EP1011168B1 - Vorrichtung zum verbinden eines Koaxialkabels mit einer Leiterplatte - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zum verbinden eines Koaxialkabels mit einer Leiterplatte Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1011168B1
EP1011168B1 EP99402963A EP99402963A EP1011168B1 EP 1011168 B1 EP1011168 B1 EP 1011168B1 EP 99402963 A EP99402963 A EP 99402963A EP 99402963 A EP99402963 A EP 99402963A EP 1011168 B1 EP1011168 B1 EP 1011168B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
plug
receptacle
printed circuit
cable
circuit board
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99402963A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP1011168A1 (de
Inventor
Laurent Boillot
Olivier Gonzales
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Radiall SA
Original Assignee
Radiall SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Radiall SA filed Critical Radiall SA
Publication of EP1011168A1 publication Critical patent/EP1011168A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP1011168B1 publication Critical patent/EP1011168B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R9/00Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, e.g. terminal strips or terminal blocks; Terminals or binding posts mounted upon a base or in a case; Bases therefor
    • H01R9/03Connectors arranged to contact a plurality of the conductors of a multiconductor cable, e.g. tapping connections
    • H01R9/05Connectors arranged to contact a plurality of the conductors of a multiconductor cable, e.g. tapping connections for coaxial cables
    • H01R9/0515Connection to a rigid planar substrate, e.g. printed circuit board
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R13/00Details of coupling devices of the kinds covered by groups H01R12/70 or H01R24/00 - H01R33/00
    • H01R13/02Contact members
    • H01R13/22Contacts for co-operating by abutting
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01RELECTRICALLY-CONDUCTIVE CONNECTIONS; STRUCTURAL ASSOCIATIONS OF A PLURALITY OF MUTUALLY-INSULATED ELECTRICAL CONNECTING ELEMENTS; COUPLING DEVICES; CURRENT COLLECTORS
    • H01R9/00Structural associations of a plurality of mutually-insulated electrical connecting elements, e.g. terminal strips or terminal blocks; Terminals or binding posts mounted upon a base or in a case; Bases therefor
    • H01R9/03Connectors arranged to contact a plurality of the conductors of a multiconductor cable, e.g. tapping connections
    • H01R9/05Connectors arranged to contact a plurality of the conductors of a multiconductor cable, e.g. tapping connections for coaxial cables
    • H01R9/0518Connection to outer conductor by crimping or by crimping ferrule

