Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D491/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00
  • C07D491/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing in the condensed ring system both one or more rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms and one or more rings having nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D459/00, C07D463/00, C07D477/00 or C07D489/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D491/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/435—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • A61K31/4353—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems
  • A61K31/4355—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with one nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom ortho- or peri-condensed with heterocyclic ring systems the heterocyclic ring system containing a five-membered ring having oxygen as a ring hetero atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00

Definitions

• This invention relates to furopyridine, thienopyridine, pyrrolopyridine and related pyrimidine, pyridazine and triazine compounds which control chemical synaptic transmission; to therapeutically effective pharmaceutical compositions of these compounds; and to the use of said compositions to selectively control synaptic transmission.
• Compounds that selectively control chemical synaptic transmission offer therapeutic utility in treating disorders that are associated with dysfunctions in synaptic transmission. This utility may arise from controlling either pre-synaptic or post-synaptic chemical transmission.
• the control of synaptic chemical transmission is, in turn, a direct result of a modulation of the excitability of the synaptic membrane.
• Presynaptic control of membrane excitability results from the direct effect an active compound has upon the organelles and enzymes present in the nerve terminal for synthesizing, storing, and releasing the neurotransmitter, as well as the process for active re-uptake.
• Postsynaptic control of membrane excitability results from the influence an active compound has upon the cytoplasmic organelles that respond to neurotransmitter action.
• excitable cells are cells such as nerves, smooth muscle cells, cardiac cells and glands. The effect of a neurotransmitter upon an excitable cell may be to cause either an excitatory or an inhibitory postsynaptic potential
• EPSP or IPSP, respectively depending upon the nature of the postsynaptic receptor for the particular neurotransmitter and the extent to which other neurotransmitters are present. Whether a particular neurotransmitter causes excitation or inhibition depends principally on the ionic channels that are opened in the postsynaptic membrane (i.e., in the excitable cell). EPSPs typically result from a local depolarization of the membrane due to a generalized increased permeability to cations (notably Na + and K + ), whereas EPSPs are the result of stabilization or hyperpolarization of the membrane excitability due to a increase in permeability to primarily smaller ions (including K + and Cl").
• the neurotransmitter acetylcholine excites at skeletal muscle junctions by opening permeability channels for Na + and K + .
• acetylcholine can be inhibitory, primarily resulting from an increase in K + conductance.
• the biological effects of the compounds of the present invention result from modulation of a particular subtype of acetylcholine receptor. It is, therefore, important to understand the differences between two receptor subtypes.
• the two distinct subfamilies of acetylcholine receptors are defined as nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. (See Goodman and Gilman's. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, op. cit.).
• the responses of these receptor subtypes are mediated by two entirely different classes of second messenger systems.
• the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor When the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is activated, the response is an increased flux of specific extracellular ions (e.g. Na + , K + and Ca " * " " ) through the neuronal membrane.
• muscarinic acetylcholine receptor activation leads to changes in intracellular systems that contain complex molecules such as G-proteins and inositol phosphates.
• the biological consequences of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation are distinct from those of muscarinic receptor activation.
• inhibition of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors results in still other biological effects, which are distinct and different from those arising from muscarinic receptor inhibition.
• the two principal sites to which drug compounds that affect chemical synaptic transmission may be directed are the presynaptic nerve terminal and the postsynaptic membrane.
• Actions of drugs directed to the presynaptic site may be mediated through presynaptic receptors that respond to the neurotransmitter which the same secreting structure has released (i.e., through an autoreceptor), or through a presynaptic receptor that responds to another neurotransmitter (i.e., through a heteroreceptor).
• Actions of drugs directed to the postsynaptic membrane mimic the action of the endogenous neurotransmitter or inhibit the interaction of the endogenous neurotransmitter with a postsynaptic receptor.
• drugs that modulate postsynaptic membrane excitability are the neuromuscular blocking agents which interact with nicotinic acetylcholine-gated channel receptors on skeletal muscle, for example, competitive (stabilizing) agents, such as curare, or depolarizing agents, such as succinylcholine.
• competitive (stabilizing) agents such as curare
• depolarizing agents such as succinylcholine.
• postsynaptic cells can have many neurotransmitters impinging upon them. This makes it difficult to know the precise net balance of chemical synaptic transmission required to control a given cell. Nonetheless, by designing compounds that selectively affect only one pre- or postsynaptic receptor, it is possible to modulate the net balance of all the other inputs. Obviously, the more that is understood about chemical synaptic transmission in CNS disorders, the easier it would be to design drugs to treat such disorders. Knowing how specific neurotransmitters act in the CNS allows one to speculate about the disorders that may be treatable with certain CNS-active drugs. For example, dopamine is widely recognized as an important neurotransmitter in the central nervous systems in humans and animals.
• New and selective neurotransmitter controlling agents are still being sought, in the hope that one or more will be useful in important, but as yet poorly controlled, disease states or behavior models.
• dementia such as is seen with Alzheimer's disease or Parkinsonism
• Symptoms of chronic alcoholism and nicotine withdrawal involve aspects of the central nervous system, as does the behavioral disorder Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD).
• ADD Attention-Deficit Disorder
• Specific agents for treatment of these and related disorders are few in number or non-existent.
• CNS-active agents of compounds with activity as cholinergic ligands selective for neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, (i.e., for controlling chemical synaptic transmission) may be found in U.S. Patent 5,472,958, to Gunn et al., issued Dec. 5, 1995, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• acetylcholine agonists are therapeutically sub-optimal in treating the conditions discussed above.
• such compounds have unfavorable pharmacokinetics (e.g., arecoline and nicotine), poor potency and lack of selectivity (e.g., nicotine), poor CNS penetration (e.g., carbachol) or poor oral bioavailability (e.g., nicotine).
• other agents have many unwanted central agonist actions, including hypothermia, hypolocomotion and tremor and peripheral side effects, including miosis, lachrymation, defecation and tachycardia (Benowitz et al., in: Nicotine Psychopharmacology, S. Wonnacott, M.A.H.
• neurotransmitter controlling agents may be useful include acute and chronic pain. (A. Dray and L. Urban, Annu. Rev. Pharmacology Toxicol. 36: 253-280, (1996).
• Toyama has disclosed N-BOC-thienopyridine derivatives having use an intermediates for preparation of complex cephalosporin-related antibiotic agents (PCT Patent Application WO 92/18505, published Oct. 29, 1992).
• Kabi Pharmacia has disclosed bicyclic heteroaryl compounds attached to a quinucUdene moiety useful for treating diseases related to muscarinic receptor function (PCT Patent Application WO 93/23395, published Nov. 25, 1993).
• Festal et al. have disclosed urea derivatives containing an azaindole moiety having utility as hypolipidemic and antiatheromatous agents (U.S.Patent No. 5,338, 849).
• Baker et al. have disclosed a class of substituted azetidine, pyrrolidine and piperidine derivatives having selective activity as agonists of 5-HT ⁇ -like receptors (PCT Patent Application WO 96/04274, published Feb. 15, 1996).
• the present invention provides a compound of formula (I) below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein a monocyclic or bicyclic amine group is directly linked to a substituted or unsubstituted furopyridine, thienopyridine, pyrrolopyridine or related pyrimidine, pyridazine or triazine group.
• Another aspect of the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of a compound of formula (I) in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent.
• the present invention provides a method for selectively controlling synaptic transmission in a mammal.
• the present invention relates to a compound of formula (I):
• A is selected from the group consisting of:
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H, allyl and
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of H,
• R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of
• NR 3 R 3 wherein R 3 is H or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl; or when substituted at the Y- position can additionally be selected from: NR R 4 , wherein R 3 is H or C1-C3 alkyl and R 4 is hydrogen, Ci-Cs-alkyl, phenyl, substituted-phenyl, naphthyl, substituted-naphthyl, heteroaryl, substituted-heteroaryl, phenyl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, substituted-phenyl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, heteroaryl-C ⁇ -C6- alkyl-, and substituted-heteroaryl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-; C(O)-R 5 > where R 5 is hydrogen, Ci-Cg- alkyl, substituted-C ⁇ -C8-alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, substituted naphthyl, heteroaryl, substituted
• R 8 is Ci-Cs-alkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, phenylCi-Cgalkyl-, substituted phenylCi-C ⁇ alkyl-, heteroaryl Ci-C ⁇ alkyl-, CONR 3 R 4 ; phenyl; naphthyl; substituted phenyl; substituted naphthyl; biphenyl; substituted biphenyl; heteroaryl; 5 substituted heteroaryl; phenyl C ⁇ -C6alkyl-; substituted phenylCi-C ⁇ alkyl-; heteroaryl Ci-Cgalkyl-; and substituted heteroarylC ⁇ -C6alkyl-;
• R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-Csalkyl, substituted Ci-Csalkyl, phenyl, substituted phenyl, naphthyl, substituted naphthyl, heteroaryl, substituted heteroaryl, phenylCi-C ⁇ alkyl-, substituted phenylC ⁇ -C6alkyl-, heteroaryl C ⁇ -C6alkyl-, and substituted 15 heteroarylC ⁇ -C6alkyl-;
• X is -O-, -S- or -NR 3 , wherein R 3 is H or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl;
• Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 are N or CH, with the provisos that at least one of Y 1 ,
• Y 2 and Y 3 must be N and, 25 when group A is selected from option (b), except for those compounds additionally substituted at Y* 2 above, then Y 2 and Y 3 must be CH; m, on formula (I), is 0, 1, 2 or 3. When m is zero or, at those positions around the 5-6 bicyclic ring system which are not 30 substituted by R, hydrogen is the substituent.
