EP0991858B1 - In einer abgasleitung angeordnete bremsvorrichtung eines fahrzeuges mit brennkraftmaschine - Google Patents

In einer abgasleitung angeordnete bremsvorrichtung eines fahrzeuges mit brennkraftmaschine Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0991858B1
EP0991858B1 EP99915822A EP99915822A EP0991858B1 EP 0991858 B1 EP0991858 B1 EP 0991858B1 EP 99915822 A EP99915822 A EP 99915822A EP 99915822 A EP99915822 A EP 99915822A EP 0991858 B1 EP0991858 B1 EP 0991858B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
shutter
valve
shaft
calibrated
exhaust gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP99915822A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0991858A1 (de
Inventor
Pierre-André WAGNER
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fowa le Frein Moteur SA
Original Assignee
Fowa le Frein Moteur SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fowa le Frein Moteur SA filed Critical Fowa le Frein Moteur SA
Publication of EP0991858A1 publication Critical patent/EP0991858A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0991858B1 publication Critical patent/EP0991858B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
    • F02D9/10—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits having pivotally-mounted flaps
    • F02D9/1035—Details of the valve housing
    • F02D9/106—Sealing of the valve shaft in the housing, e.g. details of the bearings
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/04—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits concerning exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/06—Exhaust brakes
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
    • F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
    • F02D9/10—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits having pivotally-mounted flaps

