EP0972665B1 - Dispositif pour le verrouillage d'un élément de fermeture d'un véhicule - Google Patents
Dispositif pour le verrouillage d'un élément de fermeture d'un véhicule Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0972665B1 EP0972665B1 EP99112655A EP99112655A EP0972665B1 EP 0972665 B1 EP0972665 B1 EP 0972665B1 EP 99112655 A EP99112655 A EP 99112655A EP 99112655 A EP99112655 A EP 99112655A EP 0972665 B1 EP0972665 B1 EP 0972665B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- rotary disc
- closing apparatus
- rotary
- carrier frame
- bore
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60J—WINDOWS, WINDSCREENS, NON-FIXED ROOFS, DOORS, OR SIMILAR DEVICES FOR VEHICLES; REMOVABLE EXTERNAL PROTECTIVE COVERINGS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR VEHICLES
- B60J7/00—Non-fixed roofs; Roofs with movable panels, e.g. rotary sunroofs
- B60J7/185—Locking arrangements
Definitions
- Closing devices of this and a similar type are known and are preferably used for locking and Unlocking locking components, namely movable roofs of vehicles.
- DE 39 24 295 C1 discloses a hydraulically operated closing device for a convertible top that is in its closed position is locked with a counterpart. It's on one of the components arranged closure that when open Convertible top is held in a release position, as well a lock pin arranged on the other component, the due to the closing feed of the convertible top with the closure interacts. It also has a hydraulic drive for the lock, through which the lock pin engages the lock a pre-locked starting position in its complete locked end position is pulled, the from the lock pin penetrated opening of the closure of one Bounding recess centering recess is.
- a closing device of the type mentioned is known to US 3,089,719 remove.
- the heart of this locking device is a slewing ring the two pull and push rods due to its rotary motion moves, which are pivotally attached to the top of the turnstile. These rods in turn operate associated Catch hooks that engage in appropriate eyelets and such lock the soft top.
- the slewing ring itself is designed as a gear and at the exit of the gearbox, which is connected to the clutch Drive motor is connected.
- the object of the invention is therefore to create an improved closing device of the generic type.
- the design effort should be significantly reduced, so that the construction is easier to manufacture and assemble. This is primarily intended to save manufacturing costs.
- This Element can be made of highly abrasion-resistant plastic material.
- the plain bearing element has a substantially U-shaped cross section on.
- the U-shaped cross section ensures one linear contact between the top and bottom edge the circular hole in the carrier plate and the inside of the slide bearing element, whereby jamming between the Plain bearing element and the carrier plate is possible, so that additional fasteners can be dispensed with.
- connection between the gearbox and slewing ring for transmission the rotational movement and the torque preferably exist from a form-fitting coupling element.
- a form-fitting coupling element there is in particular a multi-spline profile pin or the like Machine element provided.
- the positive coupling element for manual operation of the Slewing ring axially displaceable by means of an auxiliary tool is, wherein a spring element is arranged such that the axial displacement takes place against a spring force that causes a resetting force.
- the spring element can preferably in the area of the other side of the carrier plate facing away from the support plate.
- the Coupling element can move in the direction of its axial be guided in the transmission.
- the spring element can be in direct contact with stand the coupling element.
- the spring element is interposed a ball on the facing away from the support plate Side of the coupling element.
- the ball causes Decouple the spring from rotary movements of the coupling element. This prevents noise caused by a undesirable twisting of the spring can occur.
- On The ball can slide through a suitable guide be avoided in the transmission.
- the coupling element is advantageously designed such that that the auxiliary tool for axially moving the Coupling element on its in the area of the slewing ring arranged end attachable and for transmitting a torque can be brought into engagement with the turntable is.
- Such a design of the coupling element facilitates placing the auxiliary tool on the coupling element, which enables rapid actuation of the closing device be guaranteed by means of the auxiliary tool can.
- the choice of the cross section of the front End of the auxiliary tool freely selectable, provided that one Torque transmission to the slewing ring can be achieved can.
- the choice of the cross section of the front end of the auxiliary tool freely selectable corresponds to the cross section of the front end of the auxiliary tool essentially the cross section of the coupling element.
- Such an auxiliary tool uses the between Slewing ring and coupling element optimized shape for torque transmission. Destruction of the opening for the coupling element through a differently designed auxiliary tool, that, for example, only selectively on the side surfaces of the Opening is attacked, is avoided.
- Auxiliary tool at its front end for guidance inside the opening for the coupling element in the slewing ring cylindrical and with a perpendicular to Cylinder axis, namely provided across the cylinder extending pin, the pin ends protrude on both sides of the cylinder as well as in cutouts opposite the opening of the slewing ring are formed for the passage of the protruding pin ends.