• the novel compounds of the present invention are also represented by formula (I):
• R 1 is selected from the group consisting of H and C1-C3- alkyl; and R 2 is H, or when n is 2 or 3 is selected from the group consisting of C ⁇ -C3-alkyl, C ⁇ -C3-alkoxyl, hydroxymethyl, fluoromethyl, methoxymethyl, Br, Cl, F, OH, CN, -O- CO-CH3 and -O-methanesulfonyl.
• R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of Ci-G ⁇ -alkyl, bromo, chloro, fluoro, trifluoro-Ci- C4-alkyl, trichloro-C ⁇ -C4-alkyl, COOH, CO2-Ci-C4-alkyl, CN, nitro, amino, NH-CO-Ci- C3-alkyl, and NR 3 R 3 , wherein R 3 is H or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl.
• the group designated X is selected from the group consisting of -O-, -S- or -NR 3 , wherein R 3 is H or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl.
• Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 are N or CH, with the provisos that at least one of Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 must be N and when group A is selected from option (b), then Y 2 and Y 3 must be CH.
• the invention relates to a compound of formula (HI):
• A is selected from the group identified above; and R is independently selected at each occurrence from the group consisting of C ⁇ -C4-alkyl, vinyl, bromo, chloro, fluoro, trifluoro-C ⁇ -C4-alkyl, trichloro-C ⁇ -C4-alkyl, COOH, CO2-Ci-C4-alkyl, CN, nitro, amino, hydroxy, NH-CO-C ⁇ -C3-alkyl, and NR R 3 , wherein R 3 is H or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl: and at the Y ⁇ position R can additionally be selected from: NR R 4 , wherein R 3 is H or C1-C3 alkyl and R 4 is hydrogen, Ci-Cg-alkyl, phenyl, substituted-phenyl, naphthyl, substituted-naphthyl, heteroaryl, substituted-heteroaryl, phenyl-Ci-Cg-alkyl-, substituted-
• R 5 is hydrogen, Ci-Cg-alkyl, substituted-C ⁇ -C8-alkyl, phenyl, substituted-phenyl, naphthyl, substituted naphthyl, heteroaryl, substituted-heteroaryl, phenyl-Ci-Cg-alkyl-, substituted-phenyl-Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl-, 1 o heteroaryl-Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl-, substituted-heteroaryl-Ci-Cg-alkyl-, and
• R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H and C ⁇ -C3-alkyl-
• R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ -C3-alkyl-, phenyl and substituted-phenyl;
• R 8 is Ci-Cs-alkyl, phenyl, substituted-phenyl, 15 heteroaryl, substituted-heteroaryl, phenyl-Ci-Cg-alkyl-, substituted-phenyl-Ci-Cg-alkyl-, heteroaryl-Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl-, CONR R 4 ; phenyl; naphthyl; 20 substituted-phenyl; substituted-naphthyl; biphenyl; substituted-biphenyl; heteroaryl; 25 substituted-heteroaryl; phenyl-C i -C ⁇ -alkyl-; substituted-phenyl-Ci- -alkyl-; heteroaryl-Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl-; and substituted-heteroaryl-C i -Cg- alkyl-;
• R 9 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, Ci-Cg-alkyl, substituted-Ci-Cs-alkyl, phenyl, substituted-phenyl, naphthyl, substituted-naphthyl, heteroaryl, substituted-heteroaryl, phenyl-Ci-Cg-alkyl-, substituted-phenyl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, heteroaryl-Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl-, and 35 substituted-heteroaryl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-; , wherein m is 1 or 2, and R 9 is as defined above;
• X is -O-, -S- or -NR 3 , wherein R 3 is H or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl;
• Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 are N or CH, with the provisos that at least one of Y 1 , Y 2 and Y 3 must be N and, when group A is selected from option (b), except for those compounds additionally substituted at Y- 2 above, then Y 2 and Y 3 must be CH methoxymethyl or methoxymethoxy and m is 0, 1 or 2.
• Certain compounds of this invention may possess one or more asymmetric centers and may exist in optically active forms. Additional asymmetric centers may be present in a substituent group, such as an alkyl group.
• Compounds of the invention which have one or more asymmetric carbon atoms may exist as the optically pure enantiomers, pure diastereomers, mixtures of enantiomers, mixtures of diastereomers, racemic mixtures of enantiomers, diastereomeric racemates or mixtures of diastereomeric racemates. It is to be understood that the present invention anticipates and includes within its scope all such isomers and mixtures thereof.
• the terms "R” and "S” used herein are configurations as defined in IUPAC 1974 Recommendations for Section E, Fundamental Stereochemistry, Pure Appl. Chem. , 1976, 45: 13-30.
• C ⁇ -C3-alkyl and “C ⁇ -C4-alkyl” refer to branched or straight-chain, unsubstituted alkyl groups comprising one-to-three or one-to-four carbon atoms, including, but not hmited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl and the like.
• C ⁇ -C6-alkyl or “Ci-Cs-alkyl” as used herein refer to saturated, straight- or branched-chain hydrocarbon radicals containing between one and six or one and eight carbon atoms, respectively.
• C1-C3 alkyl radicals include methyl, ethyl, propyl and isopropyl
• examples of C ⁇ -C6-alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl
• examples of Ci-Cg-alkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, neopentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl and n-octyl.
• C ⁇ -C3-alkoxy refers to a C ⁇ -C3-alkyl group, as defined above, containing an oxygen tinker atom.
• Trichloro-C ⁇ -C4-alkyl refers to a Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl group, as defined above, substituted with three chlorine atoms, including for example, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 3,3,3-trichloropropyl and 4,4,4-trichlorobutyl.
• Trifluoro-C ⁇ -C4-alkyl refers to a C ⁇ -C4-alkyl group, as defined above, substituted with three fluorine atoms, including for example, trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, 3,3,3-trifluoropropyl and 4,4,4-trifluorobutyl.
• prodrug refers to compounds that are rapidly transformed in vivo to yield the parent compounds of Formula (I), as for example, by hydrolysis in blood. T.
• prodrug ester group refers to any of several ester-forming groups that are hydrolyzed under physiological conditions.
• Examples of prodrug ester groups include pivoyloxymethyl, acetoxymethyl, phthalidyl, indanyl and methoxymethyl, as well as other such groups known in the art.
• administration refers to systemic use as when taken orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, by nasal, rectal or buccal routes, or topically as ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or transdermal patches in dosage form unit formulations containing conventional nontoxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, adjuvants and vehicles as desired.
• parenteral includes intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intrasternal, subcutaneous and intraarticular injection as well as via infusion techniques.
• salts are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of humans and animals without undue toxicity, irritation, allergic response and the like, and are commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio, effective for their intended use in the treatment of psychological, neurological, cardiovascular and addictive behavior disorders.
• Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are well known in the art. For example, S. M. Berge, et al. describe pharmaceutically acceptable salts in detail in JL Pharmaceutical Sciences, 66: 1-19, 1977.
• the salts may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compounds of Formula (I), or separately by reacting the free base function with a suitable acid.
• Representative acid addition salts include hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, bisulfate, acetate, oxalate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, borate, benzoate, lactate, phosphate, toluenesulfonate, methanesulfonate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate, tartrate, ascorbate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, lauryl sulfate salts and the like.
• Representative alkali or alkaline earth metal salts include sodium, calcium, potassium, magnesium salts and the like.
• Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic amides of the compounds of Formula (I) include amides derived from C ⁇ -C6-alkyl carboxylic acids wherein the alkyl groups are straight- or branched-chain, arortiatic carboxylic acids such as derivatives of benzoic acid and heterocyclic carboxylic acids, including furan-2-carboxylic acid or nicotinic acid.