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a retarder device mounted in the circuit exhaust gas from a vehicle equipped with a combustion engine, comprising at less a valve provided with a body defining a channel and a movable shutter arranged transversely in said channel and coupled to a control shaft, and control means of this shutter comprising a device for balancing the back pressure exerted by the shutter on the gases, this balancing device being arranged to take action when the shutter is in the closed position and from a predetermined back pressure threshold and to open a leak pipe as soon as the back pressure reaches said threshold and to keep it open beyond said threshold, whatever either the engine speed, so as to create an appropriate gas leakage rate exhaust, the balancing device comprising a calibrated valve disposed in said leakage duct and a compression spring disposed at the rear of said calibrated valve, this spring being tared at said threshold value.
  • This type of retarder is well known in particular in the field of vehicles. manufacturers equipped with a combustion engine. Given their high inertia, these vehicles require, in addition to their own braking system, a retarder device housed in the exhaust gas circuit, preferably between engine and muffler, and usually mounted at the outlet of the turbocharger powered by the exhaust manifold. It is usually ordered by a pedal actuated by the driver's left foot to prevent it from disengaging in same time.
  • This retarder device generates a back pressure in the exhaust system. This back pressure is higher or lower depending on the position of the shutter and its degree of opening. It has the effect of slowing the engine and therefore complete the braking of the vehicle. The lower the back pressure the higher the more effective the slowing down.
  • this back pressure must be limited at the maximum set pressure allowed by the manifold to avoid reopening the intake valves
  • This back pressure depends of course on the exhaust gas pressure exerted on the shutter which is an asymptotic function of the engine speed. Through therefore, each engine speed corresponds to a level of back pressure and therefore a level of deceleration. We are currently trying to make this function constant and at most equal to the maximum admissible set pressure whatever the engine speed and from low speeds, in order to optimize the slow-down.
  • an exhaust modulator device includes in a shutter two leakage holes closed by leaf springs having different stiffnesses.
  • a first blade comes out opens a first leak hole and releases part of the exhaust gases.
  • second leaf spring opens a second leak hole thereby increasing the exhaust gas flow.
  • the object of the present invention is to improve the current retarder devices by offering a simple, compact, cost-effective back pressure balancing device reduced, providing consistent slowdown performance and whatever the engine speed while guaranteeing reliability and operating stability over time without risk of degradation due to aggression exhaust gases and high temperature.
  • a retarder device as defined in the preamble and characterized in that the balancing device is integrated in the valve body and has a guide bushing traversed by the shaft and provided with an axial housing intended to receive said calibrated valve and its spring coaxially with said shaft and in that the leakage pipe is arranged substantially perpendicular to the shaft and opens out in the channel downstream of said obturator so as to create in combination with said balancing device a branch circuit for part of the gas flow exhaust
  • the guide sleeve has at least one peripheral orifice communicating with the part downstream of the leakage pipe.
  • the guide sleeve has an annular seat arranged to receiving said calibrated valve in abutment, this seat comprising an opening communication said calibrated valve and the channel upstream of the shutter.
  • the annular seat can consist of a circlip arranged in a groove corresponding provided in said guide sleeve, the inner diameter of the circlip being greater than that of the tree and delimiting said opening.
  • the shutter advantageously comprises a cavity disposed opposite the calibrated valve and communicating with the channel upstream of the shutter, when the latter is in closed position.
  • the calibrated valve has a seal disposed around the shutter shaft and the guide sleeve has in its axial housing a ring provided with a seal also disposed around the shutter shaft, these joints being flat joints made of graphite.
  • the guide sleeve has a support face disposed opposite a corresponding face of the shutter to constitute a first axial stop.
  • the valve also includes a second guide sleeve arranged to guide the other end of said control shaft, this second socket comprising a bearing face disposed opposite a corresponding face of the shutter for constitute a second axial stop.
  • the guide bushings have an external thread, are screwed in corresponding housings provided in said body and are treated to provide a low coefficient of friction and withstand high temperatures and oxidation of exhaust gases.
  • the retarder device 1 is mounted classic way in the exhaust system of a generally industrial vehicle and equipped with a combustion engine, at the outlet of a powered TC turbocharger by an EC exhaust manifold which recovers gases from said engine (not represented).
  • the retarder device 1 comprises a valve 2 piloted by appropriate control means (not shown) such as a cylinder, motor, etc.
  • the valve 2 comprises a body 4 defining a channel 5 for the passage of the exhaust gases in the direction of the arrows F and a bore 6 for a movable shutter 7 mounted in said body 4 transversely to said channel 5 intended to retain gas upstream when it is in the closed position.
  • the body 4 has at its ends two mounting flanges 4a, 4b intended to receive, upstream, a flange TC turbocharger and, downstream, a corresponding flange exhaust pipe (see Fig. 1).
  • mounting flanges 4a, 4b can be replaced by any other equivalent device, such as cable ties, etc.
  • the movable shutter 7, which is shown, is a butterfly flap mounted on a shaft 8 of axis A, this shaft 8 defining the axis of rotation of said shutter 7.
  • the shaft 8 is guided rotating in said body 4 by two lower guide sleeves 9 and upper 10.
