EP1030962B1 - Amortisseur de bruits - Google Patents

Amortisseur de bruits Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1030962B1
EP1030962B1 EP98954643A EP98954643A EP1030962B1 EP 1030962 B1 EP1030962 B1 EP 1030962B1 EP 98954643 A EP98954643 A EP 98954643A EP 98954643 A EP98954643 A EP 98954643A EP 1030962 B1 EP1030962 B1 EP 1030962B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
silencer
inlet
outlet
exhaust gas
collar
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98954643A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP1030962A1 (fr
Inventor
Stephanus Ferreira
Bevan John Davis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Individual
Original Assignee
Individual
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
Publication of EP1030962A1 publication Critical patent/EP1030962A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1030962B1 publication Critical patent/EP1030962B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/16—Selection of particular materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N1/00—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing
    • F01N1/24—Silencing apparatus characterised by method of silencing by using sound-absorbing materials
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N13/00—Exhaust or silencing apparatus characterised by constructional features ; Exhaust or silencing apparatus, or parts thereof, having pertinent characteristics not provided for in, or of interest apart from, groups F01N1/00 - F01N5/00, F01N9/00, F01N11/00
    • F01N13/18—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly
    • F01N13/1888—Construction facilitating manufacture, assembly, or disassembly the housing of the assembly consisting of two or more parts, e.g. two half-shells
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2310/00—Selection of sound absorbing or insulating material
    • F01N2310/02—Mineral wool, e.g. glass wool, rock wool, asbestos or the like
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2470/00—Structure or shape of gas passages, pipes or tubes
    • F01N2470/02—Tubes being perforated
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2530/00—Selection of materials for tubes, chambers or housings
    • F01N2530/18—Plastics material, e.g. polyester resin
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01N—GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; GAS-FLOW SILENCERS OR EXHAUST APPARATUS FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01N2530/00—Selection of materials for tubes, chambers or housings
    • F01N2530/18—Plastics material, e.g. polyester resin
    • F01N2530/20—Plastics material, e.g. polyester resin reinforced with mineral or metallic fibres

