EP0907822B1 - Method for expanding a steel tubing and well with such as tubing - Google Patents

Method for expanding a steel tubing and well with such as tubing Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0907822B1
EP0907822B1 EP97930490A EP97930490A EP0907822B1 EP 0907822 B1 EP0907822 B1 EP 0907822B1 EP 97930490 A EP97930490 A EP 97930490A EP 97930490 A EP97930490 A EP 97930490A EP 0907822 B1 EP0907822 B1 EP 0907822B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
tubing
expansion
expanded
steel
mandrel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP97930490A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0907822A1 (en
Inventor
Martin Donnelly
Alban Michel Faure
Franz Marketz
Robert Bruce Stewart
Wilhelmus Christianus Maria Lohbeck
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Original Assignee
Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV filed Critical Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij BV
Priority to EP97930490A priority Critical patent/EP0907822B1/en
Publication of EP0907822A1 publication Critical patent/EP0907822A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0907822B1 publication Critical patent/EP0907822B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
    • E21B43/02—Subsoil filtering
    • E21B43/10—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells
    • E21B43/103—Setting of casings, screens, liners or the like in wells of expandable casings, screens, liners, or the like
    • E21B43/105—Expanding tools specially adapted therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
    • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
    • C21D7/00—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation
    • C21D7/02—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working
    • C21D7/10—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the whole cross-section, e.g. of concrete reinforcing bars
    • C21D7/12—Modifying the physical properties of iron or steel by deformation by cold working of the whole cross-section, e.g. of concrete reinforcing bars by expanding tubular bodies
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
    • E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
    • E21B17/00—Drilling rods or pipes; Flexible drill strings; Kellies; Drill collars; Sucker rods; Cables; Casings; Tubings

