Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
  • H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B21/00—Nitrogen; Compounds thereof
  • C01B21/06—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron
  • C01B21/0602—Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boron with two or more other elements chosen from metals, silicon or boron
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
  • H01M4/383—Hydrogen absorbing alloys
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M4/00—Electrodes
  • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
  • H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
  • H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/12—Surface area
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/40—Electric properties
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
  • H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
  • H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to synthetic materials. More specifically, the
• invention relates to ceramic materials, and in particular to non-oxide ceramic materials
• transition metals comprised of transition metals in combination with one or more of nitrogen, carbon,
• invention further relates to methods for fabricating these materials, and for devices
• the present invention relates to a novel class of non-oxide, transition metal
• Electrodes for batteries, fuel cells, capacitors, electrochromic
• the materials of the present invention may include some minor
• oxide ceramics may include some small portions of oxygen therein.
• the group IA elements occupy interstitial sites in the lattice, and
• intercalation referred to herein as intercalation
• group IA elements is meant to refer to hydrogen group elements of the periodic table.
• the materials of the present invention are capable of intercalating large quantities
• materials of the present invention are low in cost and environmentally benign.
• oxide based ceramic materials have been employed as battery
• lithium ion battery electrodes and one particular lithium ion battery electrode utilizing oxide based
• Z is a member selected from the group consisting of: N, C, B, Si, and
• the material has a cubic, tetragonal or hexagonal
• a and Z occupy interstitial sites in said lattice.
• the group IA element is lithium, and in other words
• the transition metal is selected from groups
• electrodes fabricated from a powder comprised of a compound
• a transition metal and members selected from the group consisting of N, C, B, Si, and combinations thereof, in which the surface area of the powder is in excess of 5 m 2 /g.
• materials are fabricated by electrochemically
• materials are fabricated by chemically reacting an intermediate with a
• FIG. 1 illustrates the charging and discharging behavior of an
• electrochemical cell having an electrode fabricated from a material of the present
• Figure 2 illustrates the coulombic efficiency of the cell of Figure 1
• Figure 3 illustrates the discharge capacity of an electrode incorporating a
• the present invention is directed to non-oxide, transition metal based ceramic
• the materials of the present invention are comprised of a
• transition metal together with one or more of: N, C, B and Si.
• the materials can also include a group IA element therein; although, in
• the material may not include a group IA element therein.
• the general formula for the materials of the present invention is preferably a formula for the materials of the present invention.
• a y M 2 Z x can be represented as A y M 2 Z x , wherein A is a group IA element, M is a transition
• Z is N, C, B, and Si, and in which x ⁇ 2 and y ⁇ 6-x.
• group IA element comprises hydrogen, lithium, sodium or
• the group IA element is
• the group IA element will preferably be hydrogen
• transition metal component of the transition metal of the transition metal
• material may comprise a single transition metal as well as a mixture of transition
• transition metals include the early transition
• metals that is to say metals from groups IIIB-VIIB. It has been found that metals
• transition metals typically manifest a cubic, tetragonal or hexagonal
• interstitial elements may create some
• the group IA element occupies tetrahedral and/or
• the materials may be fabricated by using an electrochemical potential to insert the group IA element into
• an electrochemical cell may be any electrochemical cell.
• Reaction may also be carried out in the absence of any externally applied
• LiMoO 4 or LiVO 3 may be reacted with ammonia at an
• compositions of the present invention may be reacted with a variety of materials to produce the compositions of the present
• a transition metal halide may be reacted with a nitride
• organometallic compounds may be any organic compound having the same function as a method of fabrication. Other reactions will be apparent to those of skill in the art, in view of the teaching presented herein.
• organometallic compounds may be any organic compound having the same function as a method of fabrication.
• Other reactions will be apparent to those of skill in the art, in view of the teaching presented herein.
• organometallic compounds may be any organic compound having the same function as a metal oxide having
• pressure hydrogen may be employed to insert hydrogen into the matrix.
• the materials of the present invention have
• a lithium molybdenum nitride material was prepared by a solid state
• Li 2 MoO 4 Approximately 1 gram of Li 2 MoO 4 was placed in an alumina boat inside a quartz
• resultant material is a compound characterized as Li 2 MoN x .
