EP0956581B1 - Photovervielfacherröhre reduzierter länge - Google Patents

Photovervielfacherröhre reduzierter länge Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0956581B1
EP0956581B1 EP98900630A EP98900630A EP0956581B1 EP 0956581 B1 EP0956581 B1 EP 0956581B1 EP 98900630 A EP98900630 A EP 98900630A EP 98900630 A EP98900630 A EP 98900630A EP 0956581 B1 EP0956581 B1 EP 0956581B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
dynode
dynodes
tube
potential
rajkman
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP98900630A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0956581A1 (de
Inventor
Pierre L'hermite
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Photonis SAS
Original Assignee
Photonis SAS
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Photonis SAS filed Critical Photonis SAS
Publication of EP0956581A1 publication Critical patent/EP0956581A1/de
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J43/00—Secondary-emission tubes; Electron-multiplier tubes
    • H01J43/04—Electron multipliers
    • H01J43/06—Electrode arrangements

Definitions

  • the plane of the dynodes is parallel to the axis of the tube.
  • the dimension of the tube along this axis is therefore important. This can be prohibitive in many applications, for example when the tube is used within a gamma-camera for the detection of radiation, we wish have tubes of reduced length in order to reduce the size of the device in which they are integrated into.
  • the object of the invention is to remedy this drawback by proposing a photomultiplier tube in which the plane of the dynodes is not parallel to the axis of the tube.
  • a photomultiplier tube as described in the paragraph introductory is characterized according to the present invention in that the focusing optics further comprises a second dynode intended to be brought to a potential whose value is intermediate between those of the second and third potentials, the second dynode having a concave re-emitting surface on the side of the re-emitting surface of the first dynode, and in that the plane of the dynodes presents with respect to the axis of the tube, defined as being an axis which is perpendicular to the photocathode in its middle, an angle greater than 45 °, the concavity of the first Rajkman dynode being directed towards the re-emitting surface of the second dynode.
  • the size, considered in the sense of length, due to the succession of Rajkman dynodes is all the more reduced as the angle between the plane of the dynodes and the axis of the tube is large.
  • the second dynode allows to re-direct the flow of electrons from the first dynode to the first dynode of Rajkman.
  • the second dynode can advantageously be provided with a conductive grid placed across the path followed by the electron stream between the first and second dynode, which grid is then brought to a potential close to that of the second dynode.
  • the plane of cynodes has an angle close to 90 ° relative to the axis of the tube.
  • Such a configuration allows a maximum reduction of the influence of the succession of Rajkman dynodes over the total length of the tube.
  • a tube photomultiplier as described above is characterized in that it comprises a grid, disposed between the second dynode and the first dynode of Rajkman, and intended to be brought to an electrical potential close to that to which the second dynode of Rajkman.
  • the presence of the grid increases the collection efficiency at level of the first Rajkman dynode, i.e. the ratio between the number of electrons received by said dynode and the number of electrons emitted by the second dynode.
  • ia grid locally generates an electric field substantially parallel to the path between the second dynode and Rajkman's first dynode, which accelerates the electrons to its neighborhood and directs them to the first dynode of Rajkman.
  • EP-A-0 671 757 describes a photomultiplier comprising a set of box dynodes and grids, a set of dynodes in line and, between cases together, a dynode of connection.
  • FIG. 1 schematically represents a sectional view of a photomultiplier tube according to the invention.
  • the cutting plane is parallel to a TAX axis, called the tube axis, and perpendicular to a plane called the plane of the dynodes, whose intersection with the section plane is represented here by a DP axis.
