EP0987429B1 - Ensemble intégré collecteur d'admission/boítier papillon - Google Patents
Ensemble intégré collecteur d'admission/boítier papillon Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0987429B1 EP0987429B1 EP99440243A EP99440243A EP0987429B1 EP 0987429 B1 EP0987429 B1 EP 0987429B1 EP 99440243 A EP99440243 A EP 99440243A EP 99440243 A EP99440243 A EP 99440243A EP 0987429 B1 EP0987429 B1 EP 0987429B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- intake manifold
- annular body
- end piece
- ring
- supply end
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003100 immobilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims 7
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001169 thermoplastic Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004416 thermosoftening plastic Substances 0.000 description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 210000005069 ears Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000000499 gel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000001954 papillon Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000229285 papillon Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012815 thermoplastic material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920001187 thermosetting polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/104—Intake manifolds
- F02M35/112—Intake manifolds for engines with cylinders all in one line
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10006—Air intakes; Induction systems characterised by the position of elements of the air intake system in direction of the air intake flow, i.e. between ambient air inlet and supply to the combustion chamber
- F02M35/10026—Plenum chambers
- F02M35/10032—Plenum chambers specially shaped or arranged connecting duct between carburettor or air inlet duct and the plenum chamber; specially positioned carburettors or throttle bodies with respect to the plenum chamber
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10006—Air intakes; Induction systems characterised by the position of elements of the air intake system in direction of the air intake flow, i.e. between ambient air inlet and supply to the combustion chamber
- F02M35/10026—Plenum chambers
- F02M35/10052—Plenum chambers special shapes or arrangements of plenum chambers; Constructional details
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10209—Fluid connections to the air intake system; their arrangement of pipes, valves or the like
- F02M35/10222—Exhaust gas recirculation [EGR]; Positive crankcase ventilation [PCV]; Additional air admission, lubricant or fuel vapour admission
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10242—Devices or means connected to or integrated into air intakes; Air intakes combined with other engine or vehicle parts
- F02M35/10255—Arrangements of valves; Multi-way valves
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02D9/00—Controlling engines by throttling air or fuel-and-air induction conduits or exhaust conduits
- F02D9/08—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits
- F02D9/10—Throttle valves specially adapted therefor; Arrangements of such valves in conduits having pivotally-mounted flaps
- F02D9/1035—Details of the valve housing
- F02D9/105—Details of the valve housing having a throttle position sensor
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10091—Air intakes; Induction systems characterised by details of intake ducts: shapes; connections; arrangements
- F02M35/10111—Substantially V-, C- or U-shaped ducts in direction of the flow path
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10314—Materials for intake systems
- F02M35/10321—Plastics; Composites; Rubbers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M35/00—Combustion-air cleaners, air intakes, intake silencers, or induction systems specially adapted for, or arranged on, internal-combustion engines
- F02M35/10—Air intakes; Induction systems
- F02M35/10314—Materials for intake systems
- F02M35/10327—Metals; Alloys
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05C—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO MATERIALS, MATERIAL PROPERTIES OR MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS FOR MACHINES, ENGINES OR PUMPS OTHER THAN NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES
- F05C2201/00—Metals
- F05C2201/02—Light metals
- F05C2201/021—Aluminium
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the field of motor vehicles thermal, more particularly of automobiles, and relates to a set integrated intake manifold / throttle body for vehicles of the aforementioned type.
- the intake manifold or air distributor and the throttle body or throttle body form two distinct structural units, the output of the throttle body being connected to the inlet opening or supply fresh air from the intake manifold through a portion of duct or connecting tube, ensuring, if necessary, also the mounting and fixing of said throttle body.
- the constitution in two structural entities results in a significant bulk, especially in the direction of alignment of the two entities, creates a zone of mechanical weakness (connection between the two entities), which can become critical given the vibrational environment in particular, generates several dispersed sealing zones, subject to constraints mechanical, and requires separate management and supply for each of the two entities.
- US-A-5 341 773 shows an intake manifold / throttle body assembly for a vehicle heat engine according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the throttle body is extended by a portion of conduit made in one piece with it and which fits into a mouth of duct connected to the intake manifold.
- Said butterfly housing is fixed on said mouth by through a direct mechanical connection.
