Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
  • H04L1/22—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received using redundant apparatus to increase reliability
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L12/00—Data switching networks
  • H04L12/28—Data switching networks characterised by path configuration, e.g. LAN [Local Area Networks] or WAN [Wide Area Networks]
  • H04L12/42—Loop networks
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
  • H04L45/24—Multipath
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
  • H04L45/00—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks
  • H04L45/50—Routing or path finding of packets in data switching networks using label swapping, e.g. multi-protocol label switch [MPLS]

Definitions

• This invention relates generally to the field of telecommunications and, more particularly, to the providing of increased reliability in telecommunications networks.
• telecommunications service providers typically provide a single dedicated circuit between two endpoints. Some of these dedicated circuits are used to carry voice traffic and some dedicated circuits are used to carry data traffic.
• Telecommunications service providers have also offered what is referred to as 1+1 redundant service, which is the provision of two or more circuits between the same endpoints.
• One of the circuits is used for communication, and if that circuit fails, another circuit is used to communicate.
• Such allocation of circuits is useful because it provides an alternative path for the telecommunications traffic, and insures that a dedicated circuit will be available to carry the traffic.
• Such allocation is inefficient and expensive, however, since one of the circuits is always inactive.
• the redundant circuits are allocated along different physical wire paths that are strung or laid along different physical routes. In this way a physical failure on one wire, for example due to an accidental wire cut, only affects one dedicated circuit, and does not affect the remaining redundant circuits.
• a telecommunications service provider traditionally offers such redundant service which both the active circuit and the redundant circuits have equal bandwidth.
• a service provider might offer 1+1 service for a T-l customer by providing two or more T-l service circuits. This is inefficient and expensive if the customer does not use the full capacity of the service circuit or if the customer requires 1+1 redundant capability for only for a portion of the customer's traffic that is significantly less than the capability of the service circuit.
• the present invention addresses the need for redundancy in telecommunications circuits while reducing the inefficiencies associated with the use of such circuits.
• Summary of the Invention A method and system for providing redundant communications uses a packet-switched network to provide redundant service.
• the method and system can provide redundant service only for the traffic that requires redundant service, without the bandwidth waste associated with an unused dedicated circuit.
• the method and system provides the additional capability of automatic use of a functioning circuit when one of the communications paths fails, so that the traffic is unaffected by the failure.
• the invention features a method for redundant packet data communication.
• the method includes transmitting a first packet and a second packet.
• the first packet has a first packet identifier, first packet data, and a first label indicating a receiver and a first path.
• the second packet has a second packet identifier and payload identical to the first packet identifier and payload.
• the second packet also has a second label indicating the receiver and a second path.
• the first packet is received via the first path and the second packet is received via the second path.
• the method includes determining from the first packet identifier and the second packet identifier that the packet payloads are identical, and discarding one of the packets.
• the invention features a system for redundant packet data communication.
• the system includes a transmitter for transmitting a first packet and a second packet.
• the first packet has a first packet identifier and payload, first packet data, and a first label indicating a receiver and a first path.
• the second packet has a second packet identifier and payload identical to the first packet identifier and payload.
• the second packet also has a second label indicating the receiver and a second path.
• the system also includes a receiver for receiving the first packet via said first path and the second packet via said second path. The receiver determines from the first packet identifier and the second packet identifier that the first packet payload and second packet payload are identical, and discards one of the packets having identical identifier and payload.
• the invention features a method for communicating over a network.
• the method includes adding an identifier to a data packet, communicating a copy of the packet to a destination via a first network route, communicating a copy of the packet to said destination via a second network route, and using, at the destination, the copy of the of the packet that arrives first at the destination.
• the invention features a ring of network nodes for redundantly communicating label-switched data packets that have a label and data.
• the ring includes at least three nodes, with each node in communication with two other nodes such that the communication path formed by the at least three nodes is a ring.
