EP0967364B1 - Anneau de stator de turbine haute pression d'une turbomachine - Google Patents
Anneau de stator de turbine haute pression d'une turbomachine Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0967364B1 EP0967364B1 EP99401567A EP99401567A EP0967364B1 EP 0967364 B1 EP0967364 B1 EP 0967364B1 EP 99401567 A EP99401567 A EP 99401567A EP 99401567 A EP99401567 A EP 99401567A EP 0967364 B1 EP0967364 B1 EP 0967364B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- downstream
- sectors
- ring
- spacer
- foot
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 43
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 6
- 208000018672 Dilatation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
- F01D11/08—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages for sealing space between rotor blade tips and stator
- F01D11/14—Adjusting or regulating tip-clearance, i.e. distance between rotor-blade tips and stator casing
- F01D11/16—Adjusting or regulating tip-clearance, i.e. distance between rotor-blade tips and stator casing by self-adjusting means
- F01D11/18—Adjusting or regulating tip-clearance, i.e. distance between rotor-blade tips and stator casing by self-adjusting means using stator or rotor components with predetermined thermal response, e.g. selective insulation, thermal inertia, differential expansion
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
- F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
- F01D25/00—Component parts, details, or accessories, not provided for in, or of interest apart from, other groups
- F01D25/24—Casings; Casing parts, e.g. diaphragms, casing fastenings
- F01D25/246—Fastening of diaphragms or stator-rings
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
- F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
- F05D2240/00—Components
- F05D2240/10—Stators
- F05D2240/11—Shroud seal segments
Definitions
- the invention relates to the stator of the high pressure turbine of a turbomachine. It concerns, in particular, the parts of the stator which face the blades of the rotor, especially at the level of the first stage of the high pressure turbine.
- the turbine casing 1 of the stator comprises parts 2 which face the blades 3 of the rotor 4, at the level of the inlet of the high pressure turbine, downstream of the combustion chamber 5.
- These annular parts 2 of the turbine casing 1 therefore define a game with the top of the blades 3 of the stator 4, thereby conditioning the efficiency of the turbine engine.
- these annular parts 2 are supplied with gas to temperatures that allow them to be dilated or contracted to reduce to a minimum value the clearance between these blades 3 and these annular parts 2, in order to increase the performance of the turbine engine.
- the gas is usually withdrawn from another part of the turbomachine, depending on the temperature of the gases or the speed of the rotor.
- the annular portion of the stator is composed of an inner crown that can be continuous but which is generally formed of a series of ring sectors 6 facing the end of the blades 3 of the rotor. They are worn by a sector spacer 10 attached to the turbine casing 1 and in which is formed least one cavity 11 in contact with the ring sectors 6, with a view to proceed with the thermal adjustment of these.
- the fixing of these sectors of ring 6 to the spacer sectors 10 of the stator is by via clips 7 placed on respective downstream flanges 8 and 9 ring sectors 6 and spacer sectors 10, these two flanges 8 and 9 being joined.
- fixing is done by an upstream collar 12 of each spacer sector 10 engaging in a groove 13 upstream of each of the ring sectors 6.
- such a high pressure turbine turbomachine may comprise several stages of this type, and consequently several stages of ring sectors and spacer parts.
- the Ring sectors 6 are located at the inlet of the high pressure turbine, in an area where the temperature can reach 1500 ° C. In therefore, they must be cooled.
- the tightness between these ring sectors 6 and the spacer sectors 10 must be realized at better, in order to avoid the loss of a part of the air flow of the turbomachine.
- the securing clips 7 help to partially ensure this seal.
- air leaks take place and the air flow taken from the engine to cool the ring sectors 6 can be relatively consistent.
- the object of the invention is to remedy this drawback by minimizing these leaks and the airflow taken from the engine, for the purpose to keep the performance of the turbomachine good value.
- US-A-5 593 276 shows a sectorized ring of turbine stator, the side upstream of each sector being fixed by an axial upstream collar inserting in a groove of the upstream leg of a support ring fixed on the housing of turbine. Downstream side, a collar downstream of the ring sectors has an edge radial curved downstream cooperating with a downstream leg of the support ring and held by a C-clamp.
- downstream foot of the spacer and the downstream flange of the ring sectors are curved thin and joined together by radial joining surfaces which respectively extend the surface external of the downstream foot of the spacer sectors and the inner surface of the collar for fixing the downstream leg of the ring sectors, this makes it possible to form a radial flange at 90 ° constituting an additional element operational vis-à-vis the sealing.