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a device for connecting a coaxial cable to a printed circuit board.
  • the devices for connecting coaxial cables to circuit boards printed are of the type having a base, which is fixed to the printed circuit board, by welding or by force insertion in holes provided for this purpose on the card, and a plug, which is intended to be mounted at the end of the coaxial cable and to be inserted into the base.
  • Known devices of this type generally have a complex structure.
  • the plug undergoes constraints and possibly slight displacements which alter its contact conditions electric with the printed circuit board and can cause a break in the connection coaxial.
  • the present invention aims to solve these drawbacks by proposing a device reliable and durable.
  • the central contact is in direct contact with the desired track on the printed circuit board.
  • the plug includes a ground contact intended to be connected to the external conductor of the cable.
  • ground contact is meant here a specific part or a specific part of the body of the plug, the presence of which is only justified by this ground contact function, regardless of the ability of the body of the plug to make an electrical connection between the outer conductor of the cable and the ground tracks on the printed circuit board.
  • the ground contact of the plug may, in a particular variant of the invention, also include a protrusion projecting from the bearing face of the plug.
  • the force exerted by the elastic means on the plug to push it back against the printed circuit board serves to ensure contact of both the central contact and the contact of mass on the corresponding tracks of the printed circuit board.
  • the elastic means consists by a bending blade.
  • This flexion blade can be carried by the plug or by the base.
  • the base comprises a body electrically conductive which is intended to be electrically connected to the ground tracks of the printed circuit board.
  • the plug and the socket are arranged so that the external conductor cable is in electrical contact with the base body when the plug is inserted in the base.
  • the bending blade can be used as a means of contacting the body of the base with the external conductor of the cable, for example by resting directly on the external conductor of the cable when said bending blade is carried by the base.
  • the base is produced by cutting and folding a sheet metal plate.
  • the base is an electrically conductive part has the advantage once the plug is inserted in the base and the base is earthed, the base provides the shielding of the coaxial line by wrapping it almost completely.
  • the latter may be derived from a particular cutout of the base.
  • the central contact of the plug consists of an insert metal retained in an insulator secured to the body of the plug.
  • the body of the plug may consist of a block of plastic material in which is provided a housing for receiving the end of a coaxial cable.
  • This block of plastic material can be coated with a layer of conductive material, which will be electrically connected to the external conductor of the cable.
  • the body of the plug can also be produced by a metal block.
  • the body of the plug is produced by cutting, folding and / or rolling of a sheet metal plate.
  • the card may include a part capable of being crimped directly to the outer conductor of the cable.
  • the electrical connections between the internal conductors and external of the cable and the central and earth contacts of the plug can be made by all known means, in particular by brazing or welding.
  • the body of the plug comprises a elastically deformable bottom wall in a direction perpendicular to the general plane of the printed circuit board, the central contact being mounted on this bottom wall.
  • the plug 1 shown in Figure 1 comprises a body consisting of a block 2 substantially brass parallelepiped which has, on its upper face 3, a shoulder 4 which separates a high front surface 5 and a low rear surface 6.
  • the front part of block 2 that is to say that carrying its end intended to penetrate first in the base, has a chamfer 7 connecting the upper surface 5 to the front face 8 of the block and a chamfer 9 connecting a lateral face 10 of the block to its front face 8, as well as a chamfer 11 connecting the lower face 12 of the block to its front face 8.
  • the lower face 12 is the face by which the plug can rest against the card. printed circuit board.
  • the lower face 12 is also designated the bearing face of the plug.
  • An axial groove 13 is formed in the block 2 from its upper face 3 to a depth which leaves a sufficient thickness of material to ensure the rigidity of the plug. This groove extends longitudinally from the front face 8 of the block 2 to its rear face 14 opposite the front face 8.
  • block 2 In its front part, block 2 includes a chimney which crosses said block from its upper face 3 to its bearing face 12.
  • the chimney 15 intercepts the groove 13.
  • the groove 13 is intended to receive the end of a coaxial cable 16 stripped of its outer sheath 17.
  • the external conductor 18 of the cable, or ground braid, extends from the rear face 14 from the plug to the vicinity of the chimney 15.
  • the dielectric 19 separating the conductor 18 of the central conductor 20 extends to the chimney 15 and only the conductor central 20 completely stripped enters the chimney.
  • the latter has, on the lower half of its wall, shapes latching 21 which allow the latching of a tubular insulator 22 engaged in the chimney by the bearing face 12 of the block, as seen in FIG. 2.