• Each node is connected to each adjacent node by a communications link for transmitting label-switched data packets from the node to the adjacent node.
• Each node is also in communication with each adjecent node with a communications link for receiving label-switched data packets from the adjacent node.
• a first one of the nodes sends two label-switched data packets with identical data to a second one of the nodes substantially simultaneously in two different directions around the ring in response to the labels in the label-switched data packets.
• Embodiments of this aspect of the invention include the following features.
• the second node uses the first of each packet with identical data received and discards the second.
• the second node preferentially uses packets received from one direction around the ring.
• the label-switched data packets comprise a plurality of micropackets.
• FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a packet-switched network capable of providing redundant service constructed according to the invention
• FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a unidirectional packet-switched ring capable of providing redundant service constructed according to the invention
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of the MLPPP extensions to the PPP protocol utilized in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 4 is a block diagram of the encapsulation of a data packet in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 5 is a flowchart of procedure followed by a transmitting node in an embodiment of the invention;
• FIG. 6 is a flowchart of procedure followed by a receiving node in an embodiment of the invention;
• FIG. 7 is a flowchart of the procedure followed by a primary flow receiver in an embodiment of the invention.
• FIG. 8 is a flowchart of the procedure followed by a protection flow receiver in an embodiment of the invention.
• the invention relates to redundant service that is provided by use of a packet switched communications network. Both voice and data are sent redundantly by different paths in the packet switched network.
• the use of a packet switched network allows the redundant packets to share the network bandwidth with other, non-redundant packets. If, as in one embodiment, the packet switched network is a label switched network, paths through the network are specified by the association of a label with each path.
• a packet-switched network 2 includes network nodes A-J.
• each node A-J is a label switch node, and the network is a label switched network.
• network nodes make forwarding decisions based on a label associated with each packet.
• the label associated with each packet indicates that the packet is a member of a particular forwarding equivalence class ("FEC"), which is the set (or "class") of packets that are treated the same way by a network node, regardless of the packets' ultimate network destination.
• FEC forwarding equivalence class
• a packet with one label is forwarded to the destination associated with a particular FEC, and a packet with another label is forwarded to the destination associated with another FEC, which may be the same or a different destination.
• the labels may be "swapped" by a label switch node, meaning that the label of an incoming packet may be changed before the packet is forwarded.
• technologies that use label switching include, but are not limited to, such technologies as Multiprotocol Label Switching ("MPLS") as described in the Internet Engineering Task Force's Network Working Group Internet Drafts, Cell Switching Router (“CSR”) technology as developed by Toshiba, IP Switching as developed by Ipsilon, Tag Switching as developed by Cisco Systems, and Aggregate Route-based IP Switching (“ARIS”) as developed by International Business Machines Corporation.
• MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
• CSR Cell Switching Router
• IP Switching as developed by Ipsilon
• Tag Switching as developed by Cisco Systems
• ARIS Aggregate Route-based IP Switching
• connections between the nodes are not a limitation on the scope of the invention.
• the connections between the nodes include, but are not limited to such communications technologies as voice-band modems, RS- 232 serial, xDSL, ISDN, Ethernet, Firewire, ATM, DS-l/E-1, GR-303, and SONET/SDH connections.
• nodes within the same network are connected with different types of physical connections.
• redundant service is described using the network of FIG. 1. Redundant service is provided by sending duplicate packets from node A to node D substantially simultaneously.
• one of the duplicate packets is transmitted from node A to node D via the path of nodes A-B-C- D.
• Another of the duplicate packets is transmitted from node A to node D via the path of nodes A-G-F-E-D. If both paths are functional, node D will receive two copies of the same packet, one via path A-B-C-D, and the other via path A-G-F-E-D.
• the duplicate packets contain an identifier so that node D can use one of the duplicate packets and ignore or discard the other duplicate packet. Because the line is not dedicated, the packet-switched connections between the nodes can carry other traffic besides the redundant traffic sent between nodes A and D.
