Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
  • H01F38/00—Adaptations of transformers or inductances for specific applications or functions
  • H01F38/12—Ignition, e.g. for IC engines

Definitions

• This invention relates to spark ignition systems for internal combustion engines; and more particularly to a spark ignition system which improves performance of the engine system and reduces the size of the magnetic components in the spark ignition transformer in a commercially producible manner.
• a flyback transformer is commonly used to generate the high voltage needed to create an arc across the gap of the spark plug igniting the fuel and air mixture.
• the timing of this ignition spark event is critical for best fuel economy and low exhaust emission of environmentally hazardous gases.
• a spark event which is too late leads to loss of engine power and loss of efficiency.
• a spark event which is too early leads to detonation, often called “ping" or “knock”, which can, in turn, lead to detrimental pre-ignition and subsequent engine damage.
• Correct spark timing is dependent on engine speed and load. Each cylinder of an engine often requires different timing for optimum performance. Different spark timing for each cylinder can be obtained by providing a spark ignition transformer for each spark plug.
• microprocessor-controlled systems which include sensors for engine speed, intake air temperature and pressure, engine temperature, exhaust gas oxygen content, and sensors to detect "ping" or "knock".
• a knock sensor is essentially an electro ⁇ mechanical transducer whose sensitivity is not sufficient to detect knock over the whole range of engine speed and load.
• the microprocessor's determination of proper ignition spark timing does not always provide optimum engine performance. A better sensing of "knock" is needed.
• a disproportionately greater amount of exhaust emission of hazardous gases is created during the initial operation of a cold engine and during idle and off-idle operation. Studies have shown that rapid multi-sparking of the spark plug for each ignition event during these two regimes of engine operation reduces hazardous exhaust emissions. Accordingly, it is desirable to have a spark ignition transformer which can be charged and discharged very rapidly.
• a coil-per-spark plug (CPP) ignition arrangement in which the spark ignition transformer is mounted directly to the spark plug terminal, eliminating a high voltage wire, is gaining acceptance as a method for improving the spark ignition timing of internal combustion engines.
• CPP coil-per-spark plug
• One example of a CPP ignition arrangement is that disclosed by US Patent No. 4,846,129 (hereinafter "the Noble patent”).
• the physical diameter of the spark ignition transformer must fit into the same engine tube in which the spark plug is mounted.
• the patentee discloses an indirect method utilizing a ferrite core. Ideally the magnetic performance of the spark ignition transformer is sufficient throughout the engine operation to sense the sparking condition in the combustion chamber.
• a new type of ignition transformer is needed for accurate engine diagnosis.
• Engine misfiring increases hazardous exhaust emissions. Numerous cold starts without adequate heat in the spark plug insulator in the combustion chamber can lead to misfires, due to deposition of soot on the insulator.
• the electrically conductive soot reduces the voltage increase available for a spark event.
• a spark ignition transformer which provides an extremely rapid rise in voltage can minimize the misfires due to soot fouling.
• the spark ignition transformer's core material must have certain magnetic permeability, must not magnetically saturate during operation, and must have low magnetic losses.
• the combination of these required properties narrows the availability of suitable core materials.
• possible candidates for the core material include silicon steel, ferrite, and iron-based amo ⁇ hous metal.
• Conventional silicon steel routinely used in utility transformer cores is inexpensive, but its magnetic losses are too high Thinner gauge silicon steel with lower magnetic losses is too costly.
• Ferrites are inexpensive, but their saturation inductions are normally less than 0 5 T and Curie temperatures at which the core's magnetic induction becomes close to zero are near 200 °C. This temperature is too low considering that the spark ignition transformer's upper operating temperature is assumed to be about 180 °C Iron- based amo ⁇ hous metal has low magnetic loss and high saturation induction exceeding 1.5 T, however it shows relatively high permeability An iron-based amo ⁇ hous metal capable of achieving a ievel of magnetic permeability suitable for a spark ignition transformer is needed. Using this material, it is possible to construct a toroid design coil which meets required output specifications and physical dimension criteria. The dimensional requirements of the spark plug well limit the type of configurations that can be used.