Definitions

  • the invention relates to expansion of tubings. More particularly the invention relates to a method of expanding a steel tubing by moving an expansion mandrel through the tubing.
  • European patent specification 643794 discloses a method of expanding a casing against the wall of an underground borehole wherein the casing is made of a malleable material which preferably is capable of plastic deformation of at least 25% uniaxial strain and the casing may be expanded by an expansion mandrel which is pumped, pulled or pushed through the casing.
  • corrugated or slotted pipes serves to reduce the expansion forces that need to be exerted to the tube to create the desired expansion.
  • a method in accordance with the preamble of claim 1 is known from US patent specification No. 5,366,012 .
  • a slotted tube is expanded by an expansion mandrel having a tapering expansion section.
  • the method according to the invention thereto comprises the step of moving an expansion mandrel of which the tapering expansion section has a tapering ceramic outer surface through an at least partly solid tubing which is made of a formable steel grade which is subject to strain hardening without incurring any necking and ductile fracturing as a result of the expansion process.
  • strain-hardening and work-hardening are synonyms and are both used to denote an increase of strength caused by plastic deformation.
  • formable steel grade as used in this specification means that the tubing is able to maintain its structural integrity while being plastically deformed into various shapes.
  • necking refers to a geometrical effect leading to non-uniform plastic deformations at some location by occurrence of a local constriction. From the point of necking on, the continual work hardening in the necked region no longer compensates for the continual reduction of the smallest cross-section in the neck, and therefore, the load carrying capacity of the steel decreases. With continuing loading, practically all further plastic deformation is restricted to the region of the neck, so that a highly non-uniform deformation occurs to develop in the necked region until fracture occurs.
  • ductile fracturing means that a failure occurs if plastic deformation of a component that exhibits ductile behaviour is carried to the extreme so that the component separates locally into two pieces. Nucleation, growth and coalescence of internal voids propagate to failure, leaving a dull fibrous rupture surface. A detailed description of the terms necking and ductile fracturing is given in the handbook " Failure of Materials in Mechanical Design" by J.A. Collins second edition, issued by John Wiley and Sons, New York (USA) in 1993 .
  • the tubing is made of a high-strength steel grade with formability and having a yield strength-tensile strength ratio which is lower than 0.8 and a yield strength of at least 275 MPa.
  • high-strength steel denotes a steel with a yield strength of at least 275 MPa.
  • tubing is made of a formable steel grade having a yield stress/tensile stress ratio which is between 0.6 and 0.7.
  • Dual phase (DP) high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels lack a definite yield point which eliminates Luders band formation during the tubular expansion process which ensures good surface finish of the expanded tubular.
  • Suitable HSLA dual phase (DP) steels for use in the method according to the invention are grades DP55 and DP60 developed by Sollac having a tensile strength of at least 550 MPa and grades SAFH 540 D and SAFH 590 D developed by Nippon Steel Corporation having a tensile strength of at least 540 MPa.
  • the above-mentioned DP and other suitable steels each have a strain hardening exponent n of at least 0.16 which allows an expansion of the tubing such that the external diameter of the expanded tubing is at least 20% larger than the external diameter of the unexpanded tubing.
  • strain hardening work hardening and the strain hardening exponent n are given in chapters 3 and 17 of the handbook " Metal Forming-Mechanics and Metallurgy", 2nd edition, issued by Prentice Hall, New Jersey (USA), 1993 .
  • the expansion mandrel contains an expansion section that has a conical ceramic outer surface. It is observed that US patent specification No. 3,901,063 discloses a plug having a conical ceramic outer surface for use in tube-drawing operations. If the expansion mandrel is pumped through the tubing then the mandrel preferably comprises a sealing section which is located at such a distance from the tapering expansion section that when the expansion mandrel is moved through the tubing by means of exerting a hydraulic pressure behind the mandrel the sealing section engages a plastically expanded part of the tubing. This will generally be achieved if said distance is at least three times the wall thickness of the expanded tubing.
  • the expansion mandrel contains a vent line for venting to the surface any fluids that are present in the borehole and tubing ahead of the expansion mandrel.
  • tubing is expanded such that the outer diameter of the expanded tubing is slightly smaller than the internal diameter of the borehole or of any casing that is present in the borehole and any fluids that are present in the borehole and tubing ahead of the expansion mandrel are vented to surface via the annular space that remains open around the tubing after the expansion process.
  • a well is provided with a tubing which is expanded using the method according to the invention.
  • the tubing may serve as production tubing through which hydrocarbon fluid is transported to the surface and a reelable service and/or kill line passes through at least a substantial part of the length of the tubing, through which line fluid can be pumped towards the bottom of the borehole while hydrocarbon fluid is produced via the surrounding production tubing.
  • the use of such an expanded production tubing allows the use of almost the full wellbore for the transport of hydrocarbon fluids so that a relatively slim borehole may be utilized to attain the desired production rate.
  • the tubing may be expanded against the inner surface of a casing which is present in the borehole.
  • the tubing may either be used as a production tubing and/or as a protective cladding for protecting the well casing against corrosive well fluids and damage from tools that may be lowered into the well during maintenance and workover operations.
  • FIG. 1 is schematic longitudinal sectional view of an underground borehole in which a tubing is expanded in accordance with the method according to the invention.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a borehole traversing an underground formation 1 and a casing 2 that is fixed within the borehole by means of an annular body of cement 3.
  • a production tubing 4 which is made of a dual phase, high-strength low-alloy (HSLA) steel or other formable high-strength steel is suspended within the casing 2.
  • HSLA high-strength low-alloy
  • An expansion mandrel 5 is moved in longitudinal direction through the tubing 4 thereby expanding the tubing 4 such that the outer diameter of the expanded tubing is slightly smaller than or is about equal to the internal diameter of the casing 2.
  • the expansion mandrel 5 is equipped with a series of ceramic surfaces 6 which restrict frictional forces between the pig and tubing 4 during the expansion process.
  • the semi top angle A of the conical ceramic surface that actually expands the tubing is about 25°.
  • zirconium oxide is a suitable ceramic material which can be formed as a smooth conical ring. Experiments and simulations have shown that if the semi cone top angle A is between 20° and 30° the pipe deforms such that it obtains an S-shape and touches the tapering part of the ceramic surface 6 essentially at the outer tip or rim of said conical part and optionally also about halfway the conical part.
  • said semi top angle A is preferably selected between 15° and 30° and should always be between 5° and 45°.
  • the tapering part of the expansion mandrel 5 should have a non-metallic outer surface to avoid galling of the tubing during the expansion process.
  • the use of a ceramic surface for the tapering part of the expansion mandrel furthermore caused the average roughness of the inner surface of the tubing 4 to decrease as a result of the expansion process.
  • the expansion mandrel 5 provided with a ceramic tapering surface 6 could expand a tubing 4 made of a formable steel such that the outer tubing diameter D2 after expansion was at least 20% larger than the outer diameter D1 of the unexpanded tubing and that suitable formable steels are dual phase (DP) high-strength low alloy (HSLA) steels known as DP55 and DP60; ASTM A106 HSLA seamless pipe, ASTM A312 austenitic stainless steel pipes, grades TP 304 L and TP 316 L and a high-retained austenite high-strength hot rolled steel, known as TRIP steel manufactured by the Nippon Steel Corporation.
  • DP dual phase
  • HSLA high-strength low alloy
  • the mandrel 5 is provided with a pair of sealing rings 7 which are located at such a distance from the conical ceramic surface 6 that the rings 7 face the plastically expanded section of the tubing 4.
  • the sealing rings serve to avoid that fluid at high hydraulic pressure would be present between the conical ceramic surface 6 of the mandrel 5 and the expanding tubing 4 which might lead to an irregularly large expansion of the tubing 4.
  • the expansion mandrel 5 is provided with a central vent passage which is in communication with a coiled vent line 8 through which fluid may be vented to the surface.
  • a coiled kill and/or service line (not shown) may be lowered into the expanded tubing 4 to facilitate injection of kill and/or treatment fluids towards the hydrocarbon fluid inflow zone which is normally be done via the annulus between the production tubing and the well casing.
  • the tubing 4 is expanded to a smaller diameter then the residual annular space between the casing 2 and expanded tubing 4 can be used for venting of fluids during the expansion process and for injection of fluids during the production process, in which case there is no need for using a vent line 8 and kill and/or service lines.
  • the mandrel can also be pulled through the tubing by means of a cable or pushed through the tubing by means of pipe string or rod.
  • the method according to the invention can also be used to expand tubings that are used outside a wellbore, for example to expand oilfield tubulars at surface facilities or to expand a tubing inside an existing tubing which has been damaged or corroded.
  • the expansion mandrel was designed such that the outer diameter of the expanded tubular would be 127 mm, so that the increase in diameter would be 20%.
  • the tubular burst during the expansion process. Analysis showed that the ductility limit of the material had been exceeded so that ductile fracturing occurred.
  • An expansion mandrel was pumped through the pipe, which mandrel comprised a ceramic conical surface such that the semi top angle A of a cone enveloping the conical surface was 20° and such that the outer diameter of the expanded pipe was 127 mm (5") and the outer diameter increased by 21%.
  • the pipe was expanded successfully and the hydraulic pressure exerted to the mandrel to move the mandrel through the pipe was between 275 and 300 bar.
  • the burst pressure of the expanded pipe was between 520 and 530 bar.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geology (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Earth Drilling (AREA)
  • Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
  • Forging (AREA)
  • Heat Treatment Of Steel (AREA)
  • Rigid Pipes And Flexible Pipes (AREA)
EP97930490A 1996-07-01 1997-06-30 Method for expanding a steel tubing and well with such as tubing Expired - Lifetime EP0907822B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP97930490A EP0907822B1 (en) 1996-07-01 1997-06-30 Method for expanding a steel tubing and well with such as tubing

