EP0947633A1 - Procédé et dispositif stationnaire de distribution de solution de sel à dégel - Google Patents

Procédé et dispositif stationnaire de distribution de solution de sel à dégel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0947633A1
EP0947633A1 EP98105077A EP98105077A EP0947633A1 EP 0947633 A1 EP0947633 A1 EP 0947633A1 EP 98105077 A EP98105077 A EP 98105077A EP 98105077 A EP98105077 A EP 98105077A EP 0947633 A1 EP0947633 A1 EP 0947633A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
icing
spray
range
agent
pump
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP98105077A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0947633B1 (fr
Inventor
Boschung Marcel Jr.
Theodor Weber
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Fribair SA
Original Assignee
Fribair SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=8231626&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0947633(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Application filed by Fribair SA filed Critical Fribair SA
Priority to ES98105077T priority Critical patent/ES2145635T3/es
Priority to EP99118535A priority patent/EP0962594A3/fr
Priority to SI9830007T priority patent/SI0947633T1/xx
Priority to DK98105077T priority patent/DK0947633T3/da
Priority to EP98105077A priority patent/EP0947633B1/fr
Priority to DE59800142T priority patent/DE59800142D1/de
Priority to AT98105077T priority patent/ATE192521T1/de
Priority to US09/172,012 priority patent/US6126083A/en
Priority to JP2000538090A priority patent/JP4522581B2/ja
Priority to PCT/IB1999/000445 priority patent/WO1999049142A1/fr
Priority to HU0101251A priority patent/HU224544B1/hu
Priority to PL342968A priority patent/PL198125B1/pl
Priority to CA002324948A priority patent/CA2324948C/fr
Priority to AU26353/99A priority patent/AU2635399A/en
Priority to CA002558677A priority patent/CA2558677C/fr
Priority to RU2000126493A priority patent/RU2239019C2/ru
Priority to KR10-2000-7010390A priority patent/KR100497696B1/ko
Publication of EP0947633A1 publication Critical patent/EP0947633A1/fr
Publication of EP0947633B1 publication Critical patent/EP0947633B1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Priority to GR20000401113T priority patent/GR3033423T3/el
Priority to NO20004608A priority patent/NO334397B1/no
Priority to JP2010036128A priority patent/JP2010159626A/ja
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01H—STREET CLEANING; CLEANING OF PERMANENT WAYS; CLEANING BEACHES; DISPERSING OR PREVENTING FOG IN GENERAL CLEANING STREET OR RAILWAY FURNITURE OR TUNNEL WALLS
    • E01H10/00—Improving gripping of ice-bound or other slippery traffic surfaces, e.g. using gritting or thawing materials ; Roadside storage of gritting or solid thawing materials; Permanently installed devices for applying gritting or thawing materials; Mobile apparatus specially adapted for treating wintry roads by applying liquid, semi-liquid or granular materials
    • E01H10/005—Permanently-installed devices for applying gritting or thawing materials, e.g. for spreading grit, for spraying de-icing liquids
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E01—CONSTRUCTION OF ROADS, RAILWAYS, OR BRIDGES
    • E01H—STREET CLEANING; CLEANING OF PERMANENT WAYS; CLEANING BEACHES; DISPERSING OR PREVENTING FOG IN GENERAL CLEANING STREET OR RAILWAY FURNITURE OR TUNNEL WALLS
    • E01H10/00—Improving gripping of ice-bound or other slippery traffic surfaces, e.g. using gritting or thawing materials ; Roadside storage of gritting or solid thawing materials; Permanently installed devices for applying gritting or thawing materials; Mobile apparatus specially adapted for treating wintry roads by applying liquid, semi-liquid or granular materials
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    • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
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    • C10N2010/12—Groups 6 or 16