• Typical dimensional requirements for insulated coil assemblies are ⁇ 25 mm diameter and are less than 150 mm in length These coil assemblies must also attach to the spark plug on both the high voltage terminal and outer ground connection and provide sufficient insulation to prevent arc over. There must also be the ability to make high current connections to the primaries typically located on top of the coil.
• the present invention provides a magnetic core-coil assembly for a coil- per-plug (CPP) spark ignition transformer which generates a rapid voltage rise and a signal that accurately portrays the voltage profile of the ignition event.
• the magnetic core-coil comprises a magnetic core composed of a ferromagnetic amo ⁇ hous metal alloy.
• the core-coil assembly has a single primary coil for low voltage excitation and a secondary coil for a high voltage output.
• the assembly also has a secondary coil comprising a plurality of core sub- assemblies that are simultaneously energized via the common primary coil.
• the coil sub-assemblies are adapted, when energized, to produce secondary voltages that are additive, and are fed to a spark plug.
• the core-coil assembly has the capability of (i) generating a high voltage in the secondary coil within a short period of time following excitation thereof, and (ii) sensing spark ignition conditions in the combustion chamber to control the ignition event.
• the core is composed of an amo ⁇ hous ferromagnetic material which exhibits low core loss and a permeability (ranging from about 100 to 700) Such magnetic properties are especially suited for rapid firing of the plug during a combustion cycle. Misfires of the engine due to soot fouling are minimized.
• energy transfer from coil to plug is carried out in a highly efficient manner, with the result that very little energy remains within the core after discharge.
• the low secondary resistance of the toroidal design allows the bulk of the energy to be dissipated in the spark and not in the secondary wire. This high efficiency energy transfer enables the core to monitor the voltage profile of the ignition event in an accurate manner.
• the signal generated provides a much more accurate picture of the ignition voltage profile than that produced by cores exhibiting higher magnetic losses.
• a multiple toroid assembly is created that allows energy storage in the sub-assemblies via a common primary governed by the inductance of the sub-assembly and its magnetic properties. A rapidly rising secondary voltage is induced when the primary current is rapidly decreased.
• the individual secondary voltages across the sub-assembly toroids rapidly increases and adds sub-assembly to sub-assembly based on the total magnetic flux change of the system.
• This allows the versatility to combine several sub-assembly units wound via existing toroidal coil winding techniques to produce a single assembly with superior performance.
• the single assembly that consisted of a single longer toroid could not be easily and economically manufactured via common toroidal winding machines.
• the unit is potted
• the assembly In operation, the assembly is required to hold off the open circuit voltage internally for a prolonged period of time over widely varying environmental conditions.
• the open circuit voltage is the highest voltage encountered by the system. Such voltage must be held off during operation over a substantial number of years at which temperatures variations range from -40°C to +150°C. It is also desired that the unit be relatively resistant to chemicals typically found in an automotive application.
• potting and housing materials There are numerous potting and housing materials that have been used by automotive manufacturers in the past.
• the potting compound, housing material and items to be encapsulated were thermally matched (roughly the same coefficients of thermal expansion CTE) by adding fillers such as glass fiber and/or minerals to the potting and housing materials.
• the pu ⁇ ose was to reduce the stress and strain between the various materials in the system over the operating temperature extremes encountered.
• the addition of the glass fiber and/or minerals typically raised the dielectric constant of the material.
• Typical potting compounds are two component anhydrous epoxy formulations that exhibit excellent adhesion to the housing and its internal components, high temperature electrical performance and good thermal shock resistance.
• the epoxy is formulated to have a glass transition temperature (T g ) set as high as practical to the maximum operating temperature.
• T g glass transition temperature
• An example of such an epoxy would be EP-697 manufactured by Thermoset.
• the housing material is typically made of a rugged thermoplastic polyester which is glass fiber filled, has a high T g and a CTE matched to the epoxy.