  • the guide bushes 9, 10 are screwed into the body 4 in housings corresponding, the assembly by thread ensuring a good seal between the bushings and said body with respect to exhaust gases liable to infiltrate.
  • These sockets 9, 10 are also axially supported on corresponding faces of the shutter 7 by their corresponding inner faces 9 ', 10' and thereby ensure positioning and axial locking of said shutter avoiding any risk of parasitic vibration.
  • these sockets 9, 10 are treated to offer a low coefficient of friction and resist high temperatures and oxidation of gas.
  • One of the ends of the shaft 8 passes through said body 4 through the bushing upper guide 10 to be coupled to the control means directly or by an 8 'lever arm.
  • Any other form of shutter is possible such as a bushel, ball or drawer.
  • the retarder device 1 additionally comprises a balancing device 20 integrated in said body 4 of valve 2 and arranged to create a gas leakage rate exhaust when the shutter 7 is in the closed position to balance the pressures and obtain an independent maximum and constant backpressure value engine speed, from a certain predetermined pressure threshold.
  • a balancing device 20 integrated in said body 4 of valve 2 and arranged to create a gas leakage rate exhaust when the shutter 7 is in the closed position to balance the pressures and obtain an independent maximum and constant backpressure value engine speed, from a certain predetermined pressure threshold.
  • This balancing device 20 comprises a leakage conduit 21 formed in the body 4 shorting the shutter 7. It is in fact an already existing vacuum cellar in body 4 and used in the retarders of the holder of this application to ensure a seal between the control shaft and the body. In this invention, this vacuum cellar is used as a leakage duct. Therefore, body 4 does not need to undergo any particular modification except to provide a housing for the upper sleeve 10.
  • This leakage conduit 21 is therefore disposed substantially perpendicular to the shaft 8, on either side of the upper guide sleeve 10. It has one end blind upstream of the shutter 7 and opens into the channel 5 downstream of said shutter 7.
  • This balancing device 20 also includes a calibrated valve 22 arranged to open or close said leakage conduit 21 from a pressure threshold determined.
  • This calibrated valve 22 is annular, slidably mounted around the shaft 8 and completed by a 22 'joint.
  • This calibrated valve 22 is mounted in an axial housing 23 provided in the upper guide sleeve 10 and through which the shaft 8 passes.
  • upper guide sleeve 10 has peripheral holes 24 communicating with said leakage duct 21.
  • this annular seat 25 may consist of a circlip housed in a groove corresponding provided in said upper sleeve 10, its inner diameter being greater than that of the shaft 8 and defining said opening 26.
  • a compression spring 27 is provided at the rear of the calibrated valve 22. It is mounted in abutment against a ring 28 provided with a seal 28 'and leaned against the bottom of said axial housing 23.
  • This compression spring 27 is tared to a value such that it compresses from a force corresponding to the predetermined back pressure threshold, this pressure being exerted directly by the exhaust gas.
  • the shutter 7 comprises, facing the socket of upper guide 10 a cavity 29 formed around the shaft 8 and in communication with the opening 26 provided in the annular seat 25. This cavity 29 has a form in an arc and communicating only with channel 5 upstream of the shutter 7.
  • the seals 22 ′ and 28 ′ are preferably flat seals made of graphite, therefore resistant to high temperatures and corrosive gases. They seal between the shaft 8 and the valve 22 and the upper bush 10.
  • the retarder 1 is controlled by the driver of the vehicle industrial by means of a foot control.
  • the retarder device 1 In normal operation of the vehicle, the retarder device 1 is at rest, so the shutter 7 is open (cf. Fig. 2) allowing the gases to escape freely.
  • the means of user-operated controls cause the shutter 7 to close (see Fig. 3) thus retaining the gases and generating a back pressure which causes the engine slowing down and therefore a decrease in vehicle speed.
  • the balancing device 20 (cf. FIG. 4) is actuated to balance the pressures and regulate the back pressure to a constant value whatever the speed of the motor.
  • Figure 2 shows the retarder device 1 in its rest position.
  • the shutter 7 is in the open position, that is to say oriented parallel to the flow of exhaust gas.
  • the gas pressure in front of the calibrated valve 22 is substantially nothing. Therefore, the balancing device 20 is not in action.
  • Figure 3 shows the retarder device 1 in its working position.
  • the shutter 7 is in the closed position, that is to say oriented perpendicular to the flow. exhaust gas and generates back pressure.
  • the shutter 7 and the bore 6 of this shutter are arranged to let escape a very low gas leak.
  • the pressure in front of the calibrated valve 22 increases but is still below the predetermined and defined back pressure threshold by the compression spring 27.
  • FIG. 4 shows the retarder device 1 in its equilibrium position.
  • the gas pressure upstream of the shutter 7 has increased beyond the back pressure threshold determined by the spring 27 of the calibrated valve 22.
  • the calibrated valve 22 lifts from its seat 25 by compressing the spring 27.
  • the opening 26 then connects the channel 5 upstream of the shutter 7 via of its cavity 29 with the leakage conduit 21 via the orifices peripherals 24 formed in the upper guide sleeve 10.
  • part exhaust gas is deflected into the leakage duct 21 which discharges it downstream of the shutter 7 creating a varying leakage rate to maintain a back pressure substantially constant.
  • the valve calibrated 22 remains open in an equilibrium position having the effect of regulating the back pressure upstream of the shutter 7.
  • a constant slowing down is obtained and maximum corresponding for example to the maximum allowable set pressure by the CE exhaust manifold whatever the engine speed.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
  • Exhaust Silencers (AREA)
  • Braking Arrangements (AREA)
  • Exhaust Gas After Treatment (AREA)
  • Transmission Of Braking Force In Braking Systems (AREA)
  • Check Valves (AREA)