• node A requires redundant service for some data, and does not require redundant transmission for other data, only the data that requires redundant service will be sent in duplicate.
• the other data can be sent via path A-B-C-D, path A-G-F-E-D, or even some other path.
• node D receives duplicate packets.
• the first (in time) duplicate packet that is received is used, and other duplicate packets are discarded.
• some data packets may be used that are communicated via one path, while other packets may be communicated via another, redundant route.
• the packets that arrive first are used. If there is a failure along one of the paths, the traffic will continue to be communicated uninterrupted, because the packets from the other path will continue to arrive. Those packets from the other, operational path will be considered the first to arrive, and so they will be used.
• node D waits until both duplicates are received before using one of the packets.
• Node D compares the packets to verify that they are identical before using one of the packets. In this way, node D verifies the integrity of the packets. If one of the packets is not received by a certain deadline or timeout, then just the first packet received is used.
• node D will use the first of each of the duplicate packets that is received, and will also monitor whether all duplicates have been received, to determine if there is a network problem along any of the paths. If a network problem is detected, various actions may be taken.
• a network problem is detected when a number of duplicate packets are not received, and a system manger is alerted to the problem.
• node D upon detecting a network problem, node D will attempt to correct the problem by requesting that the failed redundant communication be continued via another path. Depending on the configuration of the network, this may be accomplished by sending an alert or a request to the source, which is Node A in this example, or by sending an alert or request to another node.
• the number of redundant paths is not a limitation of the scope of the invention.
• the description above can be extended to include additional duplicate packets transmitted over additional duplicate paths. For example, in one embodiment a third duplicate is sent over a third path, and in one such embodiment, the first duplicate received of the three is used. As another example, in another embodiment, ten duplicates of each packet are sent over ten paths.
• a ring of nodes W, X, Y, Z are each connected to their neighbors in the ring by two unidirectional links.
• node W has a unidirectional connection WX to node X by which node W can transmit data to node X
• node W has a unidirectional connection XW from node X by which node W can receive data from node X.
• the connections from each node in the ring to its two neighbors are by a different wire route, so that a cable cut will not cut off communication with both neighbors at the same time.
• the cable(s) carrying connection WX and XW are strung or laid in a different physical place or route than the cable(s) carrying connections ZW and WZ.
• each unidirectional connection is a Synchronous Optical Network (“SONET") connection.
• SONET Synchronous Optical Network
• each connection is the connection protocol PPP running over a SONET OC-3 connection on fiberoptic cable.
• the connection is a PPP connection running over a Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (“SDH”) connection over fiberoptic cable at rate STM-1 (155Mb/s). While these embodiments are specific examples, other connection protocols, connections and physical links are within the spirit and scope of the invention.
• the nodes are label switches capable of receiving labeled packets and passing the labeled packets on to the next switch in the ring.
• the nodes are also capable of directing the packets out of the ring at each node.
• node W is capable of passing packets out of the ring to node w'.
• Each node W-Z can transmit packets to each other node in either direction.
• packets from packets from network w' to network y' can be transmitted from node W to node Y by the path W-WX-X-XY-Y.
• Node W can also transmit packets to node Y by the path W-WZ-Z-ZY-Y.
• data to be transmitted with redundant service from one node to another is divided up into packets, an identifier is associated with each packet, and duplicate copies of each packet are sent at approximately the same time in both directions around the ring, so that a copy of each packet is sent via each of the two paths around the ring from the source node to the destination node.
• packets from node W to node Y are sent both by the path W-WX-X-XY-Y and the path W-WZ-Z-ZY-Y.
• packets sent from node Z to node Y are sent by path Z-ZY-Y and by path Z-ZW-W- WX-X-XY-Y.
• the receiving node will receive two copies of each packet.
• the identifier associated with each packet indicates to the receiver which of the packets received are duplicates of each other.
• the receiving node uses the first packet received, and discards or ignores the second copy of the packet when it is received.