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method according to Preamble of claim 1 or 2 and a spray body and a de-icing spray device according to claim 7 and 9 and 10 respectively.
  • Stationary de-icing spray systems are known e.g. from EP-A-0 458 992. Bring these spraying systems a liquid de-icing agent, usually a NaCl solution, on a traffic route, including e.g. Streets, Bridges, aircraft runways, runways fall. It is applied using spray nozzles, e.g. in the Area of guardrails arranged to the side of the traffic route or are arranged in its surface, such as e.g. known from CH-A-658 411 or EP-A-0 461 295.
  • a liquid de-icing agent usually a NaCl solution
  • the invention is therefore based on the object a procedure for the de-icing agent application at the beginning to create the type mentioned, which has the disadvantages mentioned does not have.
  • a simple and cost-effective process with the lowest possible risk created by shock reactions from road users become.
  • the fine rays generated are generally invisible and generate for road users also no perceptible noises when hitting on a vehicle.
  • the low application rate per jet or even with many rays does not result in a relevant one Pressure drop in the supply lines for the de-icing agent or, on the other hand, allows the use of lines with a very small diameter and thus results in the material and installation costs are an inexpensive solution.
  • the claimed method also allows triggering and stopping the spray by actuation the de-icing medium pump for a predetermined period of time and, accordingly, makes it possible to dispense with the large number controllable valves of the systems according to the state of the art.
  • the de-icing agent is preferably applied for a period of time in the range of 10 Seconds to 10 minutes or more, especially in Range from 30 seconds to 10 minutes or more in the range of 30 seconds to 5 minutes.
  • the object is also achieved in that a large number of spraying points are provided which emit the de-icing medium jets, one spraying point being provided per 15 to 40 m 2 of traffic area, in particular roadway area.
  • the task For a spray body to apply de-icing agent the task with the characteristic features of claim 7 solved.
  • the corresponding fine outlet openings, which are preferably formed by nozzles are generating the desired low spread rate.
  • the Task is also with de-icing spray devices according to Claim 9 or 10 solved.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a de-icing agent device on which the method can be explained.
  • Figure 1 shows a schematic top view of the lanes of a highway with six lanes.
  • a large number of spray points 1 are shown on the road surface, which in this example are spray heads embedded in the road surface, for example according to FIG. 3, so that vehicles can drive over them.
  • each of the spray heads 1 emits two de-icing spray jets 2, 3 or, as a further example 2, 3 ′, which are emitted at an angle to the longitudinal direction of the respective lane.
  • the spray bodies are supplied with the de-icing agent through lines 4 and 5, which run to the side of the roadway or in the roadway surface to the individual spraying plates.
  • a de-icing tank 6 is provided for the de-icing agent, from which a pump 7 feeds the lines 4 and 5, which lead to the individual spray bodies 1.
  • the width of a carriageway is 3.75 m and the distances a between the individual spray plates are approximately 6 m to 10 m. If one assumes a distance a of 6 m, a traffic area of 607.5 m 2 is applied by 27 spray heads 1, which corresponds to a ratio of square meters of traffic area per spray head of 22.5. If one assumes a distance a of 10 m, the corresponding ratio is 37.5. As a rule, a ratio of 15, in particular 20, to 40 will give good results.
  • This large number of spray heads differs significantly from the number used in the prior art, in which each spray head has produced very extensive and powerful spray jets. In the prior art, instead of the 27 spray heads shown for the upper carriageway, only 14 conventional spray heads would have been used.
  • each spray jet 2,3 in the range of 1 to 4 meters, especially at 1.5 to 2.5 meters, and e.g. at approx. 2 m.
  • the corresponding rays are very fine, practical invisible rays, which are generated with high pressure.
  • the application rate per jet is in the range of only 0.1 liters / minute to 1 liter / minute, especially 0.1 Liters per minute to 0.8 liters per minute, preferably but in the range of 0.1 liters / minute to 0.5 liters / minute.
  • the rays that are restricted in this way are characterized by a very fine discharge opening of each spray head, preferably produces a nozzle which is in the range of 0.1 mm up to 1 mm in diameter, but especially in the range from 0.3 mm to 0.6 mm in diameter.
  • These fine rays with a pressure in the spray head in front of the discharge opening, or nozzle, from about 8 to 15 bar, in particular from 10 to 15 bar generated. Feeding the nozzle body 1 with De-icing agent under this pressure occurs via lines 4 and 5.