  • the photomultiplier tube has an envelope outside in TU glass, which can for example have a symmetry of revolution by relative to the axis of the TU tube and one face of which, perpendicular to the axis of the TAX tube, carries a PK photocathode intended to be placed at a first electrical potential and having a semi-transparent photo-sensitive layer.
  • This photomultiplier tube also has a focusing optics comprising a first dynode D1 intended to be brought to a second electrical potential whose value is greater than that of the first, having a so-called re-emitting surface made of a material promoting emission phenomena secondary, which surface is concave on the side of the PK photocathode.
  • optics focusing device further comprises a second dynode D2 intended to be brought to a potential whose value is greater than that of the second potential, and having a re-emitting surface concave on the side of the re-emitting surface of the first dynode D1.
  • the tube photomultiplier further comprises a plurality of Rajkman dynodes D3, ...
  • D8 intended to receive and amplify the flow of electrons coming from the focusing optics, and arranged on either side of the plane of the dynodes, dynodes of which the first, D3, is the most close to the second D2 dynode and is intended to be brought to a third potential electric whose value is greater than that of the potential of the second dynode D2.
  • the concavity of the first dynode of Rajkman D3 is directed towards the re-emitting surface of the second D2 dynode.
  • Each of the following dynodes D4, ... D8 is intended to be brought to an electrical potential whose value is greater than that of the potential of the dynode which above.
  • the axis DP has an angle ⁇ close to 90 ° relative to the axis of the TAX tube.
  • the photomultiplier tube finally comprises a grid Gd, for example made up of bars conductors, and disposed between the second D2 dynode and the first Rajkman dynode D3, and intended to be brought to an electrical potential close to that to which the second dynode of Rajkman D4.
  • the photo-sensitive layer When the PK photocathode is subjected to an illumination, and the photons received have sufficient energy, the photo-sensitive layer emits towards inside the tube a flow of electrons, the density of which thus depends on the intensity of illuminance. These electrons are collected by the first dynode D1, due to the potential difference between the first D1 dynode and the PK photocathode which creates an electric field directed from the first dynode D1 to the photo-cathode PK.
  • the first D1 dynode re-emits, thanks to the well-known secondary emission phenomena of the specialist, a greater number of electrons than the number of electrons collected, and Thus performs a first amplification of the density of the electron flow. Electrons re-emitted by the first dynode D1 are collected by the second dynode D2, due to the potential difference existing between the second dynode D2 and the first dynode D1 which creates an electric field directed from the second dynode D2 to the first dynode D1.
  • the electrons re-emitted by the second dynode D2 are accelerated by the electric field reigning locally around the grid Gd, which makes it possible to direct them towards the first Rajkman D3 dynode, which thus presents a great collection efficiency.
  • the flow of electrons is subjected to successive amplifications carried out by the dynodes of Rajkman according to a process known to those skilled in the art that it is useless to develop here, before reaching an AN anode which constitutes the exit of the tube and restores information electronic representative of the illumination received by the PK photocathode.
  • the structure of the focusing optics D1, D2, therefore makes it possible to re-direct the flow of electrons to the first Rajkman dynode when the dynode plane presents with respect to the axis of the TAX tube a significant angle.
  • the usefulness of this provision is clearly visible in this example, where the angle ⁇ is close to 90 °, which makes it possible to reduce maximum congestion due to the succession of dynodes of Rajkman D3, ... D8, and therefore the total length of the tube.