- the Torque is transmitted in this embodiment not over the outer surface of the auxiliary tool, but over the pin ends protruding from the auxiliary tool on both sides, with corresponding Attacks can be brought into engagement.
- these pin ends of the pin running across the cylinder with on the side facing the transmission the turntable arranged stops can be brought into engagement.
- the stops can also Transfer manual forces in the axial direction of the coupling element be, whereby a one-hand operation of the closing device by means of the auxiliary tool. That there can be axial forces in two directions, namely additionally a tractive force can be exerted on the slewing ring.
- the stops can preferably be arranged in pairs be so that torque transmission in both directions is guaranteed.
- the arrangement described can also an undesired falling out of the auxiliary tool prevent.
- the turntable has an outwardly projecting nose-shaped extension or the like on the outer edge, which at the end of the rotary movement of the turnstile when locking the closing device with one of two stops projecting from the carrier plate and at the end of one opposite rotational movement with the other of the stops projecting from the support plate comes into engagement.
- the extension is suitable for actuating limit switches or microswitches which switch off the drive motor when the extension reaches the relevant stop and thus the respective end position of the rotary movement of the turntable when locking and unlocking the closing device is reached.
- the slewing ring two by 180 ° mutually offset bearing points for a train and
- the pull and push rods are included preferably articulated at the bearing points.
- FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a motor-gear slewing ring Unit of a closing device with the first removed Partial ring 3b (see FIG. 2) of a rotating ring consisting of the partial ring 3b and a partial ring 3a firmly connected thereto (see FIG. 2).
- a drive motor 1 is with a gear 2 in structural unit executed.
- This engine-gearbox unit is by screws, not shown, on one side with a carrier plate 4 (holes B5, B6) and on the other Side connected to a holding plate 10.
- the carrier plate 4 has a circular bore 7 into which a plain bearing element 8 (see also FIG. 5) is used.
- the slide bearing element 8 provides the carrier plate 4 in the area of the bore 7 both with a radial also with a bilateral axial bearing surface for the first partial ring located in the bore 7 3a.
- the first part of the wreath 3a is - as later in detail will be seen - executed deep drawn, so that he both a radial as well as an axial contact surface for the Positioning the partial ring 3a in the bore 7 forms.
- the center of the first partial ring 3a has an opening 16a on with a central opening 16b of the second ring 3b forms an opening 16 of the slewing ring 3.
- a form-fitting coupling element in the form of a multi-spline profile pin 9 serves to transmit the rotary movement from the gearbox 2 to the slewing ring 3; in Fig. 1 is too see how the end of the spline through the opening 16b in the center of the first partial ring 3a. passes.
- the Slewing ring 3 also has two bearing points 11 for the train and Push rods 5, one of which is shown cut off is (Fig. 2).
- the motor-gear-slewing ring unit is with screws, not shown, over the carrier plate 4 (two holes B1, B2 for the screws) and over the Retaining plate 10 (holes B3, B4) with the top of the roof Convertible tops screwed or riveted.
- FIG. 2 The same view as in FIG. 1 can be seen in FIG. 2, however the slewing ring 3 is now fully assembled, namely also provided with the second partial ring 3b and it is one Pull and push rod 5 articulated. From spline pin 9 now only the end can be seen, which is a hole 18 having. It can also be seen that the second partial ring 3b an extension 13 has. This "nose” comes at the end of the rotary movement of the Turntable 3 when locking with a stop 13a and End of the opposite rotary movement with a further stop 13b engaged and is designed so that two, not shown Limit switch or microswitch operated with the extension 13 can be.
- the drive motor 1 can thus be operated automatically : It runs when a convertible top is locked or the closing device until the extension 13 reaches the stop 13a and the drive motor 1 by actuation the microswitch is turned off; the drive motor 1 runs accordingly when unlocking the convertible top in the opposite direction until the extension 13 a second microswitch actuated.
- the stops 13a and 13b secure the end positions of the slewing ring 3 in both engine and Manual operation of the slewing ring 3.
- Fig. 3 is the fully assembled motor-gear slewing ring unit to see, now two train and Push rods 5 are articulated, which are arranged mirror-symmetrically and two Operate catch hook 6 (see Fig. 4).
- the motor-gear-slewing ring unit is located in the Middle of a roof top 15 of the convertible top. From there the tie rods and push rods extend largely symmetrically 5 - one to the left (only partially visible) and one to the right (shown in full).
- the train and Push rods 5 are each articulated at one end Slewing ring 3 articulated. With their other end they are with connected to a gear element, the catch hook 6 in actuated in a known manner.