Claims (12)

  1. In einer Abgasleitung angeordnete Bremsvorrichtung (1) eines Fahrzeuges mit Brennkraftmaschine, die mindestens ein Ventil (2) mit einem Körper (4), der einen Kanal (5) definiert, und eine quer in dem Kanal (5) angeordnete bewegliche Verschlußvorrichtung (7) aufweist, die mit einer Steuerwelle (8) und Steuerungsmitteln der Verschlußvorrichtung verbunden ist, die eine Ausgleichsvorrichtung (20) für den durch die Verschlußvorrichtung auf die Gase ausgeübten Gegendruck aufweist, wobei die Ausgleichsvorrichtung dafür vorgesehen ist, in Aktion zu treten, wenn sich die Verschlußvorrichtung (7) in geschlossener Position befindet und ab einem zuvor festgelegten Gegendruckschwellenwert, und daß sie ab dem Punkt, an dem der Gegendruck den Schwellenwert erreicht, eine Ablaßleitung (21) öffnet und diese unabhängig von der Motorendrehzahl über den Schwellenwert hinaus geöffnet hält, so daß das Ausströmen eines geeigneten Abgasdurchsatzes erzeugt wird, wobei die Ausgleichsvorrichtung (20) ein in der Ablaßleitung (21) angeordnetes austariertes Sperrventil (22) und eine hinter dem austarierten Sperrventil (22) angeordnete Druckfeder (27) aufweist, wobei die Feder auf den Schwellenwert austariert ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Ausgleichsvorrichtung (20) in dem Körper (4) des Ventils (2) integriert ist und eine von einer Welle (8) durchquerte Führungsbuchse (10) aufweist, die mit einem Axiallager (23) zur Aufnahme des austarierten Sperrventils (22) und dessen koaxial zu der Welle (8) angeordneten Feder (27) versehen ist, und daß die Ablaßleitung (21) im wesentlichen senkrecht zu der Welle (8) angeordnet ist und stromabwärts der Verschlußvorrichtung so in den Kanal (5) mündet, daß in Kombination mit der Ausgleichsvorrichtung (20) ein Umleitungskreislauf für einen Teil des Abgasflusses erzeugt wird.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Führungsbuchse (10) mindestens eine Umfangsöffnung (24) aufweist, die mit dem stromabwärts gelegenen Teil der Ablaßleitung (21) in Verbindung steht.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Führungsbuchse (10) einen ringförmigen Sitz (25) aufweist, der dafür vorgesehen ist, daran anliegend das austarierte Sperrventil (22) aufzunehmen, wobei der Sitz eine Öffnung (26) aufweist, die das austarierte Sperrventil (22) und den stromaufwärts der Verschlußvorrichtung (7) gelegenen Kanal (5) miteinander verbindet.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der ringförmige Sitz (25) aus einem in einer entsprechenden, in der Führungsbuchse (10) vorgesehenen Nut angeordneten Sicherungsring besteht, wobei der Innendurchmesser des Sicherungsringes größer ist als derjenige der Welle (8), und der die Öffnung (26) begrenzt.
  5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Verschlußvorrichtung (7) einen dem austarierten Sperrventil (22) gegenüberliegend angeordneten Hohlraum (29) aufweist, der mit dem stromaufwärts der Verschlußvorrichtung (7) gelegenen Kanal (5) verbunden ist, wenn sich der letztere in geschlossener Position befindet.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das austarierte Sperrventil (22) eine rund um die Welle (8) der Verschlußvorrichtung (7) angeordnete Dichtung (22') aufweist.
  7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Führungsbuchse (10) in ihrem Axiallager (23) einen mit einer rund um die Welle (8) der Verschlußvorrichtung (7) angeordneten Dichtung (28') versehenen Ring (28) aufweist.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6 oder 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Dichtungen (22',28') aus Graphit hergestellte flache Dichtungen sind.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Führungsbuchse (10) eine Stützfläche (10') aufweist, die einer entsprechenden Fläche der Verschlußvorrichtung (7) gegenüberliegend so angeordnet ist, daß sie einen ersten Axialanschlag darstellt.
  10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Ventil (2) eine zweite Führungsschiene (9) aufweist, die dafür vorgesehen ist, das andere Ende der Steuerwelle (8) zu führen, wobei die zweite Buchse eine Stützfläche (9') aufweist, die einer entsprechenden Fläche der Verschlußvorrichtung (7) gegenüberliegend so angeordnet ist, daß sie einen zweiten Axialanschlag darstellt.
  11. Vorrichtung nach den Ansprüchen 9 und 10, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Führungsbuchsen (9,10) ein Außengewinde aufweisen und in die entsprechenden, in dem Körper (4) vorgesehenen Lager eingeschraubt sind.
  12. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 11, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Führungsbuchsen (9,10) so behandelt sind, daß sie einen niedrigen Reibungskoeffizienten aufweisen und gegen hohe Temperaturen und Oxydation durch Abgase beständig sind.
EP99915822A 1998-04-22 1999-04-22 In einer abgasleitung angeordnete bremsvorrichtung eines fahrzeuges mit brennkraftmaschine Expired - Lifetime EP0991858B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9805211A FR2777946B1 (fr) 1998-04-22 1998-04-22 Dispositif ralentisseur monte dans le circuit d'echappement des gaz d'un vehicule equipe d'un moteur a combustion
FR9805211 1998-04-22
PCT/FR1999/000966 WO1999054612A1 (fr) 1998-04-22 1999-04-22 Dispositif ralentisseur monte dans le circuit d'echappement des gaz d'un vehicule equipe d'un moteur a combustion