• Amides of the compounds of Formula (I) may be prepared according to conventional methods and include amino acid and polypeptide derivatives of the amines of Formula (I).
• the term, "pharmaceutically acceptable carriers”, means a non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid or liquid filler, diluent, encapsulating material or formulation auxiliary of any type.
• Some examples of the materials that may serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, com oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl
• wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulfate and magnesium stearate, as well as coloring agents, releasing agents, coating agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents, preservatives and antioxidants may also be present in the composition, according to the judgment of the formulator.
• antioxidants examples include water-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like; oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha- tocopherol and the like; and the metal chelating agents such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid and the like.
• water-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfite, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, and the like
• oil-soluble antioxidants such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), lecithin,
• a “therapeutically effective amount” of the nicotinic acetylcholinergic agent is meant a sufficient amount of the compound to treat cholinergically related disorders at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio applicable to obtain a desired therapeutic response. It will be understood, however, that the total daily usage of the compounds and compositions of the present invention will be decided by the attending physician within the scope of sound medical judgment.
• the specific therapeutically effective dose level for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors including the disorder being treated and the severity of the disorder; activity of the specific compound employed; the specific composition employed; the age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the patient; the time of administration, route of administration, and rate of excretion of the specific compound employed; the duration of the treatment; drugs used in combination or coincidentally with the specific compound employed; and like factors well known in the medical arts.
• Total daily dose of the compounds of this invention administered to a host in single or divided doses may be in amounts as determined by the attending physician, typically, for example, in amounts of from about 0.001 to 100 mg kg body weight daily and preferably 0.01 to 10 mg/kg/day.
• C ⁇ -C6-alkoxy refers to an Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl group, as previously defined, attached to the parent molecular moiety through an oxygen atom.
• Examples of C ⁇ -C6-alkoxy include, but are not hmited to, methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, neopentoxy and n-hexoxy.
• heteroaryl refers to a cyclic aromatic radical having from five to ten ring atoms of which one ring atom is selected from S, O and N; zero, one or two ring atoms are additional heteroatoms independently selected from S, O and N; and the remaining ring atoms are carbon, such as, for example, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, indolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thienyl, furanyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, and the like, the heteroaryl moiety being joined to the rest of the molecule via any of its carbon ring atoms.
• heteroarylCi-C ⁇ alkyl refers to a C ⁇ -C6-alkyl group as defined herein substituted by replacement of one of the hydrogen atoms thereon with a heteroaryl moiety, as defined above.
• phenylC ⁇ -C6alkyl refers to a Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl group as defined herein substituted by replacement of one of the hydrogen atoms thereon with a phenyl moiety.
• substituted Ci-Csalkyl refers to a Ci-Cs-alkyl group as defined herein substituted by independent replacement of one of the hydrogen atoms thereon with Cl, Br, F, CN, CF , OH, CHO, COOH, COO-C ⁇ -C 3 -alkyl, C ⁇ -C6-alkoxy, methoxymethoxy, amino, or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl- amino, except not more than one CHO, COOH, or COO-C ⁇ -C3-alkyl group may be present.
• substituted biphenyl refers to a biphenyl radical substituted by replacement of one of the hydrogen atoms thereon with F, OH, NO2 or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl.
• substituted naphthyl refers to a naphthyl substituted by independent replacement of one or two of the hydrogen atoms thereon with Cl, Br, F, CN, CF3, NO 2 , OH, CHO, COOH, COO-C ⁇ -C 3 -alkyl, C ⁇ -C -alkyl, C ⁇ -C 6 -alkoxy, methoxymethyl, methoxymethoxy, amino, or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl-amino, except not more than one CHO, COOH, or COO-C ⁇ -C3-alkyl group may be present.
• substituted phenyl refers to a phenyl substituted by independent replacement of one or two of the hydrogen atoms thereon with Cl, Br, F, CN, CF 3 , NO 2 , OH, CHO, COOH, COO-C ⁇ -C -alkyl, C ⁇ -C3-alkyl, Ci-C ⁇ -alkoxy, methoxymethyl, methoxymethoxy, amino, or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl-amino, except not more than one CHO, COOH, or COO-C ⁇ -C 3 -alkyl group may be present.
• substituted phenylCi-Cgalkyl refers to a C ⁇ -C6-alkyl group as defined herein substituted by replacement of one of the hydrogen atoms thereon with a substituted-phenyl moiety, as defined above.
• substituted heteroaryl refers to a heteroaryl group as defined herein substituted on or two carbon atoms by independent replacement of he hydrogen atoms thereon with Cl, Br, F, CN, CF3, NO2, OH, CHO, COOH, COO-C ⁇ -C3-alkyl, C ⁇ -C3-alkyl, Ci-C ⁇ -alkoxy, methoxymethyl, methoxymethoxy, amino, or C ⁇ -C3-alkyl-amino, except not more than one CHO, COOH, or COO-C ⁇ -C3-alkyl group may be present.
• substituted heteroaryl Ci-C ⁇ alkyl refers to a Ci-C ⁇ alkyl group as defined herein substituted by replacement of one of the hydrogen atoms thereon with a substituted-heteroaryl moiety, as defined above.
• R is H, Br, Cl, C ⁇ -C4-alkyl, phenyl or vinyl pyridyl and R 2 is H and ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 is as specified above.
• compositions comprising one or more of the compounds of formula (I) prepared and formulated in combination with one or more non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable carriers in the manner described below.
• compositions suitable for parenteral injection may comprise pharmaceutically acceptable sterile aqueous or nonaqueous solutions, dispersions, suspensions or emulsions and sterile powders for reconstitution into sterile injectable solutions or dispersions.
• suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers, diluents, solvents or vehicles include water, ethanol, polyols (propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, and the like), suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils (such as olive oil) and injectable organic esters such as ethyl oleate.
• Proper fluidity may be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
• compositions may also contain adjuvants such as preserving, wetting, emulsifying, and dispersing agents. Prevention of the action of microorganisms may be ensured by various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, parabens, chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, and the like. It may also be desirable to include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, sodium chloride and the like. Prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form may be brought about by the use of agents delaying absorption, for example, aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
• the compounds may be incorporated into slow-release or targeted-delivery systems, such as polymer matrices, liposomes, and microspheres. They may be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacteria-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions, which may be dissolved in sterile water, or some other sterile injectable medium immediately before use.
• Solid dosage forms for oral administration may include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules.
• the active compound is admixed with at least one inert customary excipient (or carrier), such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate, and additionally (a) fillers or extenders, as for example, starches, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol and silicic acid; (b) binders, as for example, carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sucrose and acacia; (c) humectants, as for example, glycerol; (d) disintegrating agents, as for example, agar-agar, calcium carbonate, potato or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain complex silicates and sodium carbonate; (e) solution retarders, as for example paraffin; (f) absorption accelerators, as for example, quaternary ammonium compounds; (g) wetting
• compositions of a similar type may also be employed as fillers in soft and hard-filled gelatin capsules, using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar, as well as high molecular weight polyethylene glycols, and the like.
• Solid dosage forms such as tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and granules may be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and others well known in this art. They may contain pacifying agents, and may also be of such composition that they release the active compound or compounds in a certain part of the intestinal tract in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions which may be used are polymeric substances and waxes. The active compounds may also be in micro-encapsulated form, if appropriate, with one or more of the above-mentioned excipients.
• Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs.
• the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and emulsifiers, as for example, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils, in particular, cottonseed oil, groundnut oil, corn germ oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame oil, glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycols and fatty acid esters of sorbitan or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
• inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizing agents and e
• these liquid dosage forms may also include adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.
• adjuvants such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweetening, flavoring and perfuming agents.
• Suspensions in addition to the active compounds, may contain suspending agents, as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
• suspending agents as for example, ethoxylated isostearyl alcohols, polyoxyethylene sorbitol and sorbitan esters, microcrystalline cellulose, aluminum metahydroxide, bentonite, agar-agar and tragacanth, or mixtures of these substances, and the like.
• compositions for rectal or vaginal administrations are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing the compounds of this invention with suitable non- irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax, which are sohd at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
• suitable non- irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax, which are sohd at ordinary temperatures but liquid at body temperature and therefore, melt in the rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active component.
• Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of a compound of this invention further include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or transdermal patches.
• Transdermal administration via a transdermal patch is a particularly effective and preferred dosage form of the present invention.
• the active component is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any needed preservative, buffers or propellants as may be required. It is known that some agents may require special handling in the preparation of transdermal patch formulations. For example, compounds that are volatile in nature may require admixture with special formulating agents or with special packaging materials to assure proper dosage delivery. In addition, compounds which are very rapidly absorbed through the skin may require formulation with absorption-retarding agents or barriers. Ophthalmic formulations, eye ointments, powders and solutions are also contemplated as being within the scope of this invention.