• One housing material found suitable is sold by Hoescht Celanese under the trade name Vandar. The glass and/or mineral filling in such a thermoplastic polyester creates a harder, stiffer material.
• the "pencil" coil geometry is different than current coil geometry's in that it has a small diameter and is long compared to the usually squat core-coils. This large aspect ratio can lead to a great deal of internal stress being built up inside the coil if the CTE match isn't nearly perfect over the entire temperature range. That match is difficult to achieve with differing materials over a nearly 200 °C operating range.
• the outer section of the active components (toroidal cups) is located very close to the inner wall of the housing. The potting compound effectively solidifies the parts together pinning the outer area of the components to the wall due to the large surface area of the cups and the inner wall of the housing.
• a toroidally wound unit there is a long section of potting compound that fills the void between the bottom and top of the core-coil assembly up through the center of the core-coil assembly.
• the diameter of that column is related to the design of the toroid and winding equipment. Due to the long length of that column and the sealed bottom of the core-coil assembly, a large shear force can exist between this column of potting compound and the toroidal cups.
• Typical two part epoxy potting compounds are very hard and inflexible and adhere very well to the housing plastic. In this situation, a large shear stress can de-laminate the housing material outer skin from the main body of the material, forming a crack that can bridge the primary and secondary.
• a potting compound that satisfies this criteria is a two part elastomeric polyurethane system such as Epic S7207.
• This is a two component elastomeric polyurethane system designed for potting electrical components. It features high dielectric strength and a hardness in the mid Shore A range and has a low dielectric constant.
• the T g for this material is about -25 °C and the CTE is 209x10 " * cm/cm/°C . This material is soft, compliant and elastically deforms. Materials of this type typically exhibit low T g 's compared to two component epoxies and have much larger CTEs since they are used above the T g point.
• Another potting material is a two part silicone rubber compound such as S- 1284 sold by Castail.
• One housing material that possesses good thermal characteristics and is compliant is Lemalloy PX603Y produced by Mitsubishi Engineering Plastics.
• Lemalloy is a PPE/PP (Polyphenylene ether/Polypropylene) blend that is flexible, has a low dielectric constant, good electrical properties, good chemical resistance and is injection moldable. The material is only very slightly crystalline, but exhibits good and stable mechanical properties.
• Such material and other materials like it, including Polymethylpentene/Polyolefin blends and Polycylcolefin/Polyolefin blends, are high use temperature polymers.
• FIG. 1 is an assembly procedure guideline drawing showing the assembly method and connections used to produce the stack arrangement, coil assembly of the present invention
• Fig.2A is an assembly drawing illustrating side and top views of the stack arrangement
• Fig. 2B is an assembly illustrating side and top view of the encapsulated stack arrangement
• Fig. 3 is a graph showing the output voltage across the secondary for the Ampere-turns on the primary coil of the assembly shown in Fig. 1.
• the magnetic core-coil assembly 34 comprises a magnetic core 10 composed of a ferromagnetic amo ⁇ hous metal alloy.
• the core-coil assembly 34 has a single primary coil 36 for low voltage excitation and a secondary coil 20 for a high voltage output.
• the core-coil assembly 34 also has a secondary coil 20 comprising a plurality of core sub- assemblies (toroidal units) 32 that are simultaneously energized via the common primary coil 36.
• the core-coil sub-assemblies 32 are adapted, when energized, to produce secondary voltages that are additive, and are fed to a spark plug.
• the core-coil assembly 34 has the capability of (i) generating a high voltage in the secondary coil 20 within a short period of time following excitation thereof, and (ii) sensing spark ignition conditions in the combustion chamber to control the ignition event.
• the magnetic core 10 is based on an amo ⁇ hous metal with a high magnetic induction, which includes iron-base alloys. Two basic forms of a core 10 are noted. They are gapped and non-gapped and are both referred to as core 10 The gapped core has a discontinuous magnetic section in a magnetically continuous path.
• An example of such a core 10 is a toroidal-shaped magnetic core having a small slit commonly known as an air-gap.