- the fixing clamps being placed around the downstream part of the assembly thus formed by the foot and downstream flange curved of spacer sectors and sectors ring.
- the ring areas comprise an upstream collar intended to be engaged in a corresponding groove of a foot upstream of the spacer sectors, in the purpose of achieving the fixing, on the upstream side, of the ring sectors on the spacer sectors.
- FIG 3 shows in detail the first embodiment of the high pressure turbine stator ring according to the invention.
- the end of a blade 3 of the rotor which rotates of the inner surface 21 of a ring sector 20 fixed to the stator by through the turbine casing 1.
- This fixation is carried out by intermediate spacer sectors 30 themselves each attached to the turbine casing 1.
- the spacer sectors 30 therefore constitute a crown fixed fixing.
- Figure 4 allows to see this crown of spacer sectors 30 attached to the turbine casing 1.
- the number of sectors is relatively important.
- This crown of sectors spacer 30 makes it possible to constitute an annular channel allowing a gas withdrawn from another part of the turbomachine to be in contact with ring sectors 20 and affect their temperature.
- this gas flow can penetrate the spacer sectors via of a first orifice 33 to enter a first cavity 31 and in a second cavity 32 by a second orifice 34.
- the flow of gas taken upstream in the turbomachine can be in direct contact with ring sectors 20 and affect their temperature.
- This spacer sector 30 is attached to the turbine casing 1 through an upstream mounting head 37M fitting into annular grooves 15M and a downstream fixing head 37V inserting in a downstream groove 15V of the turbine casing 1.
- each ring sector 20 is fixed relative to the spacer sector 30 via a 23M upstream collar fitting into an annular groove 38 of the foot upstream 35M of each spacer sector 30.
- Fixing the downstream side of the ring sectors is done by a downstream flange 23V of each ring sector 20 which is plated, by its downstream internal surface 24V against the downstream outer surface 37V downstream leg 35V of each spacer sector 30.
- a characteristic important of the fixation according to the invention is that these two surfaces pressed against each other are curved upwards, ie towards the outside of the axis of rotation of the turbomachine. In the embodiment described in Figure 3, these two surfaces are perpendicular this axis, that is to say that they constitute radial surfaces of junction. Maintaining in this position glued or plated one against the other of these two radial joining surfaces is realized by means of several clamps 40 placed on the entire circumference of all.
- a first clamp leg 41 is housed in the hollow formed by the downstream outer surface 36V of each spacer sector 30, while a second clamp tab 42 presses against the 25V downstream external surface of the downstream flange 23V.
- the downstream internal surface 24V of each ring sector 20 is extended by curved way perpendicularly to the axis of the turbomachine. He is leaving likewise for the downstream external surface 37V of the downstream leg 35V, the end the downstream foot of each spacer sector 30 and the downstream flange 23V each ring sector 20 being thin.
- a second embodiment of the fixing 75V downstream foot of spacer sectors 70 and sectors ring 20 can be made with a second kind of clamp of fixing 60.
- fixation 60 may have a first gripper leg 61 to take support on the downstream external surface 76V of the spacer sector 70.
- its second clamping lug 62 comes to bear against the downstream outer surface 55V of the downstream flange 53V, at a location where this Downstream external surface 55V is coaxial with the axis of the turbomachine.
- the clamp 60 comes to bear by its second clamp 62 on the downstream flange 53V, before its curved portion.
- a recess 63 inside the clamp 60, placed opposite the part curved downstream flange 53V, allows a better tightening of the fixing clamp 60 on the assembly and, in particular, on the downstream leg of each ring sector 20.
- the main advantage of the invention is to obtain the better sealing possible at this high turbine ring pressure, in order to reduce the air flow taken from the turbomachine for cooling the ring sectors and thus keeping a good value of the performance of this turbomachine.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)
- Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
- Gasket Seals (AREA)
Description
- de secteurs d'entretoise en arc de cercle composant une entretoise en anneau, fermée sur 360°, fixée à la paroi interne du carter de turbine et possédant un pied amont et un pied aval ; et
- des secteurs d'anneau en arc de cercle, composant un anneau fermé sur 360° pour faire face, par leur surface interne, à l'enveloppe développée par les extrémités des aubes de la roue de turbine haute pression en rotation, fixés au pied aval des secteurs d'entretoise, par une collerette aval fixée au pied aval des secteurs d'entretoise au moyen de pinces de fixation qui serrent ces deux types de secteurs les uns contre les autres par leurs pied aval et collerette aval.