• the duplicate packet is used.
• an identifier is included in each data packet.
• the identifier allows the receiver to track whether duplicate copies are received for each packet.
• the identifier enables the receiver to use a packet and to ignore or discard the duplicate.
• the identifier is included in the link layer protocol. In other embodiments, other identifiers are associated with packets.
• Point to Point Protocol is used as the link protocol between nodes, and the PPP Multilink Protocol (“MP”) extensions are used to include identifiers in the PPP packets.
• PPP is a link layer protocol that includes a header 106 including address information 110, control information 112, and a packet type indicator 1 14.
• the Multilink PPP (“MLPPP”) extensions include a four byte header 102, 104 which includes a twenty-four bit sequence number. This sequence number is used to identify the packets. As described in the Internet Engineering Task Force Request for Comments (“RFC”) No. 1990, which specifies Multilink PPP, the sequence numbers are intended to be used to order packet fragments that are transmitted over multiple channels. In the context of redundant transmission, the MLPPP headers are used as individual packet identifiers, so that duplicate packets can be matched.
• RRC Internet Engineering Task Force Request for Comments
• redundant communications are implemented on a label switched network, such as a network that supports multiprotocol label switching ("MPLS").
• MPLS multiprotocol label switching
• Multiprotocol Label Switching networks labels are associated with data heading to the same destination.
• Forwarding which is the passing of packets from node to node, is simplified by use of short fixed length labels to identify the forwarding equivalence class. Forwarding may require simple functions such as looking up a label in a table, swapping labels, and possibly decrementing and checking a time to live counter, but is much less complicated than routing of the sort that occurs in Internet Protocol routers. This is because the path is set up once with the assignment of labels.
• MPLS also provides for efficient explicit switching. With such explicit switching, the source node sets up a path through the network.
• a label distribution protocol in which the nodes communicate their positions in the network, and adjacent nodes agree to forward packets with a particular label. Once the connection has been set up, the act of transmitting a packet with the appropriate label sends the packet to its destination along that specified path.
• the paths can be set up in a number of ways, depending on the label-switching implementation. Each path is created by the creation of a forwarding equivalence class ("FEC") for that path. Insofar as a forwarding decision is concerned, all packets that get mapped into the same FEC are indistinguishable.
• FEC forwarding equivalence class
• a label distribution protocol is used to map labels to paths.
• a label-switched node uses the label distribution protocol to inform other nodes of the bindings of each label to a particular FEC.
• MPLS architecture thus allows a node to request from its next hop a label binding for a particular forwarding equivalence class.
• the transmitter initiates the creation of at least two paths to a destination, a first path and a second path, through the network.
• Each path has an associated label. Transmission of a packet with one label will send a packet to the destination via one path, and transmission of a packet with another label will send a packet to the destination via another path.
• the paths travel along completely different physical wire routes, so that a wire cut or other network error between nodes will not affect both paths. In another embodiment, there is some overlap in the physical wire routes of the paths.
• the data that is to be transmitted redundantly can be any sort of data.
• the data to be transmitted already will be encapsulated in higher level protocol packets.
• the data can be encapsulated in high-level protocols, such as TCP/IP or other ISO Layer 3 and above protocols, but that is not a requirement.
• the data in the data packet 100 is not relevant to the scope of the invention, any data can be transmitted redundantly.
• the data is divided into PPP packets 110 by an MLPPP protocol stack such that each packet has a PPP header 106, MLPPP information 104, a PPP Checksum 108, and an associated sequence number 102.
• MLPPP protocol stack such that each packet has a PPP header 106, MLPPP information 104, a PPP Checksum 108, and an associated sequence number 102.
• two copies 120, 121 of each MLPPP packet are transmitted, one with a first label 125 specifying the first path, and one with a second label 126 specifying the second path.
• the packets 120, 121 are transmitted from label-switched node to label-switched node until they reach their destination.
• the receiver can identify which packets came from which path, since the packets have different labels.