- the structure of the slewing ring 3 is pulled apart in FIG. 5 Recognizable representation.
- the slewing ring 3 consists of the two sub-rings 3a and 3b, which are fixed during assembly are connected to each other (e.g. riveted).
- the partial wreath 3a is deep-drawn so that it has a step. On the one hand, this step forms a radial guide in the Bore 7 of the carrier plate 4 and on the other hand an axial Guide on one side 4a of the carrier plate 4.
- the partial ring 3b has essentially a flat disc-shaped Shape. The diameter of the partial ring 3b is kept that it has an axial guide on the other side 4b of the carrier plate 4 enables.
- both Partial rings 3a, 3b Through the firm connection of both Partial rings 3a, 3b to the slewing ring 3 results during assembly an exact guidance of the slewing ring 3 in the carrier plate 4.
- a low-wear and smooth-running bearing of the slewing ring 3 to achieve, the plain bearing element 8 in the Bore 7 used, the wear-resistant plastic consists.
- the two openings 16a and 16b of the partial rings 3a, 3b form the common opening 16 of the slewing ring 3, through which the torque before as a coupling element acting multi-spline pin 9 is transferred to the slewing ring 3. To do so the opening 16 corresponds to the multi-spline pin 9 Cross section on.
- Fig. 6 shows the multi-spline pin 9, for the Torque transmission from gear 2 to slewing ring 3 provides.
- the multi-spline profile pin 9 is spring-biased in one direction.
- a spring 12 in the axial extension of the spline pin 9 mounted by a feather hat (spring centering) 14 is biased.
- a - not shown - covenant provides for the fact that the multi-spline profile pin 9 is still not in the spring preload direction (against the direction of the arrow, see Fig. 6) pushed away becomes.
- One between the spring end and the spline pin 9 arranged ball 17 decouples the spring 12 from Rotational movements of the multi-spline profile pin 9.
- the ball 17 and the multi-spline profile pin 9 are guided in the transmission 2.
- auxiliary tool 20, 20a that the driver in Carrying vehicle tools is essentially a screwdriver with a corresponding multi-spline profile as a turning approach.
- This auxiliary tool 20, 20a is axially aligned on the End of the multi-spline pin 9 (see Fig. 2 or 3) attached.
- pin 19 at the front end of the auxiliary tool 20, 20a arranged pin 19 in the corresponding bore 18th of the spline pin 9 inserted.
- the multi-spline pin 9 By exerting a pressure force by hand in the direction of the arrow (Fig. 6), the multi-spline pin 9 from its usual working position pushed out and out of engagement with the slewing ring 3 brought. Instead, the multi-spline profile of the auxiliary tool comes 20 with the corresponding multiple wedge recess in the opening 16 of the Slewing ring 3 in engagement. Then the slewing ring 3 per Be turned by hand.
- auxiliary tool 20a In the case of a cylindrically shaped turning attachment of the auxiliary tool 20a extends a pin 21 perpendicular to Cylinder axis with the pin ends protruding on both sides of the cylinder (Fig. 6). After passing the auxiliary tool 20a through the corresponding recesses (not here shown) provided opening 16 becomes the auxiliary tool 20a twisted so that the pin ends with not shown here Attacks on the back of the ring 3a engages come over which the torque is transmitted.
- the Multi-spline profile pin 9 again in the opening 16 of the slewing ring 3 in and then like this - after repairing the drive motor 1 - operate the slewing ring 3 again.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Operated Clutches (AREA)
- Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
- Quick-Acting Or Multi-Walled Pipe Joints (AREA)
- Power-Operated Mechanisms For Wings (AREA)
Claims (17)
- Dispositif de fermeture pour un élément de fermeture d'un véhicule, en particulier pour la capote décapotable d'un véhicule, qui présente :au moins un moteur de commande (1), de préférence un moteur électrique, pour l'actionnement du dispositif de fermeture,un engrenage (2), qui est réalisé de préférence avec un moteur de commande (1) en une unité de construction, qui est en relation avec le moteur de commande (1),une couronne de rotation (3) substantiellement circulaire qui est en relation avec l'engrenage (2) et qui peut être tournée par celui-ci autour de son axe central dans les deux sens de rotation,une tôle porteuse (4) qui porte au moins la couronne de rotation (3),au moins une tige de traction et de pression (5) qui est positionnée articulée sur la couronne de rotation (3) avec l'une de ses extrémités etau moins un crochet d'attache (6) qui est en relation avec l'autre extrémité de la tige de traction et de pression (5) et qui peut s'engrener dans un oeillet pour verrouillage,la tôle porteuse (4) présente une forure (7) pour recevoir la couronne de rotation (3) sur sa périphérie extérieure et pour son positionnement radial, le diamètre de la forure (7) étant adapté au diamètre extérieur de la couronne de rotation (3) etque la couronne de rotation (3) se compose de deux couronnes partielles (3a, 3b) qui sont reliées fixement l'une à l'autre,la première couronne partielle (3a) ayant une forme telle qu'elle est adjacente à la face intérieure de la forure (7) de la tôle porteuse (4) d'une part pour un guidage radial de la couronne de rotation (3) et à l'un des côtés (4a) de la tôle porteuse (4) d'autre part pour un guidage axial de la couronne de rotation (3) etla seconde couronne partielle (3b) ayant une configuration substantiellement en forme de disque et celle-ci étant adajcente à l'autre côté (4b) de la tôle porteuse (4) pour un guidage axial de la couronne de rotation (3).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'un élément de palier à glissement en forme d'anneau (8) est placé dans la zone de la forure (7) entre la tôle porteuse (4) et la couronne de rotation (3).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de palier à glissement (8) présente une section substantiellement en forme d'U.