  • Line 4 as the main line can e.g.
  • Line 4 can be as shown be designed as a ring line, which at the ends of the Dining area A-A which can be under the same pressure.
  • a Ring line also allows easy flushing of the same. Due to the low output per unit of time The quantity of all spray points 1 can, however, only be a simple, Line 4 not designed as a ring line is sufficient.
  • the start and end of the application of the de-icing agent is carried out by commissioning or deactivating the pump 7.
  • a considerably longer application time is achieved than with conventional systems, in which the application time was valve-controlled only 1-2 seconds .
  • a spray duration of 10 seconds to 10 minutes or even more, in particular in the range from 30 seconds to 5 minutes, is used. The spray duration depends of course on the type of spray.
  • the spraying time will be in the range of 30 seconds in order to apply a corresponding amount of the liquid de-icing agent solution, for example 20% NaCl solution.
  • the spraying will take several minutes.
  • the long application time is also favorable for the distribution of the de-icing agent, since changing wind conditions during the period have a positive influence on the distribution; air vortices caused by vehicles can also be used.
  • check valves 8th be provided in the line 4 . These prevent a slope Liquid returns to pump 7 if it is not is in operation. On the check valves can also to be dispensed with if the liquid runs back it is asked for. It is usually preferred that the Lines 5 are free of de-icing agents. This also makes it easier Use of de-icing agents of various types, which for different temperature ranges can be used and are not compatible with each other. Even with the system according to Figure 1, controlled valves and / or Check valves are used if this depends Application for controlled spraying is desirable.
  • Figure 3 shows schematically in section Spray body 1.
  • the preferred spray body has a first portion 10 on which on the one hand a connection of the spray body for line 5 and on the other hand forms the ejection openings for the de-icing central beams 2 and 3.
  • the ejection openings can be provided with nozzles 11 and 12 be, the nozzle opening in the range of 0.1 mm to 1 mm and preferably in the range of 0.3 mm to 0.6 mm or Is 0.8 mm to produce the desired fine rays.
  • the spray body 1 with a pad 14 provided, each having a recess 15 and 16 for the has respective spray jet, and which as a support plate embedding the spray body in the topping Traffic area allowed.
  • the body 10 and the plate 14 can consist of two pieces as shown or also be made in one piece.
  • the body 10 can e.g. consist of metal or plastic and the plate 14 is made preferably made of plastic.
  • plastic comes doing e.g. POM in question.
  • the shown embodiment of the Spray body 1 allows inexpensive manufacture and also a low height h of e.g. only approx 30 mm or less. This allows easy installation also in road surfaces of bridges without risk of destruction the insulation layer or a problem-free one Installation in drainage asphalt.
  • the spray bodies are only exemplary of the provision of the many Spray points shown. These can e.g. also as openings, or nozzles, can be provided in a line which on, on or in the lane, so practical an elongated spray body with a variety is used by nozzles.
  • FIG. 4 schematically shows a section through one of the nozzles 11, 12 which are preferably used.
  • the narrowest area has a diameter b of 0.1 to 1 mm, preferably 0.1 to 0.6, or 0.3 to 0.6 mm.
  • the de-icing agent is pressurized under a pressure of 8 to 15 bar and generates the desired fine, practically invisible de-icing agent jets.
  • a large number of such nozzles also only have a small outlet cross section, for example 100 nozzles with a diameter of 0.6 mm have a total cross-sectional area of approximately 28 mm 2 .
  • a line with an inner diameter of 14 mm already has a cross-sectional area of approximately 154 mm 2 and can therefore feed a large number of spray points arranged along its length practically without any appreciable drop in pressure.
  • Figures 5a and 5b show a rough schematic De-icing agent systems with a pump 7, which with the Not shown de-icing tank is connected, and with a Variety of spraying points 1, which are already mentioned thin lines 5 are fed.
  • a feed line 17 and a bypass line 18 (Fig. 5b).
  • check valves 19 provided in the case of Fig. 5a Pump at the lowest point of the slope Lines 4, 17, 18 arranged, in the case of Fig. 5b the highest point.
  • the feed lines are designed so that on the one hand, the smallest possible cross-sections for use come on the other hand so that the feed line and / or the bypass line after the pump is turned off remain full so that the spray system after a new activation the pump as quickly as possible along the entire length sprays.
  • the check valves can also be electrical Controllable valves are used to keep the fluid level in lines 4, 17, 18 when deactivated Keep pump.