• the gapped configuration is adopted when the needed permeability is considerably lower than the core's own permeability as wound.
• the air-gap portion of the magnetic path reduces the overall permeability.
• the non-gapped core has a magnetic permeability similar to that of an air-gapped core, but is physically continuous, having a structure similar to that typically found in a toroidal magnetic core.
• the apparent presence of an air-gap uniformly distributed within the non-gapped core 10 gives rise to the term "distributed-gap-core" .
• Both gapped and non-gapped designs function in this core-coil assembly 34 design and are interchangeable as long as the effective permeability is within the required range.
• Non-gapped cores 10 were chosen for the proof of principle of this modular design, however the design is not limited to the use of non-gapped core material.
• the non-gapped core 10 is made of an amo ⁇ hous metal based on iron alloys and processed so that the core's magnetic permeability is between 100 and 500 as measured at a frequency of approximately 1 kHz. Leakage flux from a distributed-gap-core is much less than that from a gapped-core, emanating less undesirable radio frequency interference into the surroundings. Furthermore, because of the closed magnetic path associated with a non-gapped core, signal-to- noise ratio is larger than that of a gapped-core, making the non-gapped core especially well suited for use as a signal transformer to diagnose engine combustion processes.
• An output voltage at the secondary winding 20 greater than 10 kV for spark ignition is achieved by a non-gapped core 10 with less than 60 Ampere-turns of primary 36 and about 110 to 160 turns of secondary winding 20. Open circuit outputs in excess of 25 kV can be obtained with ⁇ 180 Ampere-turns.
• Previously demonstrated coils were comprised of ribbon amo ⁇ hous metal material that was wound into right angle cylinders with an ID of 12 mm and an OD of 17 mm and a height of 15.6 mm stacked to form an effective cylinder height of nearly 80 mm. Individual cylinder heights could be varied from a single height of near 80 mm to 10 mm as long as the total length met the system requirements.
• the final constructed right angle cylinder formed the core of an elongated toroid. Insulation between the core and wire was achieved through the use of high temperature resistant moldable plastic which also doubled as a winding form facilitating the winding of the toroid. Fine gauge wire was used to wind the required 110-160 secondary turns. Since the output voltage of the coil could exceed 25 kV which represents a winding to winding voltage in the 200 volt range, the wires could not be significantly overlapped. The best performing coils had the wires evenly spaced over approximately 300 degrees of the toroid. The remaining 60 degrees was used for the primary windings.
• An alternative design breaks the original design down into a smaller component level structure in which the components can be routinely wound using existing coil winding machines.
• the concept is to take core sections of the same base amo ⁇ hous metal core material of manageable size and unitize it. This is accomplished by forming an insulator cup 12 that allows the core 10 to be inserted into it and treating that sub-assembly 30 as a core to be wound as a toroid 32.
• the same number of secondary turns 14 are required as the original design.
• the final assembly 34 can consist of a stack of a sufficient number (1 or greater) of these structures 32 to achieve the desired output characteristics with one significant change. Every other toroid unit 32 must be wound oppositely. This allows the output voltages to add.
• a typical structure 34 would consist of the first toroidal unit 16 being wound counterclockwise (ccw) with one output wire 24 acting as the final coil assembly 34 output.
• the second toroidal unit 18 would be wound clockwise (cw) and stacked on top of the first toroidal unit 16 with a spacer 28 to provide adequate insulation.
• the bottom lead 42 of the second toroidal unit 18 would attach to the upper lead 40 (remaining lead) of the first toroidal unit 16.
• the next toroidal unit 22 would be wound ccw and stacked on top of the previous 2 toroidal units 16,18 with a spacer 28 for insulation pu ⁇ oses.
• the lower lead 46 of the third toroidal unit would connect to the upper lead 44 of the second toroidal unit.
• the total number of toroidal units 32 is set by design criteria and physical size requirements.
• the final upper lead 24 forms the other output of the core-coil assembly 34.
• These secondary windings 14 of these toroidal units 32 are individually wound so that approximately 300 of the 360 degrees of the toroid is covered.