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 2 ou 3, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de palier à glissement (8) est en matériau plastique très résistant à l'usure.
- Dispositif de fermeture selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que la liaison entre l'engrenage (2) et la couronne de rotation (3) pour la transmission du mouvement de rotation et du couple de rotation est constituée par un élément d'accouplement craboté (9).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que l'élément d'accouplement craboté (9) est une cheville profilée à clavettes multiples.
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 5 ou 6, caractérisé en ce que l'élément d'accouplement craboté (9) est mobile axialement pour un actionnement manuel de la couronne de rotation (3) à l'aide d'un outil auxiliaire (20, 20a), un élément à ressort (12) étant placé de telle manière que le déplacement axial a lieu contre sa force de ressort qui provoque une force de rappel.
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que l'élément de ressort (12) repose sur le côté de l'élément d'accouplement (9) qui est détourné de la tôle porteuse (4) en intercalant une bille (17).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que l'élément d'accouplement (9) est configuré de telle manière que l'outil auxiliaire (20) pour le déplacement axial de l'élément d'accouplement (9) peut être posé sur l'extrémité de celui-ci placée dans la zone de la couronne de rotation (3) et peut être amené en prise avec la couronne de rotation (3) pour transmettre un couple de rotation à celle-ci.
- Dispositif de fermeture selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications 5 à 9, caractérisé en ce que l'extrémité de l'élément d'accouplement (9) qui est placée dans la zone de la couronne de rotation (3) présente une forure (18) qui peut être amenée en prise avec un tourillon (19) qui fait saillie dans la zone de contact de l'outil auxiliaire (20).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications 7 à 10, caractérisé en ce que la section de l'extrémité antérieure de l'outil auxiliaire (20) correspond substantiellement à la section de l'élément d'accouplement (9).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon l'une ou plusieurs des revendications 7 à 11, caractérisé en ce que l'outil auxiliaire (20a) est configuré cylindrique à son extrémité antérieure pour un guidage à l'intérieur de l'ouverture (16) pour l'élément d'accouplement (9) dans la couronne de rotation (3) et est pourvu d'un tourillon (21) qui est perpendiculaire à l'axe du cylindre, à savoir transversalement à travers le cylindre, les extrémités du tourillon faisant saillie des deux côtés du cylindre et des réservations opposées l'une à l'autre étant configurées dans l'ouverture (16) de la couronne de rotation (3) pour le passage des extrémités faisant saillie du tourillon (21).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 12, caractérisé en ce que les extrémités qui font saillie du tourillon (21) de l'outil auxiliaire (20a), tourillon qui passe transversalement à travers le cylindre, peuvent être mises en prise avec des butées sur le côté de la couronne de rotation (3) qui est tourné vers l'engrenage (2).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon l'une des revendications 1 à 13, caractérisé en ce que la couronne de rotation (3) présente un prolongement (13) qui est conçu de telle manière qu'il vient en prise à la fin du mouvement de rotation de la couronne de rotation (3) lors du verouillage du dispositif de fermeture avec une butée (13a) sur la tôle porteuse (4) et à la fin du mouvement de rotation opposée avec une autre butée (13b) sur la tôle porteuse (4), le prolongement (13) étant approprié pour actionner des commutateurs de fin de course ou des commutateurs miniatures qui mettent en marche ou arrêtent le moteur de commande (1).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon l'une des revendications 1 à 14, caractérisé en ce que la couronne de rotation (3) présente deux points d'appui (11) déclaés de 180° l'un par rapport à l'autre pour respectivement une tige de traction· et de pression (5) chaque.