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0991858A1 EP0991858A1 (de) 2000-04-12
EP0991858B1 true EP0991858B1 (de) 2002-08-07

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99915822A Expired - Lifetime EP0991858B1 (de) 1998-04-22 1999-04-22 In einer abgasleitung angeordnete bremsvorrichtung eines fahrzeuges mit brennkraftmaschine

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US6273058B1 (de)
EP (1) EP0991858B1 (de)
KR (1) KR20010020489A (de)
AT (1) ATE221956T1 (de)
AU (1) AU3426699A (de)
CA (1) CA2294093A1 (de)
DE (1) DE69902429T2 (de)
FR (1) FR2777946B1 (de)
RU (1) RU2218469C2 (de)
TR (1) TR199903201T1 (de)
WO (1) WO1999054612A1 (de)

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DE10144293A1 (de) * 2001-08-31 2003-04-03 Siemens Ag Ventilkomponentensatz für interne Bypass-Strömung
JP4446635B2 (ja) * 2001-09-03 2010-04-07 本田技研工業株式会社 内燃機関の排ガス弁装置
JP4061467B2 (ja) * 2002-03-15 2008-03-19 三菱自動車工業株式会社 内燃機関の排気浄化装置
JP2004011602A (ja) * 2002-06-11 2004-01-15 Aisan Ind Co Ltd 排気圧力制御弁
JP4130912B2 (ja) * 2003-12-24 2008-08-13 愛三工業株式会社 内燃機関の排気圧上昇装置
DE102004032845A1 (de) * 2004-07-07 2006-02-02 Faurecia Abgastechnik Gmbh Klappenventil für die Abgasanlage eines Kraftfahrzeuges
DE102004032856A1 (de) 2004-07-07 2006-02-02 Faurecia Abgastechnik Gmbh Klappenventil für die Abgasanlage eines Kraftfahrzeugs
BRPI0518038B1 (pt) * 2004-11-22 2018-05-22 Jacobs Vehicle Systems, Inc. Aparelho para controlar pressão de exaustão
JP4767183B2 (ja) * 2007-01-15 2011-09-07 川崎重工業株式会社 エンジンの排気デバイス
WO2008144686A1 (en) * 2007-05-21 2008-11-27 Borgwarner Inc. Valve module for a combustion engine breathing system
NL2000683C2 (nl) * 2007-06-05 2008-12-08 Daf Trucks Nv Uitlaatrem voor een voertuig voorzien van een verbrandingsmotor.
GB0806401D0 (en) * 2008-04-09 2008-05-14 Cummins Turbo Tech Ltd Butterfly valve
EP2422064A4 (de) * 2009-04-20 2013-10-16 Int Engine Intellectual Prop Drosselventil und verfahren zu seiner herstellung
EP2253816B1 (de) * 2009-05-20 2016-02-10 ElringKlinger AG Drehdurchführung mit geringer Gasdurchlässigkeit
WO2012038352A1 (en) * 2010-09-20 2012-03-29 Norgren Gmbh High temperature butterfly valve
RU2013135639A (ru) * 2011-01-07 2015-02-20 Боргварнер Инк. Способ уплотнения с поджиманием пружиной для приводного вала
KR101261954B1 (ko) * 2011-10-28 2013-05-09 현대자동차주식회사 자동차 배기브레이크 제어 시스템 및 방법
US20130140476A1 (en) * 2011-12-03 2013-06-06 Big Horn Valve, Inc. Rotary valve adapter assembly with planetary gear system
DE102012103926B4 (de) 2012-05-04 2015-01-08 Pierburg Gmbh Klappenlagersystem für eine Klappenwelle in einem Kraftfahrzeug

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1999054612A1 (fr) 1999-10-28
US6273058B1 (en) 2001-08-14
TR199903201T1 (xx) 2000-07-21
KR20010020489A (ko) 2001-03-15
RU2218469C2 (ru) 2003-12-10
EP0991858A1 (de) 2000-04-12
AU3426699A (en) 1999-11-08
ATE221956T1 (de) 2002-08-15
FR2777946B1 (fr) 2000-06-16
FR2777946A1 (fr) 1999-10-29
CA2294093A1 (fr) 1999-10-28
DE69902429D1 (de) 2002-09-12
DE69902429T2 (de) 2003-05-08

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