was an alkyl ketene dimer, rather than the alkenyl ketene dimer used in the previous Examples.
• the alkyl ketene dimer was based on C ⁇ -C j saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) that was applied as a surface treatment to alkaline fine paper at an addition rate of 1.0 kg/metric tonne.
• Control 4A was an evaluation of a prior art acid fine made in a conventional manner with rosin and alum as the internal size and with no surface treatment being carried out. Control 4A using this acid fine paper gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.5 - 2.75 inches (6.4 - 7.0 cm), indicating generally excellent paper runnability for this prior art fine paper.
• Control 4B the second benchmark control, was an alkaline paper made as described above on the Western Michigan University pilot paper machine with an internal size that was an alkenyl ketene dimer (not an alkyl ketene dimer) added at the wet end at a rate of 0.47 kg/metric tonne of paper.
• This internally sized alkaline fine paper was also surface sized with a reactive 2- oxetanone size, i.e., the above-mentioned alkyl ketene dimer, to demonstrate the adverse effect on high speed converting performance that results with the use of such an alkyl ketene dimer surface size.
• the alkyl ketene dimer reactive size was applied to the paper surface using the size press at an addition rate of 1.0 kg/metric tonne. Evaluation of the high speed converting performance of this surface sized alkaline fine paper on the IBM 3800 high speed laser printer gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes that was 3.5 inches (8.9 cm) and also caused a long loop error.
• Example 4-1 was carried out using the internally sized alkaline paper used in Control 4B, but surface-treated with a combination of the alkyl ketene dimer with an inorganic filler to demonstrate the beneficial results in high speed converting performance for such surface treated alkaline fine paper.
• the inorganic filler was kaolin clay, HYDRAFINE 90 kaolin clay, available from J.M. Huber Corp., Edison, New Jersey, applied at an addition rate of 10.0 kg/metric tonne. Since the addition rate of the alkyl ketene dimer at the size press was 1.0 kg/metric tonne, the weight ratio of filler to surface size was 10: 1 in this Example 4-1. Evaluation of high speed converting performance gave a billowing maximum height after 10 - 33 -
• Example 4-1 demonstrate that the
• alkyl ketene dimers such as those made from mixtures of saturated fatty acids.
• Control 4C is included in this Example 4 to demonstrate that the presence of moderate-to-heavy amounts of an alkyl ketene dimer as an internal size in an alkaline fine paper causes the paper's convertibility performance to deteriorate. This is shown by a billowing maximum height of 3.25 inches (8.2 cm) that resulted with the internal addition at the wet end of alkyl ketene dimer, made from a mixture of C ⁇ -C j g saturated fatty acids
• Control 4A none none 0 2.5 - 2.75 with rosin & alum (6.4 - 7.0) internal size
• Control 4B 1.0 none 0 3.5 (8.9) alkaline paper with o long loop error internal size*
• Example 5 evaluates the effect on high speed converting performance of an alkaline fine paper that is surface-treated with various amounts of an alkenyl ketene dimer reactive surface size used in combination with bentonite as the inorganic filler, both applied at various addition rates and weight ratios of filler to surface size.
• the inorganic filler used in this Example 5 was VOLCLAY HPM 75 bentonite clay, available from Amcol International Corporation, Arlington
• Control 5 A was an evaluation of a prior art acid fine paper made in a conventional manner with rosin and alum as the internal size and with no surface treatment being carried out. Evaluation of the high speed converting performance for the acid fine paper of Control 5 A gave a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.5 - 2.75 inches (6.4 - 7.0 cm), indicating excellent high speed runnability.
• Control 5B the second benchmark control, was an alkaline paper made with an internal size that was an alkenyl ketene dimer added at the wet end at a rate of 0.47 kg/metric tonne of paper, and this alkaline fine paper was essentially the same as that described in Example 1 as
• the internally sized alkaline paper in this Control 5B was not subjected to a surface treatment with either a 2-oxetanone reactive size or an inorganic filler. Evaluation of this paper on the IBM 3800 high speed laser printer resulted in a billowing maximum height after 10 minutes of 2.75 inches (7.0 cm), similar to the results obtained with the acid fine paper in Control 5A.
• both the internally sized acid fine paper and the internally sized alkaline fine paper gave excellent high speed converting performance, as noted above.
• Control 5C a third control, was carried out using the same internally sized alkaline fine paper used in Control 5B but surface sized with a reactive 2-oxetanone size to demonstrate the adverse effect on high speed converting performance that results with the use of such a surface size.