Landscapes

  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Road Paving Structures (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Feeding, Discharge, Calcimining, Fusing, And Gas-Generation Devices (AREA)
  • Special Spraying Apparatus (AREA)
  • Distillation Of Fermentation Liquor, Processing Of Alcohols, Vinegar And Beer (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Road Signs Or Road Markings (AREA)
  • Buildings Adapted To Withstand Abnormal External Influences (AREA)
  • Road Paving Machines (AREA)
  • Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
  • Application Of Or Painting With Fluid Materials (AREA)
  • Refuge Islands, Traffic Blockers, Or Guard Fence (AREA)
EP98105077A 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Procédé et dispositif stationnaire de distribution de solution de sel à dégel Expired - Lifetime EP0947633B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (20)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES98105077T ES2145635T3 (es) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Procedimiento y equipo para la distribucion estacionaria de un agente liquido de deshielo.
EP99118535A EP0962594A3 (fr) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Dispositif de pulvérisation de sel à dégeler immobile pour la distribution de liquide de sel à dégeler
SI9830007T SI0947633T1 (en) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Process and apparatus for stationary dispensing de-icing liquids
DK98105077T DK0947633T3 (da) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Fremgangsmåde og indretning til udspredning af flydende optøningsmidler
EP98105077A EP0947633B1 (fr) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Procédé et dispositif stationnaire de distribution de solution de sel à dégel
DE59800142T DE59800142D1 (de) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur stationären Ausbringung flüssigen Taumittels
AT98105077T ATE192521T1 (de) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Verfahren und vorrichtung zur stationären ausbringung flüssigen taumittels
US09/172,012 US6126083A (en) 1998-03-20 1998-10-14 Method and a stationary arrangement for discharging a deicing liquid
PCT/IB1999/000445 WO1999049142A1 (fr) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 Procede et dispositif permettant de repandre a un emplacement fixe un produit de salage fluide
KR10-2000-7010390A KR100497696B1 (ko) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 해빙액의 고정식 살포를 위한 방법 및 장치
JP2000538090A JP4522581B2 (ja) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 液状融解剤を定置で散布する方法及び装置
HU0101251A HU224544B1 (hu) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 Eljárás, szórófej és berendezés folyékony olvasztószer stacioner kijuttatására
PL342968A PL198125B1 (pl) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 Sposób rozprowadzania płynnego środka odmrażającego i urządzenie rozpylające środek odmrażający
CA002324948A CA2324948C (fr) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 Methode et montage fixe pour le deversement d'un liquide de degivrage
AU26353/99A AU2635399A (en) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 Method and device for a stationary distribution of liquid thawing agents
CA002558677A CA2558677C (fr) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 Methode et montage fixe de deversement d'un liquide de degivrage
RU2000126493A RU2239019C2 (ru) 1998-03-20 1999-03-16 Способ и устройство для стационарной выдачи жидкого оттаивателя
GR20000401113T GR3033423T3 (en) 1998-03-20 2000-05-16 Process and apparatus for stationary dispensing de-icing liquids
NO20004608A NO334397B1 (no) 1998-03-20 2000-09-15 Fremgangsmåte og innretning for stasjonær distribuering av et flytende tiningsmiddel
JP2010036128A JP2010159626A (ja) 1998-03-20 2010-02-22 液状融解剤を定置で散布する方法及び装置

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP98105077A EP0947633B1 (fr) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Procédé et dispositif stationnaire de distribution de solution de sel à dégel

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99118535A Division EP0962594A3 (fr) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Dispositif de pulvérisation de sel à dégeler immobile pour la distribution de liquide de sel à dégeler

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0947633A1 true EP0947633A1 (fr) 1999-10-06
EP0947633B1 EP0947633B1 (fr) 2000-05-03

Family

ID=8231626

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP98105077A Expired - Lifetime EP0947633B1 (fr) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Procédé et dispositif stationnaire de distribution de solution de sel à dégel
EP99118535A Withdrawn EP0962594A3 (fr) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Dispositif de pulvérisation de sel à dégeler immobile pour la distribution de liquide de sel à dégeler

Family Applications After (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP99118535A Withdrawn EP0962594A3 (fr) 1998-03-20 1998-03-20 Dispositif de pulvérisation de sel à dégeler immobile pour la distribution de liquide de sel à dégeler

Country Status (17)

Country Link
US (1) US6126083A (fr)
EP (2) EP0947633B1 (fr)
JP (2) JP4522581B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR100497696B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE192521T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU2635399A (fr)
CA (2) CA2324948C (fr)
DE (1) DE59800142D1 (fr)
DK (1) DK0947633T3 (fr)
ES (1) ES2145635T3 (fr)
GR (1) GR3033423T3 (fr)
HU (1) HU224544B1 (fr)
NO (1) NO334397B1 (fr)
PL (1) PL198125B1 (fr)
RU (1) RU2239019C2 (fr)
SI (1) SI0947633T1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1999049142A1 (fr)