  • a pin 23 is retained in the axis of the tubular insulator 22. This pin can be overmolded as an insert during the production by molding of the tubular insulator 22.
  • the pin 23 has a rounded head 24 projecting from the tubular insulator 22 and the bearing face 12 of block 2.
  • the head 24 plays the role of protuberance within the meaning of the invention.
  • a head 25 of the same shape protrudes from the tubular insulation opposite the face support 12 and allows the central conductor of the cable to be brought into contact with said pin.
  • the symmetrical shapes of the pin and the tubular insulator with respect to a median plane perpendicular to their axis allow the insertion of said insulator into the chimney in a any orientation, that is to say head 24 up or down, which facilitates the operations of mounting of the plug, when these operations are carried out manually.
  • the electrical connection between the central conductor of the cable and the pin is made by welding on the head 25.
  • the ground braid of the coaxial cable is brazed to the bottom of the groove 13, which ensures the electrical connection between the external conductor of the cable and the body of the plug.
  • the plug further comprises, on its bearing face 12, a boss 26 which projects from the rest of the bearing face 12 in the same way as the head 24 of the pin 23.
  • the printed circuit board not shown here, has conductive tracks which are opposite the pin 23 and the boss 26 when the plug is inserted in the base.
  • the base 30 is produced here by cutting and folding a sheet.
  • the base is open below as well as on its small side directed towards the plug, to allow insertion of the latter.
  • the other short side of the base is closed by a tab 33 which is slightly folded towards the inside of the base and has a certain elasticity.
  • the upper wall 34 of the base has a bending blade 35 which is directed towards the inside of the base and also has a certain elasticity which allows it to retract into the thickness of the wall 34 to allow insertion of the plug into the base.
  • the plug is forcibly engaged in the base, the chamfers 7 and 9 ensuring the centering of the plug in the base.
  • the high surface 5 pushes the bending blade 35 upwards until the edge free 36 of said bending blade arrives at the height of the shoulder 4 of the plug. At this time, the free edge 36 passes from the top surface 5 to the bottom surface 6 by elastic relaxation of the blade bending while the front face 8 of the plug pushes the elastic tab 33 in the direction of outside the base.
  • the bending blade 35 makes an electrical contact between the ground braid of the coaxial cable and the ground tracks of the printed circuit, via a electrical path passing through block 2, bending blade 35, base 30 and fixing edges 32 of the base.
  • the brass block 2 constituting the body of the plug can be replaced by a metallized plastic block.
  • the plug 40 is produced by overmolding of a block 41 of plastic material on the end of a stripped coaxial cable as before described. This plug is intended to be inserted in a base 30 similar to that of the figure 1.
  • a central conductor 20 of the cable was welded central contact 42 in the form of a pin, provided at mid-height with a collar 43 whose function is anchoring said pin in the plastic block and in the lower part of a head rounded 44 or protuberance intended to project from the underside 45 of the block.
  • ground braid of the cable was welded coaxial a ground contact 46 of the same shape as the central contact 42 but having dimensions higher.
  • This earth contact 46 which is soldered to the external conductor 18 of the cable, is extended above by a metal part 47 terminated by a plate 48 which is intended to protrude from the upper face of the block 41 of overmolded plastic.
  • the metal part 47 can be used as a crimpable part on the braid 18 to avoid soldering.
  • the plug 50 is similar to that of Figure 3. It is distinguished from it only by the absence of a rigid protruding part from its bearing face 45 on the earth contact 46.
  • the earth braid 18 of the coaxial cable is thus not electrically connected as the plate 48 which projects from the upper face of the plug.
  • the braid of the coaxial cable is only earthed via of the base 30 of which the flexion blade 35 comes to bear on the mass plate 48.
  • the body of the plug 60 is produced by cutting and rolling a sheet metal plate but this sheet is intended to be inserted in the same base 30 than previously.
  • the plug 60 comprises, in its rear part, two coiled wings 61 which after crimping on the ground braid 18 of the cable enclose this ground braid and ensure both the connection electric between said braid and the body of the plug and a solid axial retention of the cable.
  • the wings 61 may internally have grooves oriented perpendicularly at the axis of the cable to penetrate the braid and improve both the contact electrical with the braid and mechanical restraint of the entire cable.
  • the front part of the plug is constituted by a U-shaped section 62 whose branches raised 63 have on their edges a front face 64, chamfers 65, an upper face high 66, a shoulder 67 and a lower upper face 68.
  • the shoulder 67 between the upper faces high and low allows the axial retention of the plug in the base by the bending blade 35 which simultaneously carries out the grounding of the plug body.
  • a pin 69 fulfills the function of central contact by projecting from the underside 70 of the sheet. This pin is isolated from the body of the plug by an annular dielectric 71 engaged in the bottom wall of the front part 62 with a U-section of the plug.
  • Sheet 80 of the embodiment of FIGS. 7 and 8 comprises a body produced by folding a sheet metal plate.