- the present invention aims to achieve an intake manifold / housing assembly improved butterfly compact and optimized in terms of sealing and mechanical resistance.
- the assembly intake manifold / throttle body for vehicle with internal combustion engine produced by adding a module 2 for adjusting the passage section at the level of the opening 3 for supplying fresh air to the intake manifold 1 concerned, so as to form an integrated intake manifold / throttle body assembly.
- the module adjustment 2 is advantageously constituted by an annular body 4 receiving a butterfly 5 mounted on a pivot axis 5 'connected to means 6, 7, 8, 9 of command and control of the rotational position of said axis 5 ', external to said annular body 4, the latter being at least partially fitted into a extension 10 in the form of a nozzle of the body of the intake manifold 1 to level of its fresh air supply opening 3 connected in particular to the air filter.
- the means of command and control may consist, for example example, as shown in Figures 1 to 3, 5 and 7 of the accompanying drawings, in one valve or a control sector 6 fixedly mounted on the pivot axis 5 'and connected for its drive to the accelerator pedal, in a spring of reminder 7 urging the throttle valve 5 to its minimum open position, in one idle stop 8 defining said minimum throttle opening position 5 and in a potentiometer 9 delivering a signal or potential corresponding to the value angle of rotation of the throttle valve 5, signal or potential to the management computer of the engine operation.
- the adjustment module 2 can be ordered mechanically (e.g. via control sector 6) or electrically (for example via a motor electric step by step).
- the annular body 4 may include a surplus of material or a specific form of machining in line with the said pivot axis 5 '.
- the butterfly 5 itself may have a uneven conformation, especially of different thicknesses in sections transverse or an uneven periphery, depending on the part of the butterfly concerned.
- said adjustment module 2 is advantageously immobilized in rotation relative to the intake manifold 1 by receiving external portions of the pivot axis 5 ′, or bearings of guide 5 "of said axis 5 ', in opposite cutouts 10' made in the end piece feed 10 extending outward from the feed opening 3, the fitting of the annular body 4 into said feed nozzle 10 being blocked and locked by means of an attached ring 11 secured to the body of the intake manifold 1 or said supply nozzle 10.
- the seal between the annular body 4 of the adjustment module 2 and the body of the intake manifold 1 is produced by the interposition of a seal compression 12 between an external circumferential offset 4 ′ of the body ring 4 and an internal circumferential 10 "offset from the end piece supply 10, of complementary shapes, said seal 12 being compressed during of the fitting of said annular body 4 of the adjustment module 2 in said power nozzle 10.
- the locking ring 11 to be secured so as to exert a constant pressure on the annular body 4 towards the socket, the areas of the surfaces in contact with the ring 11 and the body 4 being sealed, by example, via an O-ring partially housed in a groove circumferential formed in the locking ring 11 (see Figure 4).
- Seals in particular the aforementioned O-ring and the seal 12, can either consist of independent elements reported, either in overmolded parts on one of the parts in contact (module or collector).
- the locking ring 11 comprises a portion of tube 13 emerging at its internal wall and extending outward, if necessary formed integrally with it, said tube portion 13 being intended to be connected to or to receive an air valve additional 14 to form a branch circuit opening into the collector admission 1.
- the additional air valve 14 or at least the body of the latter, possibly extended by a portion of conduit opening into the intake manifold 1, may, if necessary, be made in one piece with the intake manifold 1, which will result in mechanical strength and optimized sealing ( Figures 8 and 9).
- On the locking ring 11 can be mounted the supply duct air connected to the outlet of the air filter module or unit.
- the locking ring 11 can be extended by a supply duct air 11 ′ made in one piece with said locking ring 11 so as to form a single piece (the locking ring 11 then constituting the end of fixing of the conduit 11 ') and connected at its opposite end to the output of the module of air filter (see fig. 1 of the attached drawings).
- connection of the ring blocking 11 with the intake manifold 1 is made by means of lugs elastic peripheral attachment 15 formed on the locking ring 11 and engaging by engagement with external protruding recesses 16 correspondents trained on the feed nozzle 10.
- the locking ring 11 is provided with projecting parts peripherals 17 in the form of ears, perforated or not, and the feed endpiece 10 is provided with corresponding peripheral bosses 18, perforated or not, of so as to allow their assembly by screws 19, self-tapping or not.