• the product was
• interstitial compounds having lithium and nitrogen at the interstitial sites of a
• the lattice structure is face centered cubic or Bl like that of NaCl.
• the material was incorporated into an electrode which was
• the amount of lithium transferred was calculated by integrating the current to determine the total amount of charge
• a lithium vanadium nitride material was prepared by a solid
• LiVO 3 LiVO 3
• material being an interstitial compound of lithium and nitrogen in the interstitial sites
• lithium vanadium nitride materials are prepared from a gelled
• the gelled precursor is prepared by hydrolysis of a mixture of lithium and vanadium alkoxides by water, in an alcoholic solvent with an acid or base catalyst.
• lithium vanadium ratio controlled by adjusting the relative
• Hydrolysis is effected by water in the alcohol solvent, and
• solvent may be extracted from the gel, at ambient pressure to produce a high surface
• atmosphere of a carbon containing material such as CH 4 is atmosphere of a carbon containing material such as CH 4 .
• a molybdenum oxide film was prepared on a titanium foil substrate.
• the oxide film was then converted to a nitride, by treatment
• the molybdenum nitride film was then assembled as the cathode of an
• carbide materials may be prepared from
• the nitride is heated in methane, at
• the oxide may be directly reacted with methane or methane and
• a vanadium oxide film was prepared on a titanium foil by spraying an aqueous solution
• the second heating was from 300°C to 870°C over 9.5 hours, with a 15 minute soak
• the compounds of the present invention are formed by
• organolithium compounds such as n-butyl lithium may be added to
• lithium is transferred from the organolithium and inserted so as to form the
• Sodium based transition metal ceramics may also be prepared in accord with
• metal nitride or metal carbide precursor in another experimental series, metal nitride or metal carbide precursor
• lithium molybdenum nitride was fabricated into a cathode of
• the material was prepared from high surface area (greater than 5 m 2 /gr)
• lithium molybdenum nitride powder prepared in accord with the general procedure
• the powder was mixed with about 10% by weight
• the electrode/binder mixture was separated from the liquid by filtration,
• Nickel mesh was pressed into the layer
• test cell transferred into a dry box and used to assemble a test cell.
• lithium ions are inserted into the high surface area electrode material.
• the charge storage capacity for the electrode material was 119 mAh/g.
• molybdenum atom is 126 mAh/g. This capacity is consistent with the reversible
• an electrochemical cell was prepared utilizing a high surface
• vanadium nitride material was
• Electrodes and test cells were fabricated
• vanadium nitride electrode on cycling between 0.5 and 4.2 volts utilizing charging
• test results show reproducible and reversible energy storage
• double layer capacitances are in the range of 1-100 microfarad per cm 2 (usually at the
• the electrode area and vanadium nitride loading were 0.6 cm 2 and 26 mg
• the vanadium carbide was prepared in a procedure generally similar to that set forth in Example 4, and electrodes of test cells fabricated according to the methods of
• Figure 3 illustrates the behavior of the electrode on cycling between 1.0 and 3.7 volts
• the capacity was in excess of 200mAh/g, with the theoretical maximum being 222
• Electrodes can be used as electrodes for electrochemical, double layer capacitors.
• titanium carbide is greater than 230 mAh/g, which is substantially higher than
• group IV carbide or nitride materials may be employed to satisfy the present invention.
• stabilizing materials may further be included in the material.
• the material may further be included in the material.
• vanadium and/or molybdenum in the host lattice material will facilitate
• phase diagrams indicate that these two metals form a continuous series
• the gravimetric charge of storage density of electrochemical devices may be enhanced
• the present invention as cathodes of electrochemical cells, in some instances, the
• materials of the present invention may also have utility as anodes of electrochemical
• the materials of the present invention are useful as additives to
• Such materials are typically present in volume
• lithium insertion occurs at a relatively constant
• the materials of the present invention can be made to manifest an
• a storage battery may be incorporated into a storage battery, either as an electrode, or as an electrode
• protons may be any organic radicals of sodium and lithium into the materials of the present invention.
• metal hydride battery electrodes use as metal hydride battery electrodes, hydrogen storage materials and hydrogenation
• materials of the present invention are based upon a crystalline lattice structure
• invention can readily accommodate, and release, hydrogen, lithium, sodium,

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Electrochemistry (AREA)
• General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
• Ceramic Products (AREA)
• Inorganic Compounds Of Heavy Metals (AREA)

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• 1997
  • 1997-10-30 WO PCT/US1997/019817 patent/WO1999023712A1/en active Application Filing
  • 1997-10-30 JP JP2000519478A patent/JP2001522133A/ja active Pending
  • 1997-10-30 EP EP97947314A patent/EP1034572A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 1997-10-30 CA CA002308613A patent/CA2308613A1/en not_active Abandoned

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