- figure 1, en coupe, une turbomachine dans laquelle peut être utilisée l'invention ;
- figure 2, en coupe, un anneau de stator de turbine haute pression selon l'art antérieur ;
- figure 3, en coupe, un anneau de stator de turbine haute pression selon l'invention dans une première réalisation ;
- figure 4, en vue cavalière partiellement coupée, l'anneau de stator de turbine haute pression selon l'invention de la figure 3 ; et
- figure 5, en coupe partielle, un détail d'un anneau de stator de turbine haute pression dans une deuxième réalisation selon l'invention.
Claims (4)
- Anneau de stator de turbine haute pression d'une turbomachine, le stator comportant un carter de turbine (1) comportant par étage :des secteurs d'entretoise (30, 70) en arc de cercle composant une entretoise en anneau, fermée sur 360° et fixée à la paroi interne du carter de turbine (1) et possédant un pied amont (35M) et un pied aval (35V, 75V) ; etdes secteurs d'anneau (20) en arc de cercle composant un anneau fermé sur 360° pour faire face par leur surface interne (21) à l'enveloppe développée par les extrémités des aubes (3) des roues de la turbine, les secteurs d'anneau (20) étant fixés au pied aval (35V, 75V) des secteurs d'entretoise (30, 70) par une collerette aval (23V, 53V) fixée au pied aval des secteurs d'entretoise (30, 70) au moyen de pinces de fixation (40, 60) qui serrent ces deux types de secteurs (20, 30, 70) les uns contre les autres par leur pied aval et leur collerette aval (23V, 53V),
- Anneau de stator selon la revendication 1, dans lequel la collerette amont (23M) des secteurs d'anneau (20) est destinée à être engagée dans une rainure correspondante (38) d'un pied amont (35M) des secteurs d'entretoise (30).
- Anneau de stator selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les surfaces de serrage des pinces de fixation (40) prennent appui sur une partie recourbée de la surface externe (36V) du pied aval (35V) des secteurs d'entretoise (30) et sur la partie recourbée de la surface externe (25V) des collerettes aval (23V) des secteurs d'anneau (20).
- Anneau de stator selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que les surfaces de serrage des pinces de fixation (60) prennent appui sur la partie recourbée de la surface externe (76V) du pied aval (75V) des secteurs d'entretoise (70) et sur la partie recourbée et la partie non recourbée de la surface externe (55V) de la collerette aval (53V) des secteurs d'anneau (50).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9808053A FR2780443B1 (fr) | 1998-06-25 | 1998-06-25 | Anneau de stator de turbine haute pression d'une turbomachine |
FR9808053 | 1998-06-25 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0967364A1 EP0967364A1 (fr) | 1999-12-29 |
EP0967364B1 true EP0967364B1 (fr) | 2004-10-06 |
Family
ID=9527846
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP99401567A Expired - Lifetime EP0967364B1 (fr) | 1998-06-25 | 1999-06-24 | Anneau de stator de turbine haute pression d'une turbomachine |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6200091B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0967364B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3912935B2 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2276238C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69920812T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2780443B1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (47)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6435820B1 (en) * | 1999-08-25 | 2002-08-20 | General Electric Company | Shroud assembly having C-clip retainer |
FR2800797B1 (fr) * | 1999-11-10 | 2001-12-07 | Snecma | Assemblage d'un anneau bordant une turbine a la structure de turbine |
US6402466B1 (en) * | 2000-05-16 | 2002-06-11 | General Electric Company | Leaf seal for gas turbine stator shrouds and a nozzle band |
FR2819010B1 (fr) * | 2001-01-04 | 2004-05-28 | Snecma Moteurs | Secteur d'entretoise de support d'anneau de stator de la turbine haute pression d'une turbomachine avec rattrapage de jeux |
