EP1050591A2 - Wärmebehandlungsverfahren zur Herstellung randschichtgehärteter Lang- und Flachprodukte aus unlegierten oder niedriglegierten Stählen - Google Patents
Wärmebehandlungsverfahren zur Herstellung randschichtgehärteter Lang- und Flachprodukte aus unlegierten oder niedriglegierten Stählen Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP1050591A2 EP1050591A2 EP00108714A EP00108714A EP1050591A2 EP 1050591 A2 EP1050591 A2 EP 1050591A2 EP 00108714 A EP00108714 A EP 00108714A EP 00108714 A EP00108714 A EP 00108714A EP 1050591 A2 EP1050591 A2 EP 1050591A2
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- workpiece
- cooling
- martensite
- martensitic
- temperature
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D8/00—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment
- C21D8/06—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires
- C21D8/08—Modifying the physical properties of ferrous metals or ferrous alloys by deformation combined with, or followed by, heat treatment during manufacturing of rods or wires for concrete reinforcement
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/02—Hardening articles or materials formed by forging or rolling, with no further heating beyond that required for the formation
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D1/00—General methods or devices for heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering
- C21D1/18—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering
- C21D1/19—Hardening; Quenching with or without subsequent tempering by interrupted quenching
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
- C21D2221/00—Treating localised areas of an article
- C21D2221/10—Differential treatment of inner with respect to outer regions, e.g. core and periphery, respectively
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S148/00—Metal treatment
- Y10S148/902—Metal treatment having portions of differing metallurgical properties or characteristics
Definitions
- the invention relates to a heat treatment process for the production of surface hardened layers Long and flat products made of unalloyed or low-alloyed Steels, comprising the following steps: a first cooling process of the workpiece for setting a martensitic structure in the workpiece edge area and a second cooling process of the workpiece at a cooling rate below the lower critical cooling rate for cooling the workpiece core.
- the lower critical cooling rate understand the cooling rate, which is just enough, to form 1% martensite, i.e. the workpiece core is cooled down slowly, that there is not a martensitic, but a ferritic-pearlitic structure sets.
- a hardening structure is usually obtained from the austenitizing temperature with the aid of a suitable cooling device (usually by means of water cooling) in the surface layer of the workpiece one-time quenching process is set by falling below the martensite start temperature M s , which is then started after the cooling has been terminated by the residual heat still present inside the long product.
- a suitable cooling device usually by means of water cooling
- M s martensite start temperature
- the steels used for this procedure are generally low-alloy structural steels with a carbon content between 0.03 to 0.25%, a manganese content of 0.3 to 1.6% and different admixtures of other alloy components.
- the quenching of reinforcing steels for steel construction in a water cooling section is known. After setting a defined depth of martensitically transformed structures in the edge area of the long product, self-tempering follows due to the residual heat inside the workpiece. Depending on the material analysis and the extent of the tempered surface layer, this results in a certain combination of strength and toughness properties (ductility).
- the invention is based on the object a heat treatment for the production of surface hardened long and To create flat products that compared to the known after Process treated workpieces while maintaining the better strength Have toughness properties.
- the first cooling process becomes the conversion of austenite in martensite in several, repeating steps carried out, each process step being composed of cooling to a temperature below the martensite start temperature to the martensitic Conversion of only part of the workpiece edge area and one part each subsequent relaxation phase of the already formed martensitic Structural parts and / or marginal areas martensite / austenite.
- the basis for understanding the invention lies in the nature of the martensitic transformation. If an iron alloy is heated to temperatures above A c3 (the temperature at which the conversion of the ferrite to austenite ends in warming) and then quenched with a sufficiently high cooling rate, the austenitic structure transforms martensitic.
- a c3 the temperature at which the conversion of the ferrite to austenite ends in warming
- the special thing about martensite transformation - compared to the diffusion-controlled transformation mechanisms - is that it takes place athermally. This means that the conversion does not continue by holding at a certain temperature, but only continues in the form of a cascade with further cooling. An isothermal hold time does not cause an increase in the proportion of the amount of martensite in the overall structure, as in the case of diffusion-controlled conversion.