Definitions

  • THIS invention relates to a silencer for a motor vehicle.
  • Free flow exhaust systems are widely used in the motor industry as they tend to improve the performance of a motor vehicle when compared to conventional exhaust systems.
  • a drawback associated with free flow exhaust systems is that the exhaust noise levels are considerably higher than for conventional exhaust systems, and are often higher than legal limits.
  • EP-A-0446064 describes a silencer made from two halves formed of a matrix consisting essentially of a synthetic resin and a glass fibre. The halves are mounted directly on an exhaust pipe.
  • US-A-4,239,091 describes a silencer made by casting polyester resin reinforced with fibreglass and/or rock wool.
  • the ends of the silencer are formed as respective necks which surround an exhaust pipe, annular gaskets being formed between the necks and the exhaust pipe to avoid leakage.
  • US-A-5,033,580 discloses a silencer made of a heat resistant material such as nylon or PPS, the silencer being mounted to an exhaust pipe via annular joints which include respective elastic metal rings.
  • the bushes preferably have a higher melting point than the polymeric casing, are preferably made of a different material to that of the polymeric casing, are preferably flexible relative to the polymeric casing and are preferably softer than the polymeric casing.
  • the polymeric bushes are capable of deformation to accommodate irregularities in the shape of the inlet and/or outlet pipes.
  • the inlet and outlet pipes are preferably made of metal which is preferably steel.
  • the casing preferably has collars, with the polymeric bushes being located between the collars and the inlet and outlet pipes.
  • the housing preferably narrows towards the collars.
  • a sealant may be interposed between the polymeric bushes and their respective inlet and outlet pipes.
  • the polymeric bushes anchor the casing to the inlet and outlet pipes.
  • the polymeric bushes may be made from polytetrafluoroethylene.
  • the housing may include two sections secured to one another.
  • the two sections are preferably secured to one another by a connector.
  • the two sections and the connector may have clip formations so that the two sections can be clipped to the connector.
  • the connector may be a spacer to increase the length of the housing.
  • Preferably the two sections are identical.
  • Each section may include an integrally formed collar.
  • the polymeric casing is preferably made of a glass filled nylon.
  • the inlet and outlet pipes preferably form part of a continuous pipe which extends through the housing, with at least part of the continuous pipe located within the housing being perforated.
  • Insulating material preferably surrounds the continuous pipe.
  • the insulating material may be a continuous length of glass wool wrapped around the continuous pipe.
  • the silencer may however have a plurality of inlet and outlet pipes.
  • the inlet and outlet pipes may be formed by a plurality of continuous pipes extending through the housing, with at least part of each continuous pipe located within the housing being perforated.
  • a composite silencer 10 includes a nylon casing 12 of a three piece construction.
  • the nylon casing 12 consists of two identical sections 14 and 16 connected together by a connector 18.
  • the connector is positioned between openings 20 and 22 of the sections 14 and 16.
  • the two sections 14 and 16 and the connector 18 are clipped together via complementary clip formations 24 and 26.
  • the clip formations 24 on the sections 14 and 16 are in the form of ring-like projections or lips surrounding openings 20 and 22.
  • the clip formations 26 on the connector 18 are in the form of complementary receiving channels.
  • Each of the sections 14 and 16 have integrally formed end walls 28 and 30, respectively, which narrow towards annular collars 32 and 34, respectively.
  • the collars 32 and 34 have apertures 36 and 38 which are axially aligned and which allow an elongate exhaust pipe 40 to extend through the nylon casing 12.
  • the exhaust pipe 40 has perforations 42 to allow exhaust gas passing through the exhaust pipe 40 to enter a chamber 44 defined by the casing 12.
  • this embodiment relates to a single, straight exhaust pipe 40
  • other exhaust pipe configurations can be used. As shown in figure 3, two exhaust pipes pass through the casing. In figure 3, the suffix .1 is used for parts corresponding to those figures 1 and 2.
  • the exhaust pipe configuration could consist of a single pipe entering the casing from one end, branching into two pipes via a Y-branch, the two branched pipes exiting the casing through the opposite end.
  • this configuration can be reversed so that two exhaust pipes enter the casing with a single exhaust pipe exiting the casing.