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KR100464356B1 (ko) * 2002-09-16 2005-01-03 로얄정보기술 주식회사 도로의 결빙방지용 융빙액 분사장치
DE10260934A1 (de) * 2002-12-20 2004-07-01 Andreas Leonhard Streuanlage für Treppen, Gehwege odgl. zur Unterbindung von Glatteisrutschen
CA2432502C (fr) * 2003-06-16 2011-04-19 Robert Lanoie Methode et appareil permettant d'effectuer le nettoyage securitaire d'equipement sous tension
US6955304B2 (en) * 2003-10-06 2005-10-18 Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. Anti-icing spray assembly
US20060113401A1 (en) * 2004-11-29 2006-06-01 Energy Absorption Systems, Inc. Anti-icing spray system
US7588195B2 (en) * 2005-01-07 2009-09-15 Louis Berkman Winter Products Deicing apparatus
KR100715462B1 (ko) * 2005-05-17 2007-05-07 신동헌 도로의 제설제 분출장치
US9155926B2 (en) * 2009-10-13 2015-10-13 Thomas E. Mason Drain nozzle
US20120205459A1 (en) * 2011-02-10 2012-08-16 Envirotech Services, Inc. Road spray system and method
CA3016927A1 (fr) * 2017-09-08 2019-03-08 F. Von Langsdorff Licensing Limited Systeme de pavement integre servant a collecter et recycler du fluide de degivrage

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CH658411A5 (de) 1982-09-10 1986-11-14 Boschung Mecatronic Ag Elektromagnetisch steuerbares und kontrollierbares spruehventil fuer fluessigkeiten und anlage mit derartigen spruehventilen.
EP0458992A1 (fr) 1990-05-26 1991-12-04 Boschung Mecatronic AG Dispositif de pulvérisation de liquide de sel à dégeler immobile pour chaussées et aéroports
EP0461295A1 (fr) 1990-06-15 1991-12-18 Boschung Mecatronic AG Tête d'atomiseur pour un dispositif de pulvérisation de liquide de sel à dégeler immobile pour chaussées et pour pistes de roulage, d'atterrissage et d'envol

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GB288364A (en) * 1927-01-05 1928-04-05 William Mullard Stoddert Wyld Improvements in apparatus for spraying tennis courts, sports grounds and other open places
US3403818A (en) * 1966-09-30 1968-10-01 Binks Res And Dev Corp Portable airless sprayer
JPS55168519U (fr) * 1979-05-21 1980-12-03
DE3236401A1 (de) * 1982-10-01 1984-04-05 Gewerkschaft Eisenhütte Westfalia, 4670 Lünen Beduesungsstecker, insbesondere fuer die staubbekaempfung in bergbau-untertagebetrieben, und verfahren zum herstellen von beduesungssteckern
JPS6192206A (ja) * 1984-10-11 1986-05-10 株式会社荏原製作所 融雪装置
FR2574833B1 (fr) * 1984-12-14 1987-01-09 Lamy Perret Emile Dispositif de nettoyage, d'arrosage et de desinfection des trottoirs urbains
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JPH0313612A (ja) * 1989-06-12 1991-01-22 Nippon Chikasui Kaihatsu Kk 地下水熱利用消雪方法及びその装置
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EP0458992A1 (fr) 1990-05-26 1991-12-04 Boschung Mecatronic AG Dispositif de pulvérisation de liquide de sel à dégeler immobile pour chaussées et aéroports
EP0461295A1 (fr) 1990-06-15 1991-12-18 Boschung Mecatronic AG Tête d'atomiseur pour un dispositif de pulvérisation de liquide de sel à dégeler immobile pour chaussées et pour pistes de roulage, d'atterrissage et d'envol

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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
HUP0101251A2 (hu) 2001-08-28
NO20004608D0 (no) 2000-09-15
DK0947633T3 (da) 2000-09-25
EP0962594A2 (fr) 1999-12-08
JP2002507678A (ja) 2002-03-12
JP2010159626A (ja) 2010-07-22
DE59800142D1 (de) 2000-06-08
EP0947633B1 (fr) 2000-05-03
KR20010042048A (ko) 2001-05-25
ES2145635T3 (es) 2000-07-01
JP4522581B2 (ja) 2010-08-11
US6126083A (en) 2000-10-03
AU2635399A (en) 1999-10-18
WO1999049142A1 (fr) 1999-09-30
PL198125B1 (pl) 2008-05-30
NO334397B1 (no) 2014-02-24
EP0962594A3 (fr) 1999-12-22
PL342968A1 (en) 2001-07-16
SI0947633T1 (en) 2000-08-31
CA2324948C (fr) 2008-02-12
RU2239019C2 (ru) 2004-10-27
GR3033423T3 (en) 2000-09-29
HUP0101251A3 (en) 2001-09-28
CA2324948A1 (fr) 1999-09-30
CA2558677A1 (fr) 1999-09-30
NO20004608L (no) 2000-09-15
KR100497696B1 (ko) 2005-07-01
ATE192521T1 (de) 2000-05-15
HU224544B1 (hu) 2005-10-28
CA2558677C (fr) 2009-10-20

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