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP96201809 1996-07-01
EP96201809 1996-07-01
PCT/EP1997/003489 WO1998000626A1 (en) 1996-07-01 1997-06-30 Method for expanding a steel tubing and well with such a tubing
EP97930490A EP0907822B1 (en) 1996-07-01 1997-06-30 Method for expanding a steel tubing and well with such as tubing

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0907822A1 EP0907822A1 (en) 1999-04-14
EP0907822B1 true EP0907822B1 (en) 2008-12-17

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97930490A Expired - Lifetime EP0907822B1 (en) 1996-07-01 1997-06-30 Method for expanding a steel tubing and well with such as tubing

Country Status (14)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0907822B1 (https=)
JP (1) JP4289686B2 (https=)
AU (1) AU723337B2 (https=)
BR (1) BR9710016A (https=)
CA (1) CA2260191C (https=)
DE (1) DE69739166D1 (https=)
DK (1) DK0907822T3 (https=)
EA (1) EA000543B1 (https=)
ID (1) ID17661A (https=)
MY (1) MY116920A (https=)
NO (1) NO317755B1 (https=)
NZ (1) NZ333945A (https=)
OA (1) OA10949A (https=)
WO (1) WO1998000626A1 (https=)

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CA2260191C (en) 2007-11-27
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CA2260191A1 (en) 1998-01-08
OA10949A (en) 2003-02-27
EA000543B1 (ru) 1999-10-28
EP0907822A1 (en) 1999-04-14
DK0907822T3 (da) 2009-03-02
JP4289686B2 (ja) 2009-07-01
DE69739166D1 (de) 2009-01-29
EA199900072A1 (ru) 1999-06-24
NO986171L (no) 1999-02-22
AU723337B2 (en) 2000-08-24
WO1998000626A1 (en) 1998-01-08
AU3442097A (en) 1998-01-21
NO317755B1 (no) 2004-12-13
NZ333945A (en) 2000-03-27
MY116920A (en) 2004-04-30
ID17661A (id) 1998-01-15
BR9710016A (pt) 1999-08-10

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