- the intake manifold 1 is generally made in one thermoplastic material
- the adjustment module 2 can be produced, as far as relates to its structural parts (in particular the annular body 4), or in one thermoplastic or thermosetting material, either aluminum.
- the adjustment module as well as the valve additional air, will be positioned in an area outside the low point, in order to avoid problems with condensates and gels.
- the throttle body is directly mounted in a extension in one piece of the body of the collector, without using any connecting means (screws or the like), nor of attachment means, thus being actually integrated into it and not visible. It is locked in position by nesting at its axis or its rotational bearings in cutouts corresponding to said extension, being locked in position by tightening at by means of a fixing ring.
- the attachment of the butterfly housing with the collector intervenes without direct mechanical fixing on the latter, but by blocking in position by clamping, also allowing compression sealing.
- branch circuit 13, 14 is at least partially formed integrally with the manifold body and / or the clamping ring.
- the adjustment module 2 fulfilling the functions of the housing butterfly has a simplified structure with a number of constituent elements restricted, for which the use of materials other than thermoplastics may be strongly limited.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Geometry (AREA)
- Control Of Throttle Valves Provided In The Intake System Or In The Exhaust System (AREA)
- Characterised By The Charging Evacuation (AREA)
- Lubrication Details And Ventilation Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Description
Claims (6)
- Ensemble collecteur d'admission / boítier papillon pour véhicule à moteur thermique, comprenant un module de réglage constitué par un corps annulaire recevant up papillon monté sur un axe de pivotement relié à des moyens de commande et de contrôle de la position en rotation dudit axe, extérieurs audit corps annulaire, caractérisé en ce que le module (2) de réglage de la section de passage est rapporté au niveau de l'ouverture (3) d'alimentation en air frais d'un collecteur d'admission (1), ledit corps annulaire (4) étant au moins partiellement emboíté dans un prolongement (10) en forme d'embout du corps du collecteur d'admission (1) au niveau de son ouverture (3) d'alimentation en air frais, de manière à former un ensemble intégré collecteur d'admission / boítier papillon, et en ce que le module de réglage (2) est immobilisé en rotation par rapport au collecteur d'admission (1) par réception de portions externes de l'axe de pivotement (5'), ou des paliers de guidage (5") dudit axe (5'), dans des découpes opposées (10') ménagées dans l'embout d'alimentation (10) s'étendant depuis l'ouverture d'alimentation (3), l'emboítement du corps annulaire (4) dans ledit embout d'alimentation (10) étant bloqué et verrouillé au moyen d'une bague rapportée (11) solidarisée au corps du collecteur d'admission (1) ou audit embout d'alimentation (10).
- Ensemble selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'étanchéité entre le corps annulaire (4) du module de réglage (2) et le corps du collecteur d'admission (1) est réalisée par l'interposition d'un joint de compression (12) entre un décrochement circonférentiel externe (4') du corps annulaire (4) et un décrochement circonférentiel interne (10") de l'embout d'alimentation (10), de formes complémentaires, ledit joint (12) étant comprimé lors de l'emboítement dudit corps annulaire (4) du module de réglage (2) dans ledit embout d'alimentation (10) et la bague de blocage (11) exerçant une pression constante sur ledit corps annulaire (4) en direction de l'emboítement.
- Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendication 1 et 2, caractérisé en ce que la bague de blocage (11) comporte une portion de tube (13) débouchant au niveau de sa paroi interne et s'étendant vers l'extérieur, le cas échéant formée d'un seul tenant avec elle, ladite portion de tube (13) étant destinée à être reliée à ou à recevoir une vanne d'air additionnel (14) pour former un circuit de dérivation débouchant dans le collecteur d'admission (1).
- Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la bague de blocage (11) est prolongée par un conduit d'amenée d'air (11') réalisé d'un seul tenant avec ladite bague de blocage (11).
- Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la solidarisation de la bague de blocage (11) avec le collecteur d'admission (1) est réalisée au moyen de pattes d'accrochage périphériques élastiques (15), formées sur la bague de blocage (11) et venant en prise par enclenchement avec des décrochements saillants externes (16) correspondants formés sur l'embout d'alimentation (10).