  • the respective casing sections 14 and 16 are adapted to accommodate the different configurations.
  • the sections 14 and 16 and the connector 18 are injection moulded from a glass filled nylon material known as nylon 66.
  • This material consists of approximately 60 to 65% nylon and approximately 30 to 35% glass. Although it is envisaged that any other suitable heat resistant polymeric material may be used, nylon 66 is preferred because of its heat resistant properties. It can withstand working temperatures ranging from about -70° C up to about 200° C, and has a melting point of 261° C. It is also highly shock absorbent and is therefore able to withstand vibrations and other body fatigue during use. The polymeric material absorbs sound to a greater extent than stainless steel, because it is less dense.
  • a pair of heat resistant spacers in the form of bushes 52 are Located between an outer surface 46 of the exhaust pipe 40 and inner walls 48 and 50 of the collars 32 and 34, respectively, are a pair of heat resistant spacers in the form of bushes 52.
  • the bushes 52 are formed of a heat resistant polymeric material, in this case polytetrafluoroethylene (P.T.F.E.).
  • the bushes 52 are pressed into position and form an interference fit between the inner walls 48 and 50 of the collars, and between the bores of the bushes 52 and the exhaust pipe 40.
  • the bushes 52 substantially seal the ends of the chamber 44 and provide resistance to heat transfer from the exhaust pipe 40 to the casing 12 from hot exhaust gases passing through the exhaust pipe 40.
  • Silicon sealant 54 is provided between the bushes and the exhaust pipe 40.
  • the bushes 52 are preferred because of their heat resistant properties.
  • the P.T.F.E bushes 52 have a working temperature ranging from about -269° C to about 270° C, and have a melting point of about 380° C.
  • the P.T.F.E. bushes can withstand heat spikes of up to 330°C, and is believed that they can withstand heat spikes up to as much as 370°C. This material therefore has the ability to withstand the high temperatures of the stainless steel exhaust and resist heat transfer to the casing 12.
  • the bushes 52 are flexible and soft relative to the casing 12. The bushes 52 are therefore capable of deformation to conform to irregularities in the shape of the exhaust pipe 40 which may not be perfectly round.
  • a continuous length of glass wool 56 is wrapped around the exhaust pipe 40 within the chamber 44 to provide additional damping or muffling of the exhaust noise.
  • the glass wool can withstand temperatures of up to 700°C.
  • Connectors 18 of variable widths can be used. As a result, the overall length of the casing 12 can be adjusted by using connectors 18 of different widths. This allows a user to change the length of the casing to suit a particular motor vehicle by simply changing a single part.
  • the connectors 18 of different widths are colour coded to simplify the choice of connector 18.
  • the silencer 10 may be offered for sale in the form of a kit comprising the identical sections 14 and 16, at least one connector 18, the bushes 52, glass wool, and the stainless steel perforated exhaust pipe section 40.
  • the kit can be readily assembled by winding the glass wool around the exhaust pipe 40, positioning the bushes 52 within the respective collars 32 and 34, sliding the two sections 14 and 16 over the pipe 40 with the connector 18 positioned between them, and clipping the pieces together.
  • the silicon sealant 54 will be put in place prior to clipping the pieces together.
  • a section of an existing exhaust pipe is then replaced by the exhaust pipe 40 with the assembled silencer 10 fitted thereto.
  • the silencer may be assembled in situ on an existing exhaust pipe that has been perforated.
  • the silencer according to the invention is believed to have a number of advantages over conventional stainless steel mufflers. Because the silencer of the invention is made from nylon, which is less dense than stainless steel, it tends to dampen or muffle sound to a greater extent than stainless steel. Further, the simple, yet effective, manner of clipping the various pieces together and frictionally fitting it to the free flow exhaust pipe will enable a user to fit the silencer a do-it-yourself (DIY) manner. No welding or special adhesives are required to assemble the silencer or fit it to the exhaust pipe. In addition, the user can vary the length of the silencer, to suit a particular make of vehicle, by interchanging connectors of different widths. Further, the silencer is smaller than conventional silencers because of the excellent noise dampening qualities of the nylon, and the silencer is between 35% and 55% lighter than equivalent steel exhausts.
  • DIY do-it-yourself