FR2831600B1 (fr) * | 2001-10-25 | 2004-01-02 | Snecma Moteurs | Dispositif d'arret en rotation d'un secteur porteur d'aubes fixes dans une virole d'une turbomachine |
US6726448B2 (en) * | 2002-05-15 | 2004-04-27 | General Electric Company | Ceramic turbine shroud |
US6783324B2 (en) * | 2002-08-15 | 2004-08-31 | General Electric Company | Compressor bleed case |
US6942203B2 (en) * | 2003-11-04 | 2005-09-13 | General Electric Company | Spring mass damper system for turbine shrouds |
FR2867224B1 (fr) * | 2004-03-04 | 2006-05-19 | Snecma Moteurs | Dispositif de maintien axial de secteur d'entretoise pour anneau d'une turbine haute-pression de turbomachine |
DE102005013796A1 (de) * | 2005-03-24 | 2006-09-28 | Alstom Technology Ltd. | Wärmestausegment |
DE102005013797A1 (de) * | 2005-03-24 | 2006-09-28 | Alstom Technology Ltd. | Wärmestausegment |
FR2887920B1 (fr) * | 2005-06-29 | 2010-09-10 | Snecma | Dispositif de fixation de secteurs d'anneau sur un carter de turbine |
FR2891300A1 (fr) * | 2005-09-23 | 2007-03-30 | Snecma Sa | Dispositif de controle de jeu dans une turbine a gaz |
US7278820B2 (en) * | 2005-10-04 | 2007-10-09 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Ring seal system with reduced cooling requirements |
FR2899275A1 (fr) * | 2006-03-30 | 2007-10-05 | Snecma Sa | Dispositif de fixation de secteurs d'anneau sur un carter de turbine d'une turbomachine |
FR2907841B1 (fr) * | 2006-10-30 | 2011-04-15 | Snecma | Secteur d'anneau de turbine de turbomachine |
GB0704879D0 (en) * | 2007-03-14 | 2007-04-18 | Rolls Royce Plc | A Casing arrangement |
GB0707099D0 (en) * | 2007-04-13 | 2007-05-23 | Rolls Royce Plc | A casing |
FR2921410B1 (fr) | 2007-09-24 | 2010-03-12 | Snecma | Organe de verrouillage de secteurs d'anneau sur un carter de turbomachine, comprenant des moyens permettant sa prehension |
FR2931197B1 (fr) * | 2008-05-16 | 2010-06-18 | Snecma | Organe de verrouillage de secteurs d'anneau sur un carter de turbomachine, comprenant des passages axiaux pour sa prehension |
FR2931196B1 (fr) * | 2008-05-16 | 2010-06-18 | Snecma | Organe de verrouillage de secteurs d'anneau sur un carter de turbomachine, comprenant des passages radiaux permettant sa prehension |
US8429816B2 (en) * | 2008-09-12 | 2013-04-30 | General Electric Company | Stator ring configuration |
GB0916823D0 (en) * | 2009-09-25 | 2009-11-04 | Rolls Royce Plc | Containment casing for an aero engine |
GB0917149D0 (en) * | 2009-10-01 | 2009-11-11 | Rolls Royce Plc | Impactor containment |
FR2954400B1 (fr) * | 2009-12-18 | 2012-03-09 | Snecma | Etage de turbine dans une turbomachine |
WO2013102171A2 (fr) | 2011-12-31 | 2013-07-04 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Ensemble sillage des pales, composants et procédés |
US9863264B2 (en) * | 2012-12-10 | 2018-01-09 | General Electric Company | Turbine shroud engagement arrangement and method |
FR3009739B1 (fr) * | 2013-08-13 | 2015-09-11 | Snecma | Amelioration pour le verrouillage de pieces de support d'aubage |
FR3009740B1 (fr) * | 2013-08-13 | 2017-12-15 | Snecma | Amelioration pour le verrouillage de pieces de support d'aubage |
ES2935815T3 (es) * | 2013-09-06 | 2023-03-10 | MTU Aero Engines AG | (Des)montaje de un rotor de una turbina de gas, en particular delantero |
JP5889266B2 (ja) * | 2013-11-14 | 2016-03-22 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | タービン |
US10119403B2 (en) | 2014-02-13 | 2018-11-06 | United Technologies Corporation | Mistuned concentric airfoil assembly and method of mistuning same |
US20160047549A1 (en) * | 2014-08-15 | 2016-02-18 | Rolls-Royce Corporation | Ceramic matrix composite components with inserts |
US10215099B2 (en) * | 2015-02-06 | 2019-02-26 | United Technologies Corporation | System and method for limiting movement of a retainer ring of a gas turbine engine |
US9932901B2 (en) | 2015-05-11 | 2018-04-03 | General Electric Company | Shroud retention system with retention springs |