  • the rear part 81 a of the plug body has a U-shaped section with two branches forming lateral flanks 82 and a bottom wall 83.
  • Each lateral flank 82 has, on its rear portion 82 a , a height H, and on its front portion 82 b a height h less than H.
  • the rear portions 82 a and front 82 b of the lateral flanks 82 are separated by a shoulder 84 of height H - h.
  • the bottom wall and the two lateral flanks each have a certain elasticity in the direction perpendicular to its main plane, the lateral flanks being able thus deform laterally and the bottom wall can deform vertically.
  • the lateral flanks and the bottom wall form elastic beams.
  • the bottom wall 83 supports a central contact 85 in the form of a pin which is isolated from said bottom wall by the interposition of a tubular insulation 86.
  • the central conductor 20 of the coaxial cable is soldered to the pin 85.
  • the latter has a rigid protuberance 87 below the bottom wall 83, projecting from the bottom wall of the plug.
  • the height measured between the upper edge of the sides side 82 in their front portion and the protuberance 87 of the central contact 20 is clearly greater at height h.
  • the external conductor 18 of the cable is brazed directly on the bottom wall 83.
  • each sidewall or elastic beam 82 lateral is provided with a rim 88 directed towards the outside and forming a retaining hook.
  • Each flange 88 has a guide chamfer on its external vertical angle and on its upper horizontal angle.
  • the base 90 which is visible in FIG. 8, is a simple folded sheet metal plate which has two lateral edges 91 for fixing to the printed circuit board 92 by soldering on the surface and a parallelepiped body open at the bottom and on its two short sides.
  • the length L of the base is equal to or very slightly less than that of the front portion 82 b of the side flanks 82 of the plug.
  • the plug is inserted into the base by one of its ends. During this insertion, the chamfers of the flanges 88 ensure the centering and guiding of the plug.
  • the base leaves between the printed circuit board and the internal face of its upper wall a height equal to or slightly greater than the height h of the lateral flanks 82 in their front portion 82 b but less than the height H of the same lateral flanks 82 in their rear portion 82 a .
  • the lateral flanks 82 bear against the internal face of the upper wall of the base, which places the plug against the printed circuit board.
  • the bottom wall 83 undergoes an upward deformation. Its stiffness results in a force which applies the protuberance 87 of the central contact 85 against the card printed circuit board.
  • the plug arrives in position when the shoulders 84 of its lateral flanks arrive resting against the upper wall of the base.
  • the flanges 88 protrude from the base by its small side opposite to the insertion side of the plug and the lateral sides move apart by elastic return in carrying out, thanks to the flanges 88, the locking of the plug in the base.
  • the electrical contact of the external conductor of the cable with the earth of the card printed circuit is carried out via the base, as described with reference to the embodiment previous.
  • the plug 100 has a rear portion 101 a which has a U-shaped section with two lateral flanks 102 and a bottom wall 103.
  • the front portion 101b of the plug is formed by the bottom wall 103 which extends to the front end of the plug where said bottom wall tapers in width by two chamfers 112 and is extended by a vertical part 104, then by an elastic tongue 105 folded back, which elastic tongue acts as a bending blade.
  • the tongue 105 is tilted forward, that is to say it rises back and forth between a front height less than that of the lateral flanks 102 and a greater rear height to that of said lateral flanks 102.
  • the tongue 105 ends in an inclined portion opposite which is located above the space left between the two lateral flanks 102.
  • the bottom wall 103 supports a central contact 107 mounted with interposition of a tubular insulator 108 and having a rigid protrusion 109 projecting from the underside of the plug body.
  • the central contact is soldered to the central conductor 20 of the coaxial cable, the external conductor 18 is also brazed directly on the bottom wall 103 between the two lateral sides 102.
  • the bottom wall 103 further includes boss 110 projecting in the lower face of the plug in its rear portion 101 and has a boss 111 at its upper portion resilient tongue 105.
  • the base 120 is substantially identical to the base 90 of the previous embodiment, from which it is distinguished only by the fact that its upper wall has a hole 121 intended to cooperate with the boss 111 of the tongue 105.
  • the base 120 leaves, between the internal face of its upper wall and the circuit board printed, a space whose height is less than the height of the lateral flanks 102 and the height rear of the elastic tongue at rest but greater than the front height of the tongue elastic.
  • the plug is inserted via one of the short open sides of the base.
  • the chamfers 112 ensure the lateral centering of the plug and the elastic tongue 105 acts as a centering chamfer in the vertical direction.
  • the tongue 105 deforms towards the bottom by pressing against the upper wall of the base.
  • the pressure exerted on the tongue has repercussions, due to its stiffness, on the contact. central 107 whose protrusion 109 projecting from the underside of the plug is compressed against the printed circuit board.
  • the electrical contact between the printed circuit board and the external conductor of the cable is carried out both by the boss 111 and by the boss 110 which bears directly on a corresponding conductive track of the printed circuit board.