• the present compounds may also be administered in the form of liposomes.
• liposomes are generally derived from phospholipids or other lipid substances. Liposomes are formed by mono- or multi-lamellar hydrated liquid crystals that are dispersed in an aqueous medium. Any non-toxic, physiologically acceptable and metabolizable lipid capable of forming liposomes may be used.
• the present compositions in liposome form may contain, in addition to the compounds of the present invention, stabilizers, preservatives, excipients, and the like.
• the preferred lipids are the phospholipids and the phosphatidylcholines (lecithins), both natural and synthetic. Methods to form liposomes are known in the art. See, for example, Prescott, Ed., Methods in Cell Biology, Volume XIV, Academic Press, New York, N. Y., (1976), p 33 et seq.
• a peripherally acting anti-cholinergic such as N-methylscopolamine, N-methylatropine, propantheline, methantheline, or glycopyrrolate.
• the compounds of the present invention may be synthesized as shown in reaction schemes 1-23 presented below using the reactions and techniques described in this section.
• the reactions are performed in a solvent appropriate to the reagents and materials employed are suitable for the transformation being effected. It is understood by those skilled in the art of organic synthesis that the functionality present on the heterocyclic ring and other portions of the molecule must be consistent with the chemical transformation proposed. This will, on occasion, necessitate judgment by the routineer as to the order of synthetic steps, protecting groups required, and deprotection conditions. Substituents on the starting materials may be incompatible with some of the reaction conditions required in some of the methods described, but alternative methods and substituents compatible with the reaction conditions will be readily apparent to skilled practitioners in the art.
• Compound (4) may be converted into compounds (5), i.e., compounds of formula (I) wherein R 1 is C ⁇ -C3-alkyl by reaction with the appropriate aldehyde under reducing conditions, for example, in the presence of H and a catalyst such as Pd/C or in the presence of NaBH3CN.
• the process of Scheme 1 is equally applicable to compounds of the series wherein n is 1 or 3, to give compounds analogous to compounds (4) and (5), i.e., compounds of formula (I) wherein A is (a) and n is 1 or 3.
• the 2-iodo-3-pyridinols of Schemes 1 and 2 may be prepared by direct selective iodination of the corresponding pyridinols (e.g., Koch and Schnatterer, Synthesis, 1990:497).
• 3-pyridinols with substituents in the 4-position can be prepared by selective lithiation of 3-pyridinol, O-protected with an ortho-directing moiety, e.g. methoxymethyl , diethylcarbamoyl, and the like (see Beak and Snieckus, Ace. Chem. Res., 15:306-312, 1982).
• 3-hydroxypyridines with substituents in other required positions can be prepared from the conesponding 3-aminopyridines under diazotizing conditions.
• the 3-aminopyridines can be obtained by reduction of the conesponding 3-nitropyridine or by rearrangement of the 3-carboxylic acid or 3- carboxamide using the Hoffman, Curtius, or Schmidt reanangements which are well-known in the art.
• 3-hydroxypyridines can be obtained by oxidation of an appropriate 3- lithio or magnesiopyridine with molecular oxygen, oxaziridines, or peroxides (see, for example, Taddei and Ricci, Syn.
• furo[2,3-c]pyridine compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from (a) or (b) above, R, R 1 and R 2 are as described above, X is O, Y 1 is CH, Y 2 is N and Y 3 is CH.
• the acetylene- substituted starting material (1) or (6) is reacted with an appropriate 4-iodo-3-hydroxypyridine (9), wherein R is as described above, in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at elevated temperature, to give the compound (10).
• the requisite 4-iodo-3-hydroxypyridines are generally available using the techniques mentioned above together with selective 4-iodination of 3- hydroxypyridines (cf. Winkle and Ronald, /.
• furo[2,3-b]pyridine compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from (a) or (b) above, R, R 1 and R 2 are as described above, X is O, Y 1 and Y 2 are CH and Y 3 is N.
• the acetylene-substituted starting material (1) or (6) is reacted with an appropriate 3-iodo-2-hydroxypyridine (11), wherein R is as described above, in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at elevated temperature, to give the compound (12).
• the requisite 3-iodo-2-hydroxypyridines are generally available using the techniques mentioned above for synthesis of selectively substituted 3- hydroxypyridines.
• the requisite 3-iodo-2-hydroxypyridines can be obtained by ortho iodination of the appropriate 2-hydroxypyridine.
• the reactions of Scheme 4 may be performed with the analogous mercaptopyridine, prepared as described for Scheme 1 above, to give the thieno[2,3-b]pyrimidine compounds of Formula (I), wherein X is a S atom.
• furo[3,2-d]pyrimidine compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from (a) or (b) above, R, R 1 and R 2 are as described above, X is O, Y 1 is N, Y 2 is N and Y 3 is CH.
• the acetylene-substituted starting material (1) or (6) is reacted with an appropriate 4-iodo-5-hydroxypyrimidine (13), wherein R is as described above, in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at elevated temperature, to give the compound (14).
• the requisite 4-iodo-5-hydroxypyrimidine compounds are generally available using the techniques mentioned above for synthesis of selectively substituted 3-hydroxypyridines.
• the requisite 4-iodo-5-hydroxypyrimidine can be obtained by ortho iodination of the appropriate 5-hydroxypyrimidine.
• the reactions of Scheme 5 may be performed with the analogous mercaptopyridine, prepared as described for Scheme 1 above, to give the thieno[3,2- djpyrimidine compounds of Formula (I), wherein X is a S atom.
• the requisite 3-iodo-2-hydroxypyrimidine compounds are generally available using the techniques mentioned above for synthesis of selectively substituted 2-hydroxypyridines.
• the requisite 3-iodo-2-hydroxypyrimidine can be obtained by ortho iodination of the appropriate 2-hydroxypyrimidine.
• the reactions of Scheme 5A may be performed with the analogous mercaptopyridine, prepared as described for Scheme 1 above, to give the thieno[2,3- b]pyrimidine compounds of Formula (I), wherein X is a S atom.
• furo[2,3-c]pyridazine compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from (a) or (b) above, R, R 1 and R 2 are as described above, X is O, Y 1 is CH, and Y 2 and Y 3 are N.
• the acetylene-substituted starting material (1) or (6) is reacted with an appropriate 4-iodo-3-hydroxypyridazine (15), wherein R is as described above, in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at elevated temperature, to give the compound (16).
• the requisite 4-iodo-3-hydroxypyridazine compounds are generally available using the techniques mentioned above for synthesis of selectively substituted 3-hydroxypyridines.
• the requisite 4-iodo-3-hydroxypyridazine can be obtained by ortho iodination of the appropriate 5-hydroxypyridazine.
• the reactions of Scheme 6 may be performed with the analogous mercaptopyridine, prepared as described for Scheme 1 above, to give the thieno[2,3- c]pyridazine compounds of Formula (I), wherein X is a S atom.
• furo[3,2-e]triazine compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from (a) or (b) above, R, R 1 and R 2 are as described above, X is O, Y 1 is CH, Y 2 is N and Y 3 is N .
• the acetylene- substituted starting material (1) or (6) is reacted with an appropriate 5-iodo-6-hydroxyrriazine (17), wherein R is as described above, in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at elevated temperature, to give the compound (18).
• the requisite 5-iodo-6-hydroxytriazine compounds are generally available using the techniques mentioned above for synthesis of selectively substituted 3- hydroxypyridines. For example, the requisite 5-iodo-6-hydroxyrriazine can be obtained by ortho iodination of the appropriate 5 -hydroxy triazine .
• this reaction may be performed with the analogous mercaptopyrimidine, prepared as described for Scheme 1 above, to give the thieno[3,2-e]triazine compounds of Formula (I), wherein X is a S atom.
• pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridine compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from (a) or (b) above, R, R 1 and R 2 are as described above, X is NH, Y 1 and Y 3 are CH and Y 2 is N.
• a protected aminopyridine compound starting material (22) is reacted with a strong base, such as t-butyllithium, and free iodine to give the iodinated compound (23).
• Compound (23) is then reacted with compound (1) or (6) in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at elevated temperature, as described above, followed by N-deprotection under standard conditions, to give the compound (24).
• pynolo[3,2-d]pyrimidine compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from (a) or (b) above, R, R 1 and R 2 are as described above, X is NH, Y 1 and Y 2 are N, and Y 3 is CH .
• a protected aminopyrimidine compound starting material (28) is reacted with a strong base, such as t-butyllithium, and free iodine to give the iodinated compound (29).