Claims (4)

  1. Photovervielf acherröhre mit:
    einer Photokathode (PK), die auf ein erstes elektrisches Potential eingestellt werden kann und eine photoempfindliche, halb lichtdurchlässige Schicht aufweist, die von außerhalb der Röhre eine Beleuchtung aufnehmen kann und ins Innere der Röhre einen Elektronenfluß abgeben kann, dessen Dichte von der Intensität der durch die Photokathode aufgenommenen Beleuchtung abhängt,
    einer Fokussierungsoptik, die eine erste Dynode (D1) umfaßt, die auf ein zweites elektrisches Potential gebracht werden kann, dessen Wert über dem des ersten liegt, und die eine sogenannte rückstrahlende Oberfläche aufweist, die aus einem Material gebildet ist, welches die Sekundär-Emissionserscheinungen begünstigt, wobei die Oberfläche auf der Seite der Photokathode konkav ist, und
    mehreren Rajkman-Dynoden (D3 bis D8), die auf beiden Seiten einer Dynodenebene genannten Ebene (DP) angeordnet sind, wobei die erste (D3) der Dynoden dem Ausgang der Fokussierungsoptik am nächsten gelegen ist und auf ein drittes elektrisches Potential gebracht werden kann, dessen Wert über dem des zweiten liegt, wobei jede der nachfolgenden Dynoden auf ein elektrisches Potential gebracht werden kann, dessen Wert über dem des Potentials der vorhergehenden Dynode liegt, wobei die mehreren Dynoden den aus der Fokussierungsoptik kommenden Elektronenfluß aufnehmen und verstärken können,
       wobei die Fokussierungsoptik außerdem eine zweite Dynode (D2) umfaßt, die auf ein Potential gebracht werden kann, dessen Wert zwischen demjenigen der zweiten und dritten Potentiale liegt, und die zweite Dynode eine konkave rückstrahlende Oberfläche auf der Seite der rückstrahlenden Oberfläche der ersten Dynode (D1) aufweist, wobei die Ebene (DP) der Dynoden im Verhältnis zur Röhrenachse (TAX), die als eine zur Mitte der Photokathode senkrechte Achse definiert ist, einen Winkel von über 45° aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Konkavität der ersten Rajkman-Dynode (D3) zur rückstrahlenden Oberfläche der zweiten Dynode (D2) hin gerichtet ist.
  2. Photovervielfacherröhre nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Ebene (DP) der Dynoden im Verhältnis zur Röhrenachse (TAX) einen Winkel von annähernd 90° aufweist.
  3. Photovervielfacherröhre nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß sie ein Gitter (Gd) umfaßt, das zwischen der zweiten Dynode (D2) und der ersten Rajkman-Dynode (D3) angeordnet ist und auf ein elektrisches Potential gebracht werden kann, das im Bereich von dem liegt, auf das die zweite Rajkman-Dynode (D4) gebracht wird.
  4. Photovervielfacherröhre nach Anspruch 3, wobei das Gitter (Gd) aus leitenden Stäben gebildet ist.
EP98900630A 1997-01-28 1998-01-26 Photovervielfacherröhre reduzierter länge Expired - Lifetime EP0956581B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9700898 1997-01-28
FR9700898 1997-01-28
PCT/IB1998/000097 WO1998033202A1 (fr) 1997-01-28 1998-01-26 Tube photomultiplicateur de longueur reduite

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0956581A1 EP0956581A1 (de) 1999-11-17
EP0956581B1 true EP0956581B1 (de) 2003-12-03

Family

ID=9503047

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98900630A Expired - Lifetime EP0956581B1 (de) 1997-01-28 1998-01-26 Photovervielfacherröhre reduzierter länge

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US6232715B1 (de)
EP (1) EP0956581B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2001508917A (de)
DE (1) DE69820228T2 (de)
DK (1) DK0956581T3 (de)
WO (1) WO1998033202A1 (de)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5914561A (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-06-22 Burle Technologies, Inc. Shortened profile photomultiplier tube with focusing electrode
JP4640881B2 (ja) 2000-07-27 2011-03-02 浜松ホトニクス株式会社 光電子増倍管
US7492097B2 (en) 2005-01-25 2009-02-17 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Electron multiplier unit including first and second support members and photomultiplier including the same
DE602005025815D1 (de) 2005-06-30 2011-02-17 Datacard Corp Verfahren und gerät zum öffnen eines buches auf einer bestimmten seite
CN110828276B (zh) * 2019-11-19 2022-02-11 金陵科技学院 一种拥有混合电子倍增系统的大面积光电倍增管

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4575657A (en) * 1984-05-18 1986-03-11 Rca Corporation Photomultiplier tube having an improved centering and cathode contacting structure
JPH04315758A (ja) * 1991-01-14 1992-11-06 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk 光電子増倍管
US5510674A (en) * 1993-04-28 1996-04-23 Hamamatsu Photonics K.K. Photomultiplier
JPH07245078A (ja) * 1994-03-07 1995-09-19 Hamamatsu Photonics Kk 光電子増倍管
US5914561A (en) * 1997-08-21 1999-06-22 Burle Technologies, Inc. Shortened profile photomultiplier tube with focusing electrode

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1998033202A1 (fr) 1998-07-30
JP2001508917A (ja) 2001-07-03
EP0956581A1 (de) 1999-11-17
DE69820228T2 (de) 2004-11-25
DE69820228D1 (de) 2004-01-15
US6232715B1 (en) 2001-05-15
DK0956581T3 (da) 2004-04-05

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