- Ensemble selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que, en vue de leur solidarisation mutuelle, la bague de blocage (11) est pourvue de parties saillantes périphériques (17) en forme d'oreilles, perforées ou non, et l'embout d'alimentation (10) est muni de bossages périphériques correspondants (18), perforés ou non, de manière à permettre leur assemblage par des vis (19) autotaraudeuses ou non.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9811526A FR2783283B1 (fr) | 1998-09-14 | 1998-09-14 | Ensemble integre collecteur d'admission/boitier papillon |
FR9811526 | 1998-09-14 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0987429A1 EP0987429A1 (fr) | 2000-03-22 |
EP0987429B1 true EP0987429B1 (fr) | 2004-04-14 |
Family
ID=9530473
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99440243A Expired - Lifetime EP0987429B1 (fr) | 1998-09-14 | 1999-09-07 | Ensemble intégré collecteur d'admission/boítier papillon |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6182628B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0987429B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP4266451B2 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE264453T1 (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69916387T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2783283B1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19928354A1 (de) * | 1999-06-21 | 2000-12-28 | Mann & Hummel Filter | Leitungssystem mit Drosselklappe |
FR2831217B1 (fr) * | 2001-10-24 | 2004-04-09 | Wecosta | Filtre a air, conduit d'admission et ensemble constitue d'un filtre et d'un conduit d'admission de ce genre |
ITBO20030362A1 (it) * | 2003-06-13 | 2004-12-14 | Magneti Marelli Powertrain Spa | Gruppo di alimentazione dell'aria di combustione ai cilindri |
DE10336264A1 (de) * | 2003-08-07 | 2005-03-10 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Gehäuse einer Drosseleinrichtung aus Füllmaterialien enthaltendem Kunststoffmaterial |
MX2007010194A (es) | 2004-09-10 | 2008-11-04 | Knorr Bremse Systeme | Dispositivo para la alimentacion de aire fresco a un motor de combustion interna con embolo turbocargado y metodo para la operacion de este. |
US20060090725A1 (en) * | 2004-10-20 | 2006-05-04 | Garvey Paul W | Devices for connecting canister air cleaners to carburetors of internal combustion engines |
EP2184468A1 (fr) * | 2008-11-11 | 2010-05-12 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd | Système d'entrée pour moteurs à combustion interne |
USD770535S1 (en) * | 2014-08-01 | 2016-11-01 | Managed Programs, LLC | Integrated air intake manifold |
JP2016138515A (ja) * | 2015-01-28 | 2016-08-04 | 愛三工業株式会社 | スロットルボディの締結構造 |
JP6711740B2 (ja) * | 2016-12-01 | 2020-06-17 | 株式会社ケーヒン | スロットルバルブ装置 |
CN106979084A (zh) * | 2017-04-26 | 2017-07-25 | 杭州舸瑞新能源科技有限公司 | 电控燃气发动机集成式节气门体 |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5158045A (en) * | 1992-02-05 | 1992-10-27 | Siemens Automotive Limited | Engine induction system having a telescopic throttle body |
DE4229408C1 (en) * | 1992-09-03 | 1993-08-19 | Bayerische Motoren Werke Ag, 8000 Muenchen, De | Air intake device for IC engine with crankcase ventilation - has flow divider chamber, and ventilation opens into it via tube end section, which is connected to pressure control valve |
US5341773A (en) * | 1993-11-04 | 1994-08-30 | Ford Motor Company | Joint for an automative air induction system |
DE19626251A1 (de) * | 1996-06-29 | 1998-01-08 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Luftführungsanlage |
-
1998
- 1998-09-14 FR FR9811526A patent/FR2783283B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-08-30 JP JP24304899A patent/JP4266451B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1999-09-07 AT AT99440243T patent/ATE264453T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1999-09-07 DE DE69916387T patent/DE69916387T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-07 EP EP99440243A patent/EP0987429B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-09-14 US US09/395,600 patent/US6182628B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2783283B1 (fr) | 2000-11-24 |
ATE264453T1 (de) | 2004-04-15 |
JP2000087764A (ja) | 2000-03-28 |
FR2783283A1 (fr) | 2000-03-17 |
DE69916387D1 (de) | 2004-05-19 |
US6182628B1 (en) | 2001-02-06 |
EP0987429A1 (fr) | 2000-03-22 |
JP4266451B2 (ja) | 2009-05-20 |
DE69916387T2 (de) | 2005-05-04 |
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