• the toroidal units 32 are stacked so that the open 60 degrees of each toroid unit 32 are vertically aligned.
• a common primary 36 is wound through this core-coil assembly 34. This will be referred to as the stacker concept.
• the voltage distribution around the original coil design resembles a variac with the first turn being at zero volts and the last turn is at full voltage. This is in effect over the entire height of the coil structure.
• the primary winding kept isolated from the secondary windings and is located in the center of the 60 degree free area of the wound toroid. These lines are essentially at low potential due to the low voltage drive conditions used on the primary.
• the highest voltage stresses occur at the closest points of the high voltage output and the primary, the secondary to secondary windings and the secondary to core.
• the highest electric field stress point exists down the length of the inside of the toroid and is field enhanced at the inner top and bottom of the coil.
• the stacker concept voltage distribution is slightly different.
• Each individual core-coil toroidal unit 32 has the same variac type of distribution, but the stacked distribution of the core-coil assembly 34 is divided by the number of individual toroidal units 32.
• the bottom toroidal unit 16 will range from V to 2/3 V
• the second toroidal unit 18 will range from 2/3 V to 1/3 V
• the top toroidal unit 22 will range from 1/3 V to 0 V. This configuration lessens the area of high voltage stress.
• the output voltage waveform has a short pulse component (typically 1-3 microseconds in duration with a 500 ns rise time) and a much longer low level output component (typically 100-150 microseconds duration).
• Some of the fast pulse output component capacitively couples out through the walls of the insulator.
• the variac effect can noted by observing corona on the outer shell.
• the capacitive coupling can rob the output to the spark plug by partially shunting it through the case to ground. This effect is only a problem at the very high voltage ranges where it can reduce the open circuit voltage of the device by corona discharge.
• the stacker arrangement voltage distribution is different and allows the highest voltage section to be located on the top or bottom of the core-coil assembly 34 depending on the grounding configuration.
• the advantage in this design is that the high voltage section can be placed right at the spark plug deep in the spark plug well.
• the voltage at the top of the core-coil assembly 34 would maximize at only 1/3 V for a 3 stack unit.
• Magnetic cores composed of an iron-based amo ⁇ hous metal having a saturation induction exceeding 1.5 T in the as-cast state were prepared.
• the cores had a cylindrical form with a cylinder height of about 15.6 mm and outside and inside diameters of about 17 and 12 mm, respectively. These cores were heat- treated with no external applied fields.
• Figure 1 shows a procedure guideline drawing of the construction of a three stack core-coil assembly 34 unit. These cores 10 were inserted into high temperature plastic insulator cups 12. Several of these units 30 were machine wound cw on a toroid winding machine with 1 10 to 160 turns of copper wire forming a secondary 14 and several were wound ccw.
• the first toroidal unit 16 (bottom) is wound ccw with the lower lead 24 acting as the system output lead.
• the second toroidal unit 18 is wound cw and its lower lead 42 is connected to the upper lead 40 of the lower toroidal unit 16.
• the third toroidal unit 22 is wound ccw and its lower lead 46 is connected to the upper lead 44 of the second toroidal unit 18.
• the upper lead 26 of the third toroidal unit 22 acts as the ground lead.
• Plastic spacers 28 between the toroidal units 16, 18, 22 act as voltage standoffs.
• the non- wound area of the toroidal units 32 are vertically aligned.
• a common primary 36 is wound through the core-coil assembly 34 stack in the clear area.
• This core-coil assembly 34 is encased in a high temperature plastic housing with holes for the leads.
• This assembly is then vacuum-cast in an acceptable potting compound for high voltage dielectric integrity.
• potting compounds There are many alternative types of potting materials.
• the basic requirements of the potting compound are that it possess sufficient dielectric strength, that it adheres well to all other materials inside the structure, and that it be able to survive the stringent environment requirements of cycling, temperature, shock and vibration. It is also desirable that the potting compound have a low dielectric constant and a low loss tangent.