• the receiver can also determine which packets are duplicates, since the duplicates have the same MLPPP sequence number. Referring to FIG.
• a network node receives data to be transmitted redundantly from a source (STEP 150).
• the source is a module within the node.
• the source is another computer or node in communication with the network node.
• the data is in the form of packets.
• the data is in various other forms, and requires division into packets. The data is divided up into packets, if necessary, and an identifier is attached to each packet (STEP 151). The identifier allows the receiving node to determine which packets are duplicates. For example, in one embodiment, the identifier is a packet number. The packets, with identifier, are then inserted as duplicate packets into packets having different path information (STEP 152).
• each packet is encapsulated in a label-switched packet having a different label.
• Each different label directs the packet along a different path.
• the packets are transmitted (STEP 153).
• the label-switched packets with different labels will be transmitted along different paths.
• a receiver receives data in the form of a packet from a redundant source (STEP 160), for example from the source of FIG. 5.
• the receiver extracts the identifier from the packet (STEP 161).
• the receiver determines whether the packet is a duplicate of a packet already received (STEP 162). In one embodiment, the receiver makes this determination by comparing the identifier to a list of identifiers already received.
• f the packet is a duplicate the receiver records the arrival of the duplicate packet (STEP 163). This step is useful only to the extent that the receiving node tracks the communications performance of the various paths. For example, in one embodiment the receiver records only the arrival of the duplicate packet.
• the receiver records information indicating that the duplicate packet arrived, and how long the duplicate packet arrived after the first packet.
• other information about the duplicate packet is recorded.
• recording can included, but is not limited to storing the information in a list or database and/or transmitting the information to another node for reporting to a system operator, compilation of statistics, or storage in a list or database on another system. .
• the duplicate packet is discarded (STEP 164). Alternatively, in one embodiment, the duplicate packet is stored.
• the step of recording information about the duplicate packet is useful for tracking the status and performance of the redundant communications paths.
• the recording step, STEP 163, is not performed.
• the packet will be used (STEP 165).
• the packet is sent to a different module.
• the packet is stored until all the packets in a set are received, and then the data is recombined. Also, in one embodiment, information and statistics about the receipt of the packet may be recorded, for comparison to the duplicate packets and to determine when all the packets in a set have been received.
• one path is determined to be the primary path, and another path is determined to be a protection path.
• a receiver will preferentially use data from one path, and will use data from another path only to "fill in" packets that are missing. If the error rate associated with data transmission on the primary path reaches a predetermined threshold, the receiver will use the protection path as the primary path, and report the error to a system operator. Still referring to FIG. 7, the receiver receives packets from the primary path (STEP 170) and extracts the identifiers (STEP 171). The receiver determines if a packet is missing from the data transmitted over the primary path (STEP 172).
• the receiver uses the packet from the protection flow (STEP 174). The error is reported or logged (STEP 175). An error rate counter is incremented (STEP 176), and if the error rate is greater than a predetermined threshold (STEP 177), then the receiver will switch to using a protection path as the primary path (STEP 178). The path switch can also cause a notification or logging of the event. Referring to FIG. 8, the receiver receives the data transmitted over the protection path
• StepP 190 and extracts the identifiers from the packets (STEP 191).
• the receiver will determine if packets are missing from the data transmitted over the protection path (STEP 192), and if all packets have been received, discard the duplicates (STEP 193). If packets are missing, the receiver will report or log the error condition (STEP 194), and may also track the frequency of the errors for reporting or logging.

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• Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
• Signal Processing (AREA)
• Data Exchanges In Wide-Area Networks (AREA)

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• 1999
  • 1999-08-26 WO PCT/US1999/019488 patent/WO2000013376A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1999-08-26 JP JP2000568223A patent/JP2002524920A/ja not_active Withdrawn
  • 1999-08-26 EP EP99949554A patent/EP1029407A1/de not_active Withdrawn

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