• the internally sized alkaline paper in Control 5C was surface treated with the same alkenyl ketene dimer reactive size used in Examples 1-3 (and the same size was used to internally size the paper), applied at the size press at an addition rate of 2.5 kg/metric tonne.
• Control 5 A, Control 5B and Control 5C are summarized below in Table 5.
• Table 5 The results of the evaluations of Control 5 A, Control 5B and Control 5C, as well as of the other examples carried out in this Example 5, are summarized below in Table 5.
• paper runnability was excellent and no stacker or registration errors were encountered.
• Control 5C surface treated with an alkenyl ketene dimer surface size gave unacceptable high speed converting performance when evaluated on the IBM 3800 laser printer, since maximum billowing height increased to more than 6 inches (more than 15 cm)and frequent long loop errors were encountered.
• Comparative Example C5-1 and Examples 5-1 and 5-2 were carried out using the same reactive surface size and addition rate but with the concurrent surface treatment at the size press of the bentonite filler at three different addition rates: 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 kg/metric tonne paper, such that the weight ratio of filler to surface size was respectively 0.1 : 1, 0.2: 1, and 0.4: 1. High speed converting performance measured on the IBM 3800 laser printer for Comparative
• Example C5-1 was unsatisfactory, with the billowing maximum height after 10 minutes being in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm).
• the addition rate of bentonite filler was twice that used in Comparative Example C5-1, being 0.5 kg/metric tonne of paper, which provided a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 0.2: 1.
• High speed converting performance measured for this Example 5-1 was good, with billowing maximum height after 10 minutes being 3.5 inches (8.9 cm).
• Example 5-2 the addition rate of bentonite filler was twice that used in Example 5-1 (and four times that used in Comparative Example C5-1), being 1.0 kg/metric tonne of paper, which provided a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 0.4: 1.
• High speed converting performance measured for this Example 5-1 was excellent, with billowing maximum height after 10 minutes being 2.75 inches (7.0 cm), equivalent to that obtained with benchmark Control 5B which was alkaline paper that contained no surface size and no surface filler.
• Example 5-3 with the concurrent surface application at the size press of VOLCLAY 90 bentonite clay at two higher addition rates: 0.5 kg/metric tonne in Example 5-3, giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 0.13: 1, and 1.0 kg/metric tonne in Example 5-4, giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 0.27: 1.
• High speed converting performance was generally satisfactory for Example 5-3, in which billowing maximum height after 10 minutes was 3.75 inches (9.5 cm), and further improved for Example 5-4 in which the bentonite filler addition rate was 1.0 kg/metric tonne instead of 0.5 kg/metric tonne .
• Billowing maximum height measured for Example 5-4 was 3.0 inches (7.6 cm), indicating good high speed converting performance.
• Comparative Example C5-4 giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 0.1 : 1. High speed converting performance was unacceptable for each of Comparative Examples C5-3 and C5-4, in which billowing maximum height after 10 minutes was in excess of 6 inches (in excess of 15 cm) for both.
• surface treatment of the alkaline paper with the alkenyl ketene dimer sizing agent was again at a rate of 5.0 kg/metric tonne (as in Comparative Example C5-3
• Example 5-5 but with the concurrent surface application at the size press of VOLCLAY 90 bentonite clay at two higher addition rates: 1.0 kg/metric tonne in Example 5-5, giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 0.2: 1, and 1.5 kg/metric tonne in Example 5-6, giving a weight ratio of filler to surface size of 0.3 : 1.
• High speed converting performance was generally satisfactory for Example 5-5, in which billowing maximum height after 10 minutes was 3.5 inches (8.9 cm), and significantly improved for Example 5-6 in which the bentonite filler 39
• Example 5-6 Billowing maximum height measured for Example 5-6 was 2.75 inches (7.0 cm), indicating excellent high speed converting performance, equivalent to that obtained with benchmark Control 5B which was alkaline paper that contained no surface size and no surface filler.
• Table 5 The results for this Example 5, which are summarized in Table 5 shown below, demonstrate that use of a surface-applied bentonite filler with the alkenyl ketene dimer reactive surface size provides satisfactory results in high speed converting performance when the weight ratio of the bentonite clay filler to alkenyl ketene dimer surface size is in excess of 0.1 : 1.
• Ketene Dimer (VOLCLAY- HPM 75) Filler Surface
• Control 5A none none 2.5 - 2.75 acid fine paper (6.4 - 7.0) with rosin & alum internal size

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