US9828879B2 (en) * | 2015-05-11 | 2017-11-28 | General Electric Company | Shroud retention system with keyed retention clips |
FR3046410B1 (fr) * | 2016-01-05 | 2017-12-29 | Snecma | Assemblage pour turbomachine d'aeronef a helices contrarotatives non carenees, comprenant un fourreau de passage de servitudes a encombrement reduit |
US10753232B2 (en) * | 2017-06-16 | 2020-08-25 | General Electric Company | Assemblies and methods for cooling flowpath support structure and flowpath components |
FR3076578B1 (fr) | 2018-01-09 | 2020-01-31 | Safran Aircraft Engines | Ensemble d'anneau de turbine |
US10934876B2 (en) * | 2018-07-18 | 2021-03-02 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Blade outer air seal AFT hook retainer |
US10634010B2 (en) * | 2018-09-05 | 2020-04-28 | United Technologies Corporation | CMC BOAS axial retaining clip |
CN109252902B (zh) * | 2018-09-14 | 2021-09-07 | 中国航发湖南动力机械研究所 | 轴向限位结构和涡轮发动机 |
US10830050B2 (en) * | 2019-01-31 | 2020-11-10 | General Electric Company | Unitary body turbine shrouds including structural breakdown and collapsible features |
US11761343B2 (en) * | 2019-03-13 | 2023-09-19 | Rtx Corporation | BOAS carrier with dovetail attachments |
KR102498836B1 (ko) * | 2021-04-22 | 2023-02-09 | 두산에너빌리티 주식회사 | 터빈 블레이드의 팁 클리어런스 제어장치 및 이를 포함하는 가스 터빈 |
KR102498837B1 (ko) * | 2021-04-22 | 2023-02-09 | 두산에너빌리티 주식회사 | 터빈 블레이드의 팁 클리어런스 제어장치 및 이를 포함하는 가스 터빈 |
US11959389B2 (en) * | 2021-06-11 | 2024-04-16 | Pratt & Whitney Canada Corp. | Turbine shroud segments with angular locating feature |
Family Cites Families (11)
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BE756582A (fr) * | 1969-10-02 | 1971-03-01 | Gen Electric | Ecran circulaire et support d'ecran avec dispositif de reglage de la temperature pour turbomachine |
US3966354A (en) * | 1974-12-19 | 1976-06-29 | General Electric Company | Thermal actuated valve for clearance control |
US4023731A (en) * | 1974-12-19 | 1977-05-17 | General Electric Company | Thermal actuated valve for clearance control |
US5197853A (en) * | 1991-08-28 | 1993-03-30 | General Electric Company | Airtight shroud support rail and method for assembling in turbine engine |
FR2683851A1 (fr) | 1991-11-20 | 1993-05-21 | Snecma | Turbomachine equipee de moyens facilitant le reglage des jeux du stator entree stator et rotor. |
US5205708A (en) * | 1992-02-07 | 1993-04-27 | General Electric Company | High pressure turbine component interference fit up |
US5399066A (en) * | 1993-09-30 | 1995-03-21 | General Electric Company | Integral clearance control impingement manifold and environmental shield |
US5593276A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1997-01-14 | General Electric Company | Turbine shroud hanger |
US5593277A (en) * | 1995-06-06 | 1997-01-14 | General Electric Company | Smart turbine shroud |
FR2751694B1 (fr) * | 1996-07-25 | 1998-09-04 | Snecma | Agencement et procede de reglage de diametre d'anneau de stator |
FR2766517B1 (fr) * | 1997-07-24 | 1999-09-03 | Snecma | Dispositif de ventilation d'un anneau de turbomachine |
-
1998
- 1998-06-25 FR FR9808053A patent/FR2780443B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1999
- 1999-06-11 US US09/330,063 patent/US6200091B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-14 JP JP16691499A patent/JP3912935B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-23 CA CA002276238A patent/CA2276238C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-24 EP EP99401567A patent/EP0967364B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1999-06-24 DE DE69920812T patent/DE69920812T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2276238A1 (fr) | 1999-12-25 |
JP2000045707A (ja) | 2000-02-15 |
EP0967364A1 (fr) | 1999-12-29 |
DE69920812D1 (de) | 2004-11-11 |
DE69920812T2 (de) | 2005-10-13 |
CA2276238C (fr) | 2008-10-14 |
US6200091B1 (en) | 2001-03-13 |
FR2780443B1 (fr) | 2000-08-04 |
JP3912935B2 (ja) | 2007-05-09 |
FR2780443A1 (fr) | 1999-12-31 |
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