- Dispositif de fermeture selon la revendication 15, caractérisé en ce que les tiges de traction et de pression (5) sont articulées de manière articulée aux points d'appui (11).
- Dispositif de fermeture selon l'une des revendications 1 à 16, caractérisé en ce que l'axe de rotation du moteur de commande (1) et l'axe de rotation de la couronne de rotation (3) sont perpendiculaires l'un à l'autre.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE29812602U | 1998-07-15 | ||
DE29812602U DE29812602U1 (de) | 1998-07-15 | 1998-07-15 | Verschließvorrichtung für ein Schließbauteil eines Fahrzeugs |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0972665A1 EP0972665A1 (fr) | 2000-01-19 |
EP0972665B1 true EP0972665B1 (fr) | 2002-11-13 |
EP0972665B9 EP0972665B9 (fr) | 2003-03-26 |
Family
ID=8059898
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99112655A Expired - Lifetime EP0972665B9 (fr) | 1998-07-15 | 1999-07-02 | Dispositif pour le verrouillage d'un élément de fermeture d'un véhicule |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0972665B9 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE227659T1 (fr) |
DE (2) | DE29812602U1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1707414A2 (fr) | 2005-04-02 | 2006-10-04 | Wilhelm Karmann GmbH | Véhicule convertible avec un dispositif de verrouillage d'un toit-ouvrant au cadre de pare-brise |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE19935739A1 (de) * | 1999-07-29 | 2001-02-08 | Lunke Ventra Automotive Gmbh | Schloßteil zum lösbaren Verbinden eines Fahrzeugdachs mit einem Karosseriebauteil |
DE102004046602A1 (de) | 2004-09-25 | 2006-04-06 | Wilhelm Karmann Gmbh | Cabriolet-Fahrzeug |
DE102004046601A1 (de) | 2004-09-25 | 2006-04-06 | Wilhelm Karmann Gmbh | Cabriolet-Fahrzeug |
EP2090451B1 (fr) | 2008-02-15 | 2010-03-31 | Webasto AG | Dispositif de fermeture d'un composant de fermeture d'un véhicule |
DE102008024723A1 (de) | 2008-05-22 | 2009-12-03 | Webasto Ag | Faltverdeck mit einer Verschlussvorrichtung |
DE102008053187A1 (de) | 2008-10-24 | 2010-05-20 | Audi Ag | Verschluss |
DE102013102441A1 (de) * | 2013-03-12 | 2014-10-02 | Webasto-Edscha Cabrio GmbH | Verriegelungseinrichtung für ein verstellbares Dachteil eines Fahrzeugdachs |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3089719A (en) * | 1960-07-22 | 1963-05-14 | Dura Corp | Power operated latch for convertible tops |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4830425A (en) * | 1988-01-04 | 1989-05-16 | Muscat Peter P | Latching system for a convertible top |
DE3924295C1 (fr) | 1989-07-22 | 1990-08-02 | Daimler-Benz Aktiengesellschaft, 7000 Stuttgart, De | |
US5624149A (en) * | 1992-09-04 | 1997-04-29 | Asc Incorporated | Apparatus and method for securing a convertible roof to an automotive vehicle |
DE9407380U1 (de) * | 1994-05-04 | 1994-11-03 | Scharwaechter Gmbh Co Kg | Verriegelungsvorrichtung für ein Klappverdeck am Windschutzscheibenrahmen |
-
1998
- 1998-07-15 DE DE29812602U patent/DE29812602U1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1999
- 1999-07-02 EP EP99112655A patent/EP0972665B9/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 DE DE59903375T patent/DE59903375D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-07-02 AT AT99112655T patent/ATE227659T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3089719A (en) * | 1960-07-22 | 1963-05-14 | Dura Corp | Power operated latch for convertible tops |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1707414A2 (fr) | 2005-04-02 | 2006-10-04 | Wilhelm Karmann GmbH | Véhicule convertible avec un dispositif de verrouillage d'un toit-ouvrant au cadre de pare-brise |
DE102005015165A1 (de) * | 2005-04-02 | 2006-10-05 | Wilhelm Karmann Gmbh | Cabriolet-Fahrzeug mit einem am Windschutzscheibenrahmen sicherbaren Dach |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE29812602U1 (de) | 2000-03-30 |
EP0972665B9 (fr) | 2003-03-26 |
EP0972665A1 (fr) | 2000-01-19 |
DE59903375D1 (de) | 2002-12-19 |
ATE227659T1 (de) | 2002-11-15 |
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