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. Silencieux comprenant:
    un boítier en polymère;
    une admission dans le boítier en polymère, sous la forme d'un collet d'admission;
    une sortie du boítier en polymère, sous la forme d'un collet de sortie;
    un conduit d'admission de gaz d'échappement, pour conduire des gaz d'échappement dans le boítier en polymère, à travers le collet d'admission;
    un conduit de sortie des gaz d'échappement, pour conduire les gaz d'échappement hors du boítier en polymère, à travers le collet de sortie;
    un intervalle entre le collet d'admission et le conduit d'admission des gaz d'échappement;
    un intervalle entre le collet de sortie et le conduit de sortie des gaz d'échappement;
    une bague d'admission en polymère, placée dans l'intervalle entre le conduit d'admission des gaz d'échappement et le collet d'admission, pour fournir une résistance au transfert de chaleur entre le conduit d'admission des gaz d'échappement et le boítier en polymère;
    une bague de sortie en polymère placée dans l'intervalle entre le conduit de sortie des gaz d'échappement et le collet de sortie, pour fournir une résistance au transfert de chaleur entre le conduit de sortie des gaz d'échappement et le boítier en polymère; et
    les bagues d'admission et de sortie étant pressées dans leurs intervalles respectifs, pour être maintenues par un ajustage serrant dans leurs intervalles respectifs et former des joints d'étanchéité aux gaz d'échappement pour une chambre définie par le boítier en polymère.
  2. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les bagues d'admission et de sortie sont flexibles par rapport au boítier en polymère.
  3. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les bagues d'admission et de sortie sont des douilles cylindriques droites, circulaires.
  4. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le boítier en polymère consiste en deux sections en substance identiques, attachées ensemble.
  5. Silencieux selon la revendication 4, dans lequel les deux sections en substance identiques sont attachées ensemble au moyen d'un connecteur.
  6. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le matériau d'isolation est placé dans le boítier en polymère.
  7. Silencieux selon la revendication 6, dans lequel le matériau isolant est de la laine de verre.
  8. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, dans lequel le boítier en polymère est réalisé en polymère à charge de verre.
  9. Silencieux selon la revendication 8, dans lequel le polymère à charge de verre est du nylon à charge de verre.
  10. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les conduits d'admission et de sortie des gaz d'échappement font partie d'un conduit continu pour gaz d'échappement, passant à travers le boítier en polymère, la partie du conduit continu pour gaz d'échappement située entre le collet d'admission et le collet de sortie étant perforée.
  11. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, dans lequel les bagues d'admission et de sortie sont réalisées en polytétrafluoroéthylène.
  12. Silencieux selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la bague d'admission est la même que la bague de sortie.
EP98954643A 1997-11-21 1998-11-20 Amortisseur de bruits Expired - Lifetime EP1030962B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ZA9710503 1997-11-21
ZA9710503 1997-11-21
PCT/GB1998/003490 WO1999027238A1 (fr) 1997-11-21 1998-11-20 Amortisseur de bruits