- the size of the growing martensite crystals is limited by the former austenite limits.
- the martensite itself is converted in two steps according to the models that are now considered to be secure: a lattice-changing deformation step from cubic surface-centered (automotive) to cubic space-centered (krz) lattice and a lattice-preserving adjustment of the newly formed martensite.
- a lattice-changing deformation step from cubic surface-centered (automotive) to cubic space-centered (krz) lattice
- krz cubic space-centered
- this adaptation deformation does not take place without material separations, so that engineering steels have been shown to be quenched in the martensite level have a more or less high number of microcracks.
- These micro cracks themselves reduce the toughness and the ductility of the material, since under mechanical stress (e.g. in tensile tests) the cracks as germs act for the further material separation and thus the general failure of the Introduce the material.
- a heat treatment method is used according to the invention proposed in which the martensite conversion is not in a one-time quenching process, but takes place gradually and with short relaxation breaks between the individual conversion phases.
- the workpiece is only briefly cooled to the martensite stage, the temperature is then equalized and the quenching treatment is carried out again to temperatures below the martensite start temperature.
- the temperature is compensated either by self-tempering of the martensitic structural parts formed in the corresponding cooling process due to the residual heat in the workpiece to temperatures below A 1 and the associated reduction in lattice stresses. It is also proposed that the workpiece be brought back to the austenitizing temperature during the relaxation phase of the individual process steps for the partial reconversion of the martensite already formed into austenite. In addition to the resulting structural refinement, there are significantly fewer microcracks during the martensitic transformation.
- the proposed procedure has two effects: firstly the size of the areas to be converted at the same time is smaller. This creates at the phase boundary austenite-martensite, overall lower adaptation stresses, which reduces the risk of microcracks. On the other hand has the austenite surrounding the martensite due to the relaxation phases ongoing recovery processes (mainly due to dislocation gliding) Possibility to reduce adjustment tensions. This will result in an overshoot the breaking voltage of the motor vehicle-krz phase boundary, which is also due to the temporal superposition of the voltage fields of several neighboring phase boundaries can occur, counteracted overall.
- the proposed heat treatment can be directly related to a rolling process connect the workpiece, but it is also conceivable that it immediately to a previous heat treatment, for example normalizing, connects.
- Figure 1 shows the temperature-time curves of a rebar with a total diameter of 40 mm with hardened according to the proposed method Marginal areas. It is the temperature profiles for the surface (1) and the core (2) of the long product and on average (3).
- the workpiece passes through a cooling section, which consists of several cooling zones with different Length composed.
- the coolant is water. Expressed by the workpiece becomes a high or low ⁇ value in the cooling zones 2, 4, 6 and 8 quenched to a temperature below the martensite start temperature, but which is above the martensite finish temperature.
- cooling zones 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 it comes to the temporal relaxation phases, here by means of Start yourself.
- the material is of a temperature Coming from about 1000 ° C, briefly to a temperature in the cooling zone 2 quenched below the martensite start temperature.
- the martensite start temperature is dependent on the steel composition and lies with the exemplary Steel at around 410 ° C.
- the material passes through in the subsequent cooling section a relaxation phase during which the already martensitic transformed Areas left on due to the residual heat present in the workpiece become.
- the austenite surrounding the martensite can Reduce adaptation tensions.
- Figure 3 shows the temperature-cooling time curves for the same Steel, but for a smaller diameter of the long product (20 mm).
- the Workpiece is moved at higher speed through the individual cooling sections transported, here for example at 15.00 m / s.
- the individual cooling process steps therefore run faster in comparison, but here too the processes are Quenching to a temperature below the martensite start temperature as well
- the relaxation phase of the structure is clearly recognizable through self-tempering.
- To Passage through the nine cooling zones is approximately 30% of the cross-section of the long product martensitic converted ( Figure 4).
- Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the difference between what is proposed according to the invention Process with the known process for hardening the surface layer of Long products. Although 35% also according to the conventional method Martensite structure is reached in the peripheral areas, it does happen because of one-time quench treatment with subsequent one-time self-starts microcracks in the structure and associated poor toughness properties, which are improved by the method according to the invention. It is clear that the toughness properties increase with the same strength values Figures 7 and 8, in which the elongation at break is above the yield point or tensile strength of an unalloyed structural steel are shown in the comparison surface hardened according to the conventional (I) and the process (II) according to the invention is.
- reinforcing steels in particular are hardened on the outer layer. They are mainly used as reinforcement steel for manufacturing of beams in steel construction.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Articles (AREA)
- Heat Treatments In General, Especially Conveying And Cooling (AREA)
- Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
Abstract
Description
- Figur 1
- Temperatur-Zeitkurven eines Beton-Rippenstahls mit nach dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren gehärteten Randbereichen mit einem Gesamtdurchmesser von 40 mm;
- Figur 2
- Temperaturverteilung über den Durchmesser des Beton-Rippenstahls nach Figur 1;
- Figur 3
- Temperatur-Zeitkurven eines Beton-Rippenstahls mit nach dem vorgeschlagenen Verfahren gehärteten Randbereich mit einem Gesamtdurchmesser von 20 mm;
- Figur 4
- Temperaturverteilung über den Durchmesser des Beton-Rippenstahls nach Figur 3;
- Figur 5
- Temperatur-Zeitkurven eines Beton-Rippenstahls mit nach dem herkömmlichen Verfahren gehärteten Randbereich mit einem Gesamtdurchmesser von 40 mm;
- Figur 6
- Temperaturverteilung über den Durchmesser des Beton-Rippenstahls nach Figur 5;
- Figur 7
- Darstellung der Bruchdehnung über der Streckgrenze bei einem unlegierten Baustahl (C ≈ 0,25 %, Si ≈ 0,29 %, Mn ≈ 1,0 %) im Vergleich nach dem konventionellen und dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren randschichtgehärtet;
- Figur 8
- Darstellung der Bruchdehnung über der Zugfestigkeit bei einem unlegierten Baustahl (C ≈ 0,25 %, Si ≈ 0,29 %, Mn ≈ 1,0 %) im Vergleich nach dem konventionellen und dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren randschichtgehärtet;
- Figur 9
- Martensitumwandlung und Anpassungsverformung der umgebenden austenitischen Matrix.
Claims (8)
- Wärmebehandlungsverfahren zur Herstellung randschichtgehärteter Lang- und Flachprodukte aus unlegierten und niedriglegierten Stählen, umfassend folgende Schritte:einen ersten Abkühlprozeß des Werkstücks zum Einstellen eines martensitischen Gefüges im Werkstückrandbereich sowie einen zweiten Abkühlprozeß des Werkstücks mit einer Abkühlgeschwindigkeit unterhalb der unteren kritischen Abkühlgeschwindigkeit zur Abkühlung des Werkstückkerns,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß der erste Abkühlprozeß in mehreren, sich wiederholenden Schriften durchgeführt wird, wobei sich jeder Prozeßschritt aus einem Abkühlen auf eine Temperatur unterhalb der Martensitstarttemperatur zur martensitischen Umwandlung nur jeweils eines Teils des Werkstückrandbereichs und einer sich anschließenden zeitlichen Phase zur Entspannung der bereits gebildeten martensitischen Gefügeteile und/oder Randbereiche Martensit/Austenit zusammensetzt. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß während der Entspannungshasen der einzelnen Prozeßschritte ein Selbstanlassen der bei dem entsprechenden Abkühlprozeß gebildeten martensitischen Gefügeteile durch die im Inneren des Werkstücks vorhandene Restwärme stattfindet. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß während der Entspannungsphasen der einzelnen Prozeßschritte das Werkstück wieder auf Austenitisiertemperatur gebracht wird zum teilweisen Rückumwandeln des bereits gebildeten Martensits in Austenit. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß die Anzahl der Abkühlprozeßschritte in Abhängigkeit der gewünschten zu härtenden Randschichttiefe gewählt wird. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß es sich unmittelbar an einen Walzprozeß des Werkstücks anschließt. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß es sich unmittelbar an eine Wärmebehandlung anschließt. - Verfahren nach Anspruch 1,