• Compound (29) is then reacted with compound (1) or (6) in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at elevated temperature, as described above, then deacylated by standard methods to give the compound (30).
• pyrrolo[2,3-c]pyridazine compounds of Formula (I) wherein A is selected from (a) or (b) above, R, R 1 and R 2 are as described above, X is NH, Y 1 is CH, and Y 2 and Y 3 are N.
• a protected aminopyridazine compound starting material (31) is reacted with a strong base, such as t-butyllithium, and free iodine to give the iodinated compound (32).
• Compound (32) is then reacted with compound (1) or (6) in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at elevated temperature, as described above, then deacylated by standard methods to give the compound (33).
• Compound (41) is subsequently reacted with, for example, ethynyl magnesium bromide and the intermediate is reacted with triphenylphosphine dibromide to give compound (42).
• Compound 42 is treated with HCl in a polar organic solvent, such as ethanol, for example to give the 3-substituted pynolizidine compound (43).
• Compound (43) may be substituted for compounds (1) or (6) in any of Schemes 1-13 above to give the desired compound of Formula (I).
• Compound (46) is treated with PPh3 and CBr4 to give an intermediate dibromoalkene (not shown), which is then converted to the alkyne (47) by treatment with an alkyllithium compound.
• Compound (47) may be substituted for compounds (1) or (6) in any of Schemes 1-13 above to give the desired compound of Formula (I).
• Compound (49) is treated with PPh3 and o CBr4 to give the dibromoalkene (50), which is then converted to the alkyne (51) by treatment with an alkyllithium compound.
• Compound (51) may be substituted for compounds (1) or (6) in any of Schemes 1-13 above to give the desired compound of Formula (I).
• compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is C ⁇ -C4-alkyl, Br, Cl, 5 F, CF3 or CCI3 may be conveniently prepared by starting with the appropriately substituted compounds 2, 9, 11, 13, 13A, 15, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 or 35, which, if necessary, may be prepared by common techniques from the unsubstituted pyridine, pyrimidine or pyrazine starting materials or other commercially available derivatives thereof. Preparation of additional iodohydroxyheterocycles may be carried out by selective electrophilic aromatic 0 substitution reactions upon the conesponding hydroxyheterocycles.
• compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is NH2 may be prepared. Further treatment of compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is NH2 with NaNO2 and CuCN allows the preparation of compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is CN.
• amino may be oxidized with H2SO4 and H2O2 to nitro, or carboxamide may be dehydrated to cyano. Cyano groups may be treated with the appropriate alcohol in the presence of a strong acid to prepare compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is COO-Ci- G-j-alkyl.
• compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is COOH may be N-acylated by the appropriate Ci-C-t-acyl chloride (or acyl hahdes selected from Ci-C8-acyl halide, substituted ClC8-acyl halide, phenyl acyl halide, substituted phenyl-acyl-halide, heteroaryl-acyl halide, substituted heteroaryl-acyl-halide, phenyl-Ci-C6-acyl halide, substituted phenyl-Cl-C6-acyl halide, heteroaryl-acyl halide, substituted heteroaryl-acyl halide or (-O-Ci-C6alkyl)acyl halide to give compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is NH- CO-C ⁇ -C4-alkyl or the acyl derivatives of the groups specified directly above.
• compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is NH2 may by alkylated or arylated to give the compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is NR-'R 1 or NR6R7
• bromo- or chloro- substituted compounds may be replaced with alkyl or alkenyl in reactions moderated by transition metals, e.g., palladium or nickel.
• transition metals e.g., palladium or nickel.
• Appropriate precursors to compounds 13, 13A, 15, 17, 29, 32 and 35 may also be prepared by ring-closure reactions of appropriately substituted acyclic compounds, such reactions being well known to those skilled in the art.
• R when substituted at the Y* 2 position, may be selected from: NR R 4 , wherein R 3 is H or C1-C3 alkyl and R 4 is hydrogen, Ci-Cg-alkyl, phenyl, substituted-phenyl, naphthyl, substituted-naphthyl, heteroaryl, substituted-heteroaryl, phenyl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, substituted-phenyl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, heteroaryl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, and substituted-heteroaryl-C 1 -C6- alkyl-;
• R 5 is hydrogen, Ci-Cs-alkyl, substituted-Ci-Cs-alkyl, phenyl, substituted-phenyl, naphthyl, substituted naphthyl, heteroaryl, substituted-heteroaryl, phenyl-C ⁇ -C6- alkyl-, substituted-phenyl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, heteroaryl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, substituted-heteroaryl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, and O-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, N-R 6 R 7 , wherein R 6 is selected from the group consisting of H and C ⁇ -C3-alkyl-, and R 7 is selected from the group consisting of H, C ⁇ -C3-alkyl-, phenyl and substituted-phenyl;
• R* may additionally be selected from allyl;
• R2 for n is 1, 2 or 3 is selected from all the variables previously specified as well as Br, Cl, F, OH, CN, -O-CO-CH3 and -O-methanesulfonyl provided said specifically refened to R2 groups are not alpha to the ring nitrogen atom in group A;
• R at any position is additionally selected from vinyl and hydroxy.
• the hydroxy group can then be alkylated by appropriate halides or sulfonates to afford compounds or formula (I) wherein R is C1-C8 alkyl-O-, phenyl-Cl-C6-alkyl-O-, substituted phenyl Cl-C6-alkyl-O-, heteroaryl-Cl-C6-alkyl-O-, substituted heteroaxyl-Cl- C6-alkyl-O-, or acylated by appropriate isocyanates or carbamoyl chlorides to afford compounds of Formula (I) wherein R is OC(O)-NR3R4.
• the precursor wherein R is hydroxy can alternately be prepared from the compound wherein R is amino by treatment with sodium nitrite followed by heating under acid conditions. It will apparent to those skilled in the art that some of the above transformations will be best carried out following protection of moieties elsewhere in the molecule that may be susceptible to the reaction conditions with a suitable protecting group, followed by removal of the protecting group when no longer needed by conditions well known in the art.
• intermediate compounds are prepared by reaction of an acetylene compound (la), wherein n is 1 to 3 and R 1 is allyl or Ci-Cg-alkyl or a protecting group such as t-BOC or CBZ, for example, with a 2-iodo-3-hydroxypyridine compound (2a), wherein L is H, F or Cl or R as defined herein for compounds of Formula (I) above, in the presence of Pd, Cul and triethylamine at the elevated temperature (See Kundu, et al., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 1992: 41 for analogous preparation of benzofurans) to form the 6-bromofuro[3,2-b]pyridyl compound (3a).
• Scheme 19 See Kundu, et al., J. Chem. Soc. Chem. Comm., 1992: 41 for analogous preparation of benzofurans
• an intermediate compound (3a), wherein R 1 is allyl or Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl or a protecting group such as t-BOC or CBZ, for example, is reacted with an unsaturated compound (4a), (6a) or (8a), to give compounds (5a), (7a) or (9a), respectively, which are specific or protected compounds of Formula (I), by treatment with a palladium (II) catalyst under weakly basic conditions at reflux temperature in an organic or aqueous solvent.
• a reducing agent e.g. hydrogen/catalyst
• R 1 is a protecting group such as t-BOC or CBZ it must be removed under well-known standard conditions for removing those groups in order to give the desired compound of Formula (I).
• R 1 is allyl or C ⁇ -C6-alkyl
• R 1 is allyl, this may be accomplished by reacting the unprotected nitrogen atom with allyl chloride in the presence of a weak base such as triethylamine.
• R 1 is C ⁇ -C6-alkyl, this may be accomplished by reacting the unprotected nitrogen atom with the appropriate aldehyde in the presence of NaCNBH3, for example.
• L is chosen from the groups defined under R. Any of the above compounds may be further reduced to form a compound of the invention.
• an intermediate compound (3a), wherein R 1 is allyl or C ⁇ -C6-alkyl or a protecting group such as t-BOC or CBZ, for example, is reacted with a suitable boronic acid compound (10a) wherein W is selected from the group consisting of: (a) phenyl; (b) naphthyl; (c) substituted-phenyl, as defined herein; (d) substituted-naphthyl, as defined herein; (e) biphenyl; (f) substituted-biphenyl, as defined herein; (g) heteroaryl, as defined herein; (h) substituted-heteroaryl, as defined herein; (i) phenyl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, as defined herein; (j) substituted-phenyl-C ⁇ -C6-alkyl-, as defined herein; (k) heteroaryl-Ci-Cg-alkyl-, as defined herein
• compound (10a) may be replaced by a WMgX compound and reacted in the presence of Ni(dppp)2Cl2 to give compound (11).