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1030962A1 EP1030962A1 (fr) 2000-08-30
EP1030962B1 true EP1030962B1 (fr) 2003-08-20

Family

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98954643A Expired - Lifetime EP1030962B1 (fr) 1997-11-21 1998-11-20 Amortisseur de bruits

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US6543577B1 (fr)
EP (1) EP1030962B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2001524636A (fr)
KR (1) KR100590276B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1116505C (fr)
AU (1) AU759110B2 (fr)
BR (1) BR9814184A (fr)
CA (1) CA2310754C (fr)
DE (1) DE69817390T2 (fr)
ES (1) ES2205569T3 (fr)
WO (1) WO1999027238A1 (fr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7810609B2 (en) 2007-09-26 2010-10-12 Chrysler Group Llc Muffler
DE102011108059A1 (de) 2011-07-21 2013-01-24 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Abgasschalldämpfer einer Brennkraftmaschine
DE102011108060A1 (de) 2011-07-21 2013-01-24 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Abgasschalldämpfer
DE102011108056A1 (de) 2011-07-21 2013-01-24 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Abgasschalldampfer

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US20070157598A1 (en) * 2005-08-22 2007-07-12 Gagov Atanas Plastic components formed from 3D blow molding
KR100815015B1 (ko) * 2006-02-17 2008-03-18 한국델파이주식회사 자동차의 배기가스 정화장치
US7934580B2 (en) * 2006-04-12 2011-05-03 Ocv Intellectual Capital, Llc Long fiber thermoplastic composite muffler system
US7730996B2 (en) 2006-04-12 2010-06-08 Ocv Intellectual Capital, Llc Long fiber thermoplastic composite muffler system with integrated crash management
US7942237B2 (en) * 2006-04-12 2011-05-17 Ocv Intellectual Capital, Llc Long fiber thermoplastic composite muffler system with integrated reflective chamber
US20090078498A1 (en) * 2007-09-26 2009-03-26 Darrin Woods Seamless in-line airboat muffler
WO2009079402A1 (fr) * 2007-12-14 2009-06-25 Ocv Intellectual Capital, Llc Polymères thermodurcissables d'un système de silencieux composite
US20100307863A1 (en) * 2007-12-14 2010-12-09 Ocv Intellectual Capital, Llc Composite muffler system thermosetable polymers
WO2009099986A2 (fr) 2008-02-01 2009-08-13 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Silencieux à corps polymère et leur procédé de fabrication
KR101063640B1 (ko) * 2008-06-12 2011-09-08 현대자동차주식회사 차량용 소음기
KR100969053B1 (ko) * 2008-09-09 2010-07-09 현대자동차주식회사 촉매 내장형 머플러
EP2177340B1 (fr) 2008-10-07 2011-09-07 E.I. Dupont De Nemours And Company Procédé de noyau perdu pour la production d'articles creux
DE102009002536A1 (de) * 2009-04-21 2010-10-28 Culimeta Textilglas-Technologie Gmbh & Co.Kg Faserprodukt, Faserformteil sowie Verfahren zur Herstellung desselben
JP5381512B2 (ja) * 2009-08-28 2014-01-08 本田技研工業株式会社 消音器
DE102009049969A1 (de) * 2009-10-20 2011-06-09 Emcon Technologies Germany (Augsburg) Gmbh Abgasschalldämpfer
CN102753792B (zh) * 2010-02-11 2014-08-20 佛吉亚排放控制技术美国有限公司 具有赫姆霍尔兹腔室的塑料消声器
EP2556228B1 (fr) * 2010-03-23 2019-10-30 Novo Plastics Inc. Sous-système d'échappement à enveloppe polymère
US8047328B1 (en) * 2010-06-09 2011-11-01 Mark Milewicz Plastic muffler and method for making same
US8505682B2 (en) 2011-04-29 2013-08-13 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Lightweight polymeric exhaust components
US8424636B2 (en) 2011-04-29 2013-04-23 E.I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Muffler assembly and process of manufacture
US20120273301A1 (en) 2011-04-29 2012-11-01 E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company Muffler assembly with mounting adapter(s) and process of manufacture
CN103506807A (zh) * 2012-06-21 2014-01-15 浙江三花制冷集团有限公司 一种分体式结构消音器的制造方法
US9611771B2 (en) * 2012-10-26 2017-04-04 E I Du Pont De Nemours And Company Thermoplastic composite muffler
JP2014218924A (ja) * 2013-05-07 2014-11-20 株式会社神戸製鋼所 消音器遮音構造
US9121320B2 (en) * 2013-08-20 2015-09-01 Tenneco Automotive Operating Company Inc. Tailor to fit muffler
EP3336326A1 (fr) * 2016-12-19 2018-06-20 OCV Intellectual Capital, LLC Systèmes et procédés de remplissage de silencieux avec un matériau fibreux
CA3117225A1 (fr) * 2018-11-30 2020-06-04 Erol Bars Dispositif de suppression de son pour systeme de capture de gaz de produit cyclotron
CN112938639A (zh) * 2021-01-30 2021-06-11 江苏首华智能装备有限公司 一种用于筒体的纤维充装系统

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US7810609B2 (en) 2007-09-26 2010-10-12 Chrysler Group Llc Muffler
DE102011108059A1 (de) 2011-07-21 2013-01-24 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Abgasschalldämpfer einer Brennkraftmaschine
DE102011108060A1 (de) 2011-07-21 2013-01-24 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Abgasschalldämpfer
DE102011108056A1 (de) 2011-07-21 2013-01-24 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Abgasschalldampfer
DE102011108060B4 (de) * 2011-07-21 2015-12-31 Mann + Hummel Gmbh Abgasschalldämpfer

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR20010032298A (ko) 2001-04-16
WO1999027238A1 (fr) 1999-06-03
KR100590276B1 (ko) 2006-06-15
DE69817390T2 (de) 2004-07-22
CA2310754C (fr) 2007-12-04
CN1286741A (zh) 2001-03-07
AU1168899A (en) 1999-06-15
AU759110B2 (en) 2003-04-03
CN1116505C (zh) 2003-07-30
ES2205569T3 (es) 2004-05-01
JP2001524636A (ja) 2001-12-04
EP1030962A1 (fr) 2000-08-30
BR9814184A (pt) 2000-10-03
CA2310754A1 (fr) 1999-06-03
US6543577B1 (en) 2003-04-08
DE69817390D1 (de) 2003-09-25

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