dadurch gekennzeichnet,daß es sich bei dem herzustellenden Stahl um Betonstahl handelt. - Verwendung von nach dem Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 hergestellten Stählen zur Herstellung von Trägern oder Bewehrungen.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE19921286 | 1999-05-07 | ||
| DE19921286A DE19921286A1 (de) | 1999-05-07 | 1999-05-07 | Wärmebehandlungsverfahren zur Herstellung randschichtgehärteter Lang- nd Flachprodukte aus unlegierten oder niedriglegierten Stählen |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP1050591A2 true EP1050591A2 (de) | 2000-11-08 |
| EP1050591A3 EP1050591A3 (de) | 2004-06-23 |
Family
ID=7907440
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP00108714A Withdrawn EP1050591A3 (de) | 1999-05-07 | 2000-04-22 | Wärmebehandlungsverfahren zur Herstellung randschichtgehärteter Lang- und Flachprodukte aus unlegierten oder niedriglegierten Stählen |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6355119B1 (de) |
| EP (1) | EP1050591A3 (de) |
| JP (1) | JP2000328141A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE19921286A1 (de) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9132567B2 (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2015-09-15 | Dayton Progress Corporation | Tools with a thermo-mechanically modified working region and methods of forming such tools |
| US8968495B2 (en) * | 2007-03-23 | 2015-03-03 | Dayton Progress Corporation | Methods of thermo-mechanically processing tool steel and tools made from thermo-mechanically processed tool steels |
| WO2009102848A1 (en) * | 2008-02-15 | 2009-08-20 | Dayton Progress Corporation | Methods of thermo-mechanically processing tool steel and tools made from thermo-mechanically processed tool steels |
| US8518195B2 (en) * | 2012-01-20 | 2013-08-27 | GM Global Technology Operations LLC | Heat treatment for producing steel sheet with high strength and ductility |
| CN106756504B (zh) * | 2016-12-28 | 2018-05-15 | 鞍钢集团(鞍山)铁路运输设备制造有限公司 | 一种球磨机衬板及其制作方法 |
| CN107480328B (zh) * | 2017-07-04 | 2022-09-20 | 山东建筑大学 | 一种基于q&p工艺的碳配分理论计算方法 |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NL168000C (nl) * | 1971-04-14 | 1982-02-16 | Koninklijke Hoogovens En Staal | Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van door warmwalsen geprofileerd staafmateriaal uit laagkoolstofstaal, alsmede gelaste produkten, zoals betonmatten, vervaardigd uit met deze werkwijze verkregen geprofileerde staven. |
| US4180418A (en) * | 1973-09-11 | 1979-12-25 | Stahlwerke Peine-Salzgitter A.G. | Method of making a steel wire adapted for cold drawing |
| IT1090143B (it) * | 1975-01-29 | 1985-06-18 | Centre Rech Metallurgique | Procedimento per fabbricare dei prodotti laminati di acciaio |
| DE2916218A1 (de) * | 1979-04-21 | 1980-10-23 | Florin Stahl Walzwerk | Verfahren zur herstellung von walzstahlerzeugnissen mit mehrschichtigem gefuegeaufbau |
| LU82858A1 (fr) * | 1980-10-16 | 1982-05-10 | Arbed | Procede de fabrication de lamines en acier presentant une bonne soudabilite,haute limite d'elasticite et une resilience a tres basses temperatures |
| DE3431008C2 (de) * | 1984-08-23 | 1986-10-16 | Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG, 8000 München | Wärmebehandlung von warmgewalzten Stäben oder Drähten |
-
1999
- 1999-05-07 DE DE19921286A patent/DE19921286A1/de not_active Withdrawn
-
2000
- 2000-04-22 EP EP00108714A patent/EP1050591A3/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-05-02 JP JP2000133603A patent/JP2000328141A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2000-05-05 US US09/566,206 patent/US6355119B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2000328141A (ja) | 2000-11-28 |
| DE19921286A1 (de) | 2000-11-09 |
| EP1050591A3 (de) | 2004-06-23 |
| US6355119B1 (en) | 2002-03-12 |
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