• R 1 is a protecting group such as t-BOC or CBZ it must be removed under well-known standard conditions for removing those groups in order to give the desired compound of Formula (I).
• R 1 is allyl or Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl
• R 1 is allyl, this may be accomplished by reacting the unprotected nitrogen atom with allyl chloride in the presence of a weak base such as triethylamine.
• R 1 is C ⁇ -C6-alkyl, this may be accomplished by reacting the unprotected nitrogen atom with the appropriate aldehyde in the presence of NaCNBH3, for example.
• L is equal to R as defined above at the designated position.
• R 1 is a protecting group such as t-BOC or CBZ it must be removed under well-known standard conditions for removing those groups in order to give the desired compound of Formula (I).
• R 1 is allyl or C ⁇ -C6- alkyl
• R 1 is allyl, this may be accomplished by reacting the unprotected nitrogen atom with allyl chloride in the presence of a weak base such as triethylamine.
• R 1 is Ci- i-alkyl, this may be accomplished by reacting the unprotected nitrogen atom with the appropriate aldehyde in the presence of NaCNBH3, for example.
• Scheme 22 is shown an alternate process for preparing desired compounds of the invention.
• the heterocyclic and the pyridine moieties are first joined, and the W group is added according to Schemes 19 and 20, Scheme 22 allows for the placement of the W group before joining.
• a hydroxypyridine compound is treated with the appropriate reagent, such as a trialkylsilyl or benzyl chloride, to protect the hydroxyl group with a protecting group PG, such as trialkylsilyl or benzyl, respectively, for example to give compound (16a).
• Compound (16a) may then be reacted with an appropriate reagent, as described in Schemes 19 and 20, to give the compound (17a) having the desired substitution at L and W.
• Compound (19a) may then be reacted with a reagent R 5 -M, wherein R 5 is as described for Formula (I) above and M is Uthium or a magnesium hahde moiety, under the appropriate anhydrous conditions, with cooling if necessary, for 2-8 hours or until the reaction is complete to give, followed by treatment with aqueous acid to dissociate the metal complexes and give compound (20a).
• the cyano group of compound (19a) may be reduced by treatment with 1 atm of H2 in the presence of Raney nickel at room temperature for 1-8 hours to give an intermediate amino compound.
• a ligand-receptor binding assay was carried out as the initial screen.
• Compounds of the present invention were effective at interacting with neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors as assayed for their ability to displace radioligand from neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors labeled with [ 3 H]-cytisine ([ H]-CYT).
• Binding of [ 3 H]-CYT to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors was accomplished using crude synaptic membrane preparations from whole rat brain (Pabreza et al., Molecular Pharmacol. , 1990, 39:9). Washed membranes were stored at -80°C prior to use. Frozen aliquots were slowly thawed and resuspended in 20 volumes of buffer (containing: 120 mM NaCl, 5 mM KC1, 2 mM MgCl2, 2 mM CaC and 50 mM Tris-Cl, pH 7.4 @4°C). After centrifuging at 20,000x g for 15 minutes, the pellets were resuspended in 30 volumes of buffer.
• Homogenate (containing 125-150 ⁇ g protein) was added to triplicate tubes containing concentrations of test compound and [ 3 H]-CYT (1.25 nM) in a final volume of 500 ⁇ L. Samples were incubated for 60 minutes at 4°C, then rapidly filtered through
• IMR-32 human neuroblastoma clonal cell line ATCC, Rockville, MD
• IMR-32 human neuroblastoma clonal cell line ATCC, Rockville, MD
• Experimental cells were seeded at a density of 500,000 cells/mL into a 24- well tissue culture dish. Plated cells were allowed to proliferate for at least 48 hours before loading with 2 ⁇ Ci/mL of 8 Rb+ (35 Ci/mmol) overnight at 37°C.
• the 86Rb+ efflux assays were performed according to previously pubhshed protocols (Lukas, 1993) except serum-free Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium was used during the 86Rb+ loading, rinsing, and agonist-induced efflux steps.
• (S)-nicotine are shown for selected compounds of the invention.
• the inhibition data (given for other selected compounds) reflect inhibition of the efflux elicited by 100 ⁇ M (S)-nicotine at the indicated concentration.
• the results (also shown in Table 1) suggest that selected compounds of the present invention either activate or inhibit the initial ion flux aspects of synaptic transmission mediated by neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. This finding is in agreement with the results of others who have linked dopamine release, which is dependent upon the ion flux in synaptic transmission, to binding at nicotinic receptors (cf., for example, Lippiello and Caldwell, U.S.Patent 5,242,935, issued Sept. 7, 1993; Caldwell and Lippiello, U.S.Patent 5,248,690, issued Sept. 28, 1993; and Wonnacott et al, Prog. Brain Res., 79: 157-163 (1989)).
• Table 2 shows additional data for examples 53-59 and 134- 136.
• TLC Thin-layer chromatography
• E. Merck precoated silica gel plates (60 F-254). Rash chromatography was performed on 200-400 mesh silica gel (E. Merck), and column chromatography was performed on 70-230 mesh silica gel (E. Merck).
• THF for tetrahydrofuran
• DMF for N, N- dimethylformamide
• D2O for deuterium oxide
• CDCI3 for deuterochloroform
• DMSO-d6 for deuterodimethylsulfoxide
• BOC for tert-butyloxycarbonyl
• CBZ for benzyloxycarbonyl
• Bn for benzyl
• Ms for methanesulfonyl
• PAW for pyridine/acetic acid/water (20:6: 11)
• DCC for dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• DIBALH for d ⁇ sobutylaluminum hydride
• DIEA for diisopropylethylamine
• DPPA for diphenylphosphororyl azide
• DME for 1,2- dimethoxyethane
• EDC for l-(3-dimethyl-aminopropyl)-3-ethylcarbodiimide
• N-BOC-(S)-prolinal N-BOC-(S)-proline was reduced to N-BOC-(S)-prolinol by treatment with diborane as described by K.E. Rittle et al. (J. Org. Chem., 47:3016 (1982)).
• N-t-butyloxycarbonyl- (S)-prolinol was then oxidized to N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-(S)-prolinal by treatment with DMSO and sulfur trioxide-pyridine complex as described by Y. Hamada and T. Shioiri (Chem. Pharm. Bull, 5: 1921 (1982)).
• triphenylphosphine 13.0 g, 49.5 mmol
• zinc dust 2.16 g, 33.0 mmol
• carbon tetrabromide 11.0 g, 33.0 mmol
• CH2CI2 80 mL
• N-t-butyloxycarbonyl-(S)- prolinal 3.29 g, 16.5 mmol
• the reaction was slightly exothermic. After stirring for 1 hour, the reaction mixture was diluted with EtOAc/hexane (1:1) and filtered through basic alumina.
• reaction mixture was diluted with 1 N HCl, and the aqueous layer was separated.
• the aqueous solution was adjusted to pH 10 with K2CO3, and the mixture was extracted with CH2C12- The solution was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated.
• the reaction was stirred at 60 C for 16 hours, then cooled to room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with 2 N HCl and extracted with ether.
• the aqueous layer was adjusted to pH 10 with K2CO3, then extracted with CH2CI2.
• the extract was washed with 20% NaOH, brine, dried over MgSO4, and the solvent was removed.
• the residue was repeatedly dissolved in toluene and distilled to azeotiopically remove the DMF.
• Pentane was added and the solid was coUected by suction filtration (cold pentane wash) to afford 69.1 g of the tetrafluoroborate diazonium salt. This was dissolved in 350 mL of acetic anhydride, warmed to 75 °C (N2 evolution) and stirred for 3 h. The volatUes were removed in vacuo and the dark residue was diluted with Et2 ⁇ and washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO3. The aqueous phase was extracted with Et2 ⁇ . The combined ethereal extracts were washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), and concentrated.
• step 15a above 1.0 g, 4.8 mmol was added to a solution of 0.5 M ethynylmagnesium bromide (29 mL, 14.3 mmol) in THF at room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was stirred for 45 minutes, quenched with 15% NaOH solution, and diluted with brine:water (1:1).
• 2-Iodo-3-pyridinol (902 mg, 4.1 mmol), copper(I) iodide (116 mg, 0.61 mmol), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (119 mg, 0.17 mmol) and triethylamine (570 mL, 4.1 mmol) were combined in DMF (4.5 mL) and stirred for one hour.
• 7a-Ethynyl- hexahydro-lH-pynolizine(460 mg, 3.4 mmol) in DMF (1.2 mL) was added dropwise and the mixture was heated at 60 °C for 18 h.
• reaction mixture was aUowed to cool to ambient temperature and 2 N aqueous HCl was added.