• the housing material should be injection moldable, inexpensive, possess a low dielectric constant and loss tangent, and
• FIG 2 A there is shown a side and top view of the stacker assembly 34 prior to encapsulation.
• Figure 2B shows a side and top view of the stacker assembly 34 encapsulated in the final assembly 100.
• the stacker assembly 34 is placed inside a hollow tubing housing 50 that is made from polymeric materials having high use temperature properties as previously described.
• a bottom section 55 has a connector 70 that interfaces to the spark plug and seals to the housing 50.
• Output lead 24 is connected to connector 70 to form an electrical path to the spark plug.
• Output lead 26 can be brought out of the assembly 100 and connected to the engine ground or the return of the sparkplug or similar point to form a closed electrical path for the secondary discharging through the spark gap. Potting compound 60 is poured into the housing 50 under manufacturer's recommendations.
• Toroidal cup 12, housing 50 and bottom section 55 are composed of the housing materials described hereinabove In order to promote adhesion of the potting compound 60 with housing 50, toroidal cup 12, bottom section 55 and other internal components, the parts are plasma cleaned prior to potting, as prescribed by manufacturers of plasma cleaning machines.
• a current was supplied in the primary coil 36, building up rapidly within about 25 to 100 ⁇ sec to a level up to but not limited to 60 amps.
• Figure 3 shows the output attained when the primary current is rapidly shut off at a given peak Ampere-turn.
• the charge time was typically ⁇ 120 microseconds with a voltage of 12 volts on the primary switching system.
• the output voltage had a typical short output pulse duration of about 1.5 microseconds FWHM and a long low level tail that lasted approximately 100 microseconds.
• a high voltage, exceeding 10 kV can be repeatedly generated at time intervals of less than 150 ⁇ sec. This feature is required to achieve the rapid multiple sparking action mentioned above.
• the core-coil assembly 34 of the present invention serves as an engine diagnostic device Because of the low magnetic losses of the magnetic core 10 of the present invention, the primary voltage profile reflects faithfully what is taking place in the cumulative secondary windings. During each rapid flux change inducing high voltages on the secondary, the primary voltage lead is analyzed during the firing duration, for proper ignition characteristics The resulting data are then fed to the ignition system control
• the present core-coil assembly 34 thus eliminates the additional magnetic element required by the system disclosed in the Noble patent, wherein the core is composed of a ferrite material
• An amo ⁇ hous iron-based ribbon having a width of about 15 6 mm and a thickness of about 20 ⁇ m was wound on a machined stainless steel mandrel and spot welded on the ED and OD to maintain tolerance
• the inside diameter of 12 mm was set by the mandrel and the outside diameter was selected to be 17 mm
• the finished cylindrical core weighed about 10 grams.
• the cores were annealed in a nitrogen atmosphere in the 430 to 450 ° C range with soak times from 2 to 16 hours The annealed cores were placed into insulator cups and wound on a toroid winding machine with 140 turns of thin gauge insulated copper wire as the secondary.
• Both ccw and cw units were wound A ccw unit was used as the base and top units while a cw unit was the middle unit. Insulator spacers were added between the units. Four turns of a lower gauge wire, forming the primary, were wound on the toroid sub-assembly in the area where the secondary windings were not present. The middle and lower unit's leads were connected as well as the middle and upper units leads. The assembly was placed in a high temperature plastic housing and was potted. With this configuration, the secondary voltage was measured as a function of the primary current and number of primary turns, and is set forth below in Figure 3.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Ignition Installations For Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)

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• 1997
  • 1997-04-25 JP JP9539108A patent/JPH11508415A/ja active Pending
  • 1997-04-25 AU AU29927/97A patent/AU2992797A/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-04-25 WO PCT/US1997/007069 patent/WO1997041576A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 1997-04-25 CN CN 97195097 patent/CN1220764A/zh active Pending
  • 1997-04-25 CA CA 2253571 patent/CA2253571A1/en not_active Abandoned
  • 1997-04-25 EP EP97924525A patent/EP0896726A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1997-04-25 BR BR9708836A patent/BR9708836A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation

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