Landscapes

  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Multi-Conductor Connections (AREA)

Claims (16)

  1. Vorrichtung zum Anschließen eines Koaxialkabels an eine gedruckte Schaltungskarte, mit:
    einem an der Karte zu befestigenden Sockel (30; 90; 120) und
    einem Stecker (1; 40; 50; 60; 80; 100). der dazu ausgebildet ist, am Ende des Koaxialkabels (16) montiert zu werden, und der einen Mittelkontakt (23; 42; 69; 85; 107), der dazu bestimmt ist, an den Mittelleiter (20) des Kabels angeschlossen zu werden, sowie eine Anlagefläche (12; 45; 70) aufweist, mit der sich der Stecker gegen die gedruckte Schaltungskarte anlegen kann,
    wobei der Sockel und der Stecker so ausgebildet sind, daß der Stecker in den Sockel eingesteckt und durch den Sockel mit seiner Anlagefläche an der gedruckten Schaltungskarte in Anlage gehalten werden kann, so daß der Mittelkontakt des Steckers elektrisch mit einer Leiterbahn der gedruckten Schaltungskarte verbunden wird,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß:
    der Mittelkontakt (23; 42; 69; 85; 107) des Steckers einen starren Vorsprung (24; 44; 69; 87; 109) aufweist, der von der Anlagefläche des Steckers vorspringt, und
    daß die Vorrichtung ein elastisches Mittel (35; 83; 105) aufweist, das den Stecker in Richtung auf die gedruckte Schaltungskarte vorspannt.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Stecker (40; 60) einen Massekontakt (46; 61) aufweist, der dazu bestimmt ist, mit dem Außenleiter (18) des Kabels verbunden zu werden.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Massekontakt (46) einen starren Teil (47; 48) aufweist, der von der Anlagefläche (45) des Steckers vorspringt.
  4. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das elastische Mittel durch eine Blattfeder (35; 83; 105) gebildet wird, die an dem Stecker (80; 100) oder an dem Sockel (30) gehalten ist.
  5. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sockel (30; 90; 120) einen elektrisch leitenden Körper aufweist, der dazu bestimmt ist, elektrisch mit den Masseleitern der gedruckten Schaltungskarte verbunden zu werden.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Stecker (1; 40; 50; 60; 80; 100) und der Sockel (30; 90; 120) so ausgebildet sind, daß der Außenleiter (18) des Kabels elektrisch mit dem Körper des Sockels verbunden ist, wenn der Stecker in den Sockel eingesteckt ist.
  7. Vorrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 4 und 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Blattfeder (35: 83; 105) als Mittel benutzt wird, den Körper des Sockels mit dem Außenleiter des Kabels in elektrischen Kontakt zu bringen.
  8. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Sockel (30; 90; 120) durch Stanzen und Falten einer Blechplatte gebildet wird.
  9. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Mittelkontakt (23; 69; 85; 107) des Steckers durch einen Einsatz aus Metall gebildet wird, der in einer mit dem Körper des Steckers verbundenen Isolierung (22; 71; 86; 108) gehalten ist.
  10. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper des Steckers (1) durch einen Block (41) aus Kunststoff gebildet wird, in dem eine Aufnahme (13) für das Ende des Koaxialkabels ausgebildet ist.
  11. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch (10), dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Block aus Kunststoff mit einer Schicht aus leitendem Material umhüllt ist, die dazu bestimmt ist, elektrisch mit dem Außenleiter (18) des Kabels verbunden zu werden.
  12. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper des Steckers durch einen Block (2) aus Metall gebildet wird.
  13. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper des Steckers (60; 80; 100) durch Stanzen, Falten und/oder Rollen einer Blechplatte gebildet ist.
  14. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 12 oder 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Stecker (60) einen Teil (61) aufweist, der dazu bestimmt ist, direkt auf den Außenleiter (18) des Kabels aufgepreßt zu werden.
  15. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 13, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Körper des Steckers (80; 100) eine Bodenwand (83; 103) aufweist, die in einer Richtung senkrecht zur Hauptebene der gedruckten Schaltungskarte elastisch verformbar ist, und daß der Mittelkontakt an dieser Bodenwand montiert ist.
  16. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 15, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Bodenwand (103) nach vorn über den Stecker hinaus durch eine zurückgebogene elastische Zunge (105) verlängert ist, die am Sockel (120) anliegt, wenn der Stecker in den Sockel eingesteckt ist.
EP99402963A 1998-11-30 1999-11-29 Vorrichtung zum verbinden eines Koaxialkabels mit einer Leiterplatte Expired - Lifetime EP1011168B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9815039A FR2786613B1 (fr) 1998-11-30 1998-11-30 Dispositif pour raccorder un cable coaxial a une carte de circuit imprime
FR9815039 1998-11-30

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP1011168A1 EP1011168A1 (de) 2000-06-21
EP1011168B1 true EP1011168B1 (de) 2002-04-10

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EP99402963A Expired - Lifetime EP1011168B1 (de) 1998-11-30 1999-11-29 Vorrichtung zum verbinden eines Koaxialkabels mit einer Leiterplatte

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US6257912B1 (de)
EP (1) EP1011168B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2000174457A (de)
CN (1) CN1129203C (de)
AT (1) ATE216140T1 (de)
DE (2) DE69901225T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2786613B1 (de)

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP1011168A1 (de) 2000-06-21
DE69901225T2 (de) 2002-11-14
DE69901225D1 (de) 2002-05-16
CN1255755A (zh) 2000-06-07
CN1129203C (zh) 2003-11-26
ATE216140T1 (de) 2002-04-15
FR2786613B1 (fr) 2001-02-02
US6257912B1 (en) 2001-07-10
FR2786613A1 (fr) 2000-06-02
DE1011168T1 (de) 2001-03-01
JP2000174457A (ja) 2000-06-23

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