• the heterogeneous mixture was washed with Et2 ⁇ (2X), basified with 15% ⁇ aOH solution and extracted with CH2CI2 (2X).
• the CH2CI2 extracts were combined, dried (MgSO4) concentrated and chromatographed (sihca gel; CHCl3/MeOH, 96:4) to afford an amber oil which solidified upon storage at -20°C (405 mg, 52%): mp 39-41 °C; 1H ⁇ MR (CDCI3, 300 MHz) ⁇ 1.86-
• N-Boc-R-prolinal (10.25 g, 51.50 mmol) in 150 mL of anhydrous 0 toluene at room temperature was added (triphenylphosphoranyUdene)-acetaldehyde (17.2 g, 56.7 mmol), and the mixture was refluxed for 3 hours under nitrogen. The mixture was concentrated in vacuo. The residue was purified on sihca gel , eluting with 1/4 EtOAc/hexane.
• Example 18e FoUowing the procedures of Example 18e above, substituting the ejr ⁇ -hexahydro- lH-3-(S)-ethynylpynohzine compound from Example 18d above for the endo-(R) compound of step 18e, the title compound was prepared.
• Example 15b 7a-Ethynyl-hexahydro-lH-pynotizine from Example 15b (225 mg, 1.66 mol, 6- chloro-2-iodo-3-pyridinol (509 mg, 2.0 mmol), copper(I) iodide (60 mg, 0.30 mmol), bis(triphenylphosphine)paUadium( ⁇ ) chloride (58 mg, 0.08 mmol) and triethylamine (0.280 mL, 2.0 mmol) were combined in a similar fashion as that described in Example 15c.
• step 25a The compound from step 25a (400 mg, 1.12 mmol) was dissolved in CH2CI2 (3 mL) and TFA (3 mL) was added at ambient temperature. After stirring for 1 hour, the solvent was removed and the residue was dissolved in CH2CI2 and washed with saturated K2CO3 solution, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated.
• Example 25b The amine from Example 25b (145 mg, 0.57 mmol) was dissolved in an aqueous solution of 37% formaldehyde (excess) and 88% formic acid (excess). The aqueous mixture was heated to 90 °C for 1.5 hours and then aUowed to cool to ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was washed with Et2 ⁇ , basified with 15% NaOH solution and extracted with CH2CI2 (3X).
• step 26a The compound from step 26a (92 mg, 0.34 mmol) was slunied in Et2 ⁇ and a saturated solution of HCl in Et2 ⁇ was added dropwise. The solvent was removed and the product was recrystallized from MeOH/Et2 ⁇ to afford a white solid (70 mg, 67%): mp 249- 251 °C; 1H NMR (D2O, 300 MHz) ⁇ 2.27-2.37 (m, 2H), 2.47-2.71 (m, 2H), 2.93 (s,
• N2 was added 18 g (104 mmol) of 5-amino-2-bromopyridine (from step 28a above) dissolved in 35 mL of DME. Then tert-butyl nitrite (14.7 mL, 125 mmol, Aldrich) was added at a rate which kept the temperature below 0 °C. DME (65 mL) and CH2CI2 (60 mL) were then added. After 10 minutes at -10 °C the mixture was warmed to 5 C and stirred for 30 min.
• Pentane 400 mL was then added to the reaction mixture, the solid was coUected by suction filtration, washed with cold ether, air dried, and dissolved in 125 mL acetic anhydride. The resulting solution was heated to 100 C ⁇ 5 C for 1 hour. The solvent was removed in vacuo, and the residue was suspended in saturated aqueous Na2CO3 ( and extracted with ethyl ether.
• a 300 mg sample of the compound from step 28f above was dissolved in an aqueous solution of 37 % formaldehyde (4 mL) and 88 % formic acid (2 mL) and heated at reflux for 1 hour.
• the solution was cooled, dUuted with water, and adjusted to pH 10 with K2CO3.
• the mixture was extracted with CH2CI2, and the extract was dried and concentrated.
• the residue was purified by chromatography on sUica gel, eluting with 100:0 to 97:3 CHCl3:MeOH.
• the product was dissolved in ethanol at ambient temperature and a solution of hydrochloric acid in Et2 ⁇ was added dropwise.
• 2,3-Dichloro-6-iodo-5-pyridinol (163 mg, 0.56 mmol) from example 25a, copper(I) iodide (20 mg, 0.10 mmol), bis(triphenylphosphine)paUadium(II) chloride (20 mg, 0.030 mmol) and triethylamine (176 mL, 0.67 mmol) were combined and aUowed to stir for 1 hour at ambient temperature. 7a-ethynyl-hexahydro-lH-pynolizine (91 mg, 0.67 mmol) in DMF (1.0 mL) was added to the reaction mixture which was then heated to 60°C for 18 hours.
• reaction mixture was stined at 60 °C for 16 hours, then cooled to room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with ether, then washed with 10% NaOH and brine.
• the organic extract was dried over MgSO4 and concentrated. The residue was chromatographed
• 3-Bromo-2-chloro-5-hydroxy-6-iodopyridine (2.0 g, 6.0 mmol)(prepared by treatment of 3-bromo-2-chloro-5-hydroxypyridine (Koch & Schnatterer, Synthesis 1990, 499) with 12 (ibid, p. 497), paUadium (II) bis(triphenylphosphine) chloride (0.21 g, 0.30 mmol), Cul (0.228 g, 1.2 mmol) and triethylamine (1.0 mL) were dissolved in DMF (8 mL).
• reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and poured into saturated NaHCO3 and washed with Et2 ⁇ (4X lOOmL). The combined organic extracts were washed with brine/H2 ⁇ (1/1 400mL), dried (MgSO4), and concentrated .
• Carbon tetrabromide (28.9 g, 87.2 mmol) was added to a 0 °C solution of triphenyphosphine (57.2 g, 218 mmol) in CH2CI2 (200 mL) under a nitrogen atmosphere. The solution was warmed to ambient temperature, stirred for 10 minutes, then a solution of the aldehyde from step 52b in CH2CI2 (20 mL) was added via cannula. After 15 minutes, the reaction mixture was dUuted with 1 : 1 EtOAc/hexane (300 mL) and filtered through a pad of Cehte and sUica gel (1 : 1 EtOAc/hexane wash).
• 3-Hydroxypyridine (366 mg, 1.65 mmol), copper(I) iodide (47 mg, 0.25 mmol), bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) chloride (58 mg, 0.083 mmol) and triethylamine (242 mL, 1.74 mmol) were combined in DMF (3.0 mL) and allowed to stir for 1 hour.
• step 52e above 330 mg, 1.05 mmol was dissolved in CH2CI2 (3 mL) and TFA (3 mL) was added at ambient temperature. After stirring for 30 minutes, the solvent was removed and the residue was diluted with CH2CI2 and washed with saturated K2CO3 solution, dried (MgSO4) and concentrated.
• Phenylbororic acid (0.18 g, 1.48 mmol), paUadium (0) tetrakis(triphenylphosphine) (40 mg) and 2 M aqueous Na2CO3 (1.3 mL) were added to the reaction mixture and refluxed overnight. The solvent was evaporated and the residue was chromatographed (sUica gel; Hexane/EtOAc, 100:5 to 5:1) to afford an oil (0.41 g, 83%). MS (CI/NH3) m/z: 399 (M+H)+; 1H NMR (CDCI3, 300 MHz) ⁇ 1.35, 1.46 (s, 9H), 1.95-2.07 ( , 2H), 2.16
• Example 55b 2-(2-(R)-pyrrolidinyl)-5-chloro-6-phenyl furor3.2-blpyridine hydrochloride The compound of Example 55a was added to a solution of 4.0 M HCl in dioxane.
• Example 55a To the compound obtained in Example 55a (0.22 g, 0.55 mmol) was added formic acid (3.0 mL) and formaldehyde (37%, 6 mL). The mixture was heated at 80 °C for two hours. After cooling to room temperature, the solution was basified to pH 9 with saturated o aqueous NaHCO3 followed by extraction with CH2CI2 (3X). The combined organic layers were dried, concentrated and chromatographed (sUica gel; CH2 ⁇ 2/MeOH, 10:0.3 to 10:0.5) to afford an oil (0.11 g, 62%).
• Example 56b 5-chloro-62-(l -methyl- 2-(R)-pynolidinvD— phenyl furor3,2-blpyridine hydrochloride
• the compound obtained in Example 56a was dissolved in Et2 ⁇ and 1.0 HCl in Et2 ⁇ was added dropwise. The solvent was evaporated and the salt was triturated in Et2 ⁇ and dried under vacuum, mp 252-254 °C; [ ⁇ ] D 23 +38.79 (c 0.50, MeOH); MS (CI/NH3) 0 m/z: 313 (M+H)+; 1 H NMR (D2O, 300 MHz) ⁇ 2.28-2.40 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.70 (br, 2H),
• Example 53 replacing the 2-(l-BOC-2(-pynolidinyl)-6- bromofuro[3,2-b]pyridine with the starting material compounds shown in Table 3 and replacing the phenylboronic acid reagent thereof with a R-B(OH)2 reagent shown in Table 3 below, the desired compounds 60-82 having R as described in Table 3 are prepared.
• the S compounds or the racemic compounds may also readtiy be prepared from the appropriate precursor(s) as shown in the schemes or tables herein.
• L can be varied as well and is selected from those variables hsted as R in formula I.
• L at the position shown in Table 3 is prefenably chosen from H, F, Cl or Me. able 3
• S compound or racemic compounds may also be prepared from the appropriate precursor(s).
• L is chosen from R as described for formula I for the designated position and is prefenably selected from H, F, Cl or Me.
• 6-(benzoyl)-2-(l-Boc-2-(R)-pyrrolidinyl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine is dissolved in CH2CI2 (10 mL).
• the mixture is cooled to 0°C, TFA (10 mL) is added and the reaction is 5 stirred for 45 minutes as it warms to room temperature.
• the mixture is concentrated in vacuo and taken up in a minimum amount of H2O.
• the aqueous mixture is basified with 15% NaOH and extracted with CH2CI2 (200 mL), which is dried (MgSO4) and concentrated.
• the residue is chromatographed (sihca gel) to afford the free amine.
• the isolated free amine is taken up in a minimum amount of Et2 ⁇ , cooled to 0°C, and treated 0 with HCl in EtOH to afford the hydrochloride salt.
• Example 93 replacing the 2-(l-Boc-2-(R)-pynolidinyl)- 5 6-cyanofuro[3,2-b]pyridine with the starting material compounds shown in Table 5 and replacing the phenylmagnesium bromide reagent thereof with a R 5 -Mg-Br Grignard reagent shown in Table 5 below, the desired compounds 94-97 having L and R 5 as described in Table 5 are prepared. S or R or racemic compounds may be prepared from the appropriate precursor(s). L is equal to R as described for formula I at that position. R-5 is also selected 0 from the variables as hsted in formula I. Table 5
• Example 93 Following the procedure of Example 93, replacing the 2-(l-Boc-2-(R)-pyrrolidinyl)- 6-cyano-furo[3,2-b]pyridine with the starting material compounds shown in Table 6 and replacing the phenylmagnesium bromide reagent thereof with a R 5 -Mg-Br Grignard reagent shown in Table 6 below, the desired compounds 112 - 117 having L and R 5 as described in Table 6 are prepared.
• Example 58 replacing 6-bromo-5-chloro-2-(l-methyl-2- (R)-pyrrohdinyl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine with starting material compounds shown in Table 7, replacing the 4-vinylpyridine starting reagent thereof with the starting reagent compounds shown in Table 7, then hydro genating the product thereof with paUadium or platinum on charcoal the desired compounds 104 - 107 having L and R 9 as described in Table 7 are prepared.
• S, R or racemic compounds may be prepared from the appropriate precursor(s).
• L is chosen from R in formula I and is prefenably chosen from H, Cl, F or Me. This reaction is partially described in Scheme 19.
• Example 108 replacing the 2-(l-methyl-2-(R)- pynohdinyl)-6-(bromo)-furo[3,2-b]pyridine thereof with the starting material compound shown in Table 8 and replacing the 3-pyridinyltributyltin reagent thereof with the reagent shown in Table 8, the desired compounds 109-117 having L and R as described in Table 8 are prepared.
• L may also be selected from the groups listed for R of formula I at the designated position.
• the heteroaryl groups (het) shown at position Y-2 of formula I are added as described above using the appropriate tributyltin reagent.
• R or S or racemic compounds may be prepared from the appropriate precursor and are included within the scope of the invention.
• the reagents are either readily avaUable or may be prepared from commercially avaUable starting materials by standard synthetic methods.
• the carbomethoxy group is hydrolyzed with base as additional step in this preparation. **After following the procedures of Example 108, with substitutions as indicated, the following additional steps are necessary: the carbomethoxy group is hydrolyzed with base; the resulting free acid is reduced to the alcohol with LiAlH4, and the resulting alcohol is oxidized to the aldehyde with Swern or Colhns reagents.
• Example 58 replacing 6-bromo-5-chloro-2-(2-(R)- pynolidinyl)furo[3,2-b]pyridine with starting material compounds shown in Table 9, replacing the vinylpyridine starting reagent thereof with the starting reagent compounds shown Table 9, then optionally hydrogenating the product thereof with palladium on charcoal the desired compounds 118-120 having L and R 9 as described in Table 9 are prepared.
• L may be selected from the group R of formula I as described herein for the designated position and R ⁇ , in Table 9, is chosen from arylCi-C6alkyl moieties as exemplified below.
• the R or S or racemic compounds may be prepared from the appropriate precursor(s).
• L is not selected from a moiety which prevents the regioselective addition to position Y-2 on the compound of formula I.
• Example 121 Following the procedure of Example 121, replacing the 2-(l-Boc-2-(R)- pyrrolidinyl)-6-cyanofuro[3,2-b]pyridine starting material thereof with the starting materials shown in Table 10 below, and replacing the benzoyl chloride of step 121b with the acylating reagent shown in Table 10, the desired compounds 122-127 having L and R 5 as described in Table 10 are prepared.
• L may be selected from R as described previously for groups at that position and R, S or racemic compounds may be prepared from the appropriate precursor.
• the cyano group may be further extended via carbon-carbon homologations to form extended alkyl (branched or unbranched) amines which can be further treated with X(CO)R-5 or other acylating reagents or alkylating reagents to form, for example, -(Ci-C6alkyl)amide compounds within the scope of the invention.
• X(CO)R-5 or other acylating reagents or alkylating reagents to form, for example, -(Ci-C6alkyl)amide compounds within the scope of the invention.
• the nitrogen atom on the left hand side of the molecule should be protected during the acylation process.
• m is selected from 1-6-e.g., C1-C6.
• Example 121 replacing the 2-(l-Boc-2-(R)- pynohdinyl)-6-(cyano)-furo[3,2-b]pyridine starting material thereof with the starting materials shown in Table 11 below, and replacing the benzoyl chloride of step 121b with the acylating reagent shown in Table 11, the desired compounds 128-132 having L and R 5 as described in Table 11 are prepared.
• L can be selected from the R group of formula I at the designated position and R ⁇ is selected from, for example, those alkanoyl- or benzoylating reagents as hsted below or from those reagents of like kind which are known, available or readUy prepared.
• S, R and racemic compounds may be prepared from the appropriate precursor(s).
• An N-alkyl or suitable protecting group is necessary on the left hand side to permit acylation.
• 6-Chloro-2-iodo-3-pyridinol (693 mg, 2.71 mmol) from step 1 lc above, copper(I) iodide (77 mg, 0.41 mmol), bis(triphenylphosphine)paUadium(II) chloride (95 mg, 0.14 mmol) and triethylamine (416 mL, 2.98 mmol) were combined in DMF (5.0 mL) and allowed to stir for 1 hour.
• step 135a above 178 mg, 0.510 mmol was dissolved in 1:1 CH2CI2/TFA (4 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature for 45 min. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was dUuted with saturated aqueous K2CO3 and extracted with CH2CI2 (3X). The combined organic extracts were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated.
• the diazonium salt from step 136c above (83.6 g) was suspended in acetic anhydride (500 mL) and quickly warmed to 110 °C ⁇ 5 °C until nitrogen evolution became minimal (approximately 1 hour).
• the solvent was removed in vacuo with a rotary evaporator (bath temperature 70 °C) and the residue was dUuted with Et2 ⁇ (1 L) and saturated aqueous Na2CO3 (300 mL).
• the layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et2 ⁇ (4 x 500 mL).
• the combined ethereal extracts were dried (MgSO4) and concentrated.
• step 136g above The compound from step 136g above (245 mg, 0.737 mmol) was dissolved in 1:1 CH2CI2/TFA (6 mL) and stirred at ambient temperature for 30 minutes. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the residue was partitioned between CH2CI2 and saturated aqueous 0 K2CO3. The organic extract was dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated.
• the prefened compounds are those designated as Examples 15, 23, 26, 55 and 58 which are the most potent binders to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor.
• the prefened use of compounds of the invention is as a nicotinic acethycholine receptor modulator as described herein.
• the prefened compounds for the most part, have a chlorine at the 5- position of the moiety and, thus, the preferred class of compounds is directed thereto.

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