EP0867211B1 - Machine de jeu de competition et loisir fonctionnant par action impulsive sur un objet avec liberte de mouvement tridimensionnel - Google Patents

Machine de jeu de competition et loisir fonctionnant par action impulsive sur un objet avec liberte de mouvement tridimensionnel Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0867211B1
EP0867211B1 EP97937592A EP97937592A EP0867211B1 EP 0867211 B1 EP0867211 B1 EP 0867211B1 EP 97937592 A EP97937592 A EP 97937592A EP 97937592 A EP97937592 A EP 97937592A EP 0867211 B1 EP0867211 B1 EP 0867211B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
mobile object
repulsion
controls
playing surface
gameboard
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Expired - Lifetime
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EP97937592A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0867211A1 (fr
Inventor
Jose Antonio Carames Jimenez
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Individual
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Individual
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63F—CARD, BOARD, OR ROULETTE GAMES; INDOOR GAMES USING SMALL MOVING PLAYING BODIES; VIDEO GAMES; GAMES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • A63F7/00—Indoor games using small moving playing bodies, e.g. balls, discs or blocks
    • A63F7/06—Games simulating outdoor ball games, e.g. hockey or football
    • A63F7/0604—Type of ball game
    • A63F7/0612—Basketball
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A63—SPORTS; GAMES; AMUSEMENTS
    • A63F—CARD, BOARD, OR ROULETTE GAMES; INDOOR GAMES USING SMALL MOVING PLAYING BODIES; VIDEO GAMES; GAMES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • A63F7/00—Indoor games using small moving playing bodies, e.g. balls, discs or blocks
    • A63F7/22—Accessories; Details
    • A63F7/36—Constructional details not covered by groups A63F7/24 - A63F7/34, i.e. constructional details of rolling boards, rims or play tables, e.g. frame, game boards, guide tracks
    • A63F7/40—Balls or other moving playing bodies, e.g. pinballs or discs used instead of balls
    • A63F2007/4087—Tethered balls
    • A63F2007/4093—Tethered balls supported on a tethering arm

Definitions

  • the object of the invention is a competition and entertainment game functioning through activation of an object with three-dimensional freedom of movement. More particularly, the present invention is particularly suitable for sporting competitions between two teams, formed of one or more players depending on the game mode.
  • the teams are situated on opposite sides of the gameboard.
  • the teams shoot a mobile object, preferably spherical in shape, back and forth over the gameboard.
  • the mobile object has three-dimensional freedom of movement and can be moved three-dimensionally over the gameboad until one of the teams fails to repel it, much like the motion of, for example, a tennis ball during a tennis match.
  • the teams then compete by scoring points depending on the rules established for the game mode in use.
  • points may be scored in a manner consistent with popular sports like tennis, table tennis and volleyball. This may either be, for example, when the mobile game element touches the gameboard outside the zones permitted by the selected game mode, when the mobile element lands within the permitted zones and the team fails to repel it back to the opposing team, or if the opposing team fails to hit the mobile object before it hits the surface of the gameboard.
  • each team can control the position of a repulsion sector which performs the function of a racquet as well as controlling the direction, effect and strength of the repulsion applied to the mobile game object, thereby allowing a team to control the direction and force with which the object is repelled out of the repulsion sector.
  • the action of repelling the ball or mobile object is performed by specific electromechanical means that are triggered by controls in a control center.
  • the control center preferably comprises a number of conventional controls such as, for example, buttons that are operable by the user of the device.
  • the controls are activated by the user, depending on how the aforementioned controls are operated and programmed, the positions of the mobile object and the repulsion sector that performs the function of a racquet are controlled.
  • the user manipulates the controls in the control center, which then trigger the electromechanical elements to operate as programmed to produce controlled impulses directed at the mobile object and, thereby, control the three-dimensional movement of the mobile object.
  • the electromechanic means detects the position of the mobile object and the manipulation of controls which determine the effect with which the action of repulsion is to be carried out, by using reading means which reads particular data available to the control center and data supplied by other elements with the capacity to detect position. These elements are located in the machine's mechanical system and in the control unit, which governs and manipulates the repulsion zones.
  • the invention concentrates on controlling the position and movement of the element with freedom of three-dimensional movement; selective activation of repulsion zones; controlling the position and the intention of impulse production from each repulsion zone or racquet; the physical system used to perform the aforementioned operations; and the actual constitution of the machine used for the competition, with the arrangement of the elements of which it is composed.
  • Sports competition and entertainment machines are known. Such existing sports competition and entertainment machines are usually limited to a few types. For example, some machines consist of a soccer-like or hockey-like gameboard where the two sides compete for an object which can be moved around the field of play by elements situated across the gameboard, wherein the elements are governed by the players through controls. The aim of such games is getting the object into an opposing goal.
  • Another type of existing machine is designed so that the players shoot a chip or ball to each other from one side of the gameboard to the other, until one of the players scores a point by introducing the chip or ball into the opposing goal.
  • the gameball is usually able to move completely freely when it, for example, is in a pocket or propelling means and is expelled towards a basket or a goal.
  • the gameball's three-dimensional freedom of movement is not permanently controllable in terms of movement and position.
  • three-dimensional games like tennis which to be played properly within the limited space of a machine, require total control over the position and movements of the ball, such machines are not suitable.
  • US-A-4 906 003 discloses a device according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the machine described herein permits competition through the activation of a mobile object or gameball, where this gameball or mobile element can be moved freely three-dimensionally within a limited volume of game zone; where both the position of this gameball within the limits of the volume of space of free movement determined by the machine's systems, its position in relation to the zones of the filed of play which the player wishes to control and the authorized repulsion sectors which perform the function of racquets, depending on the kind of game, are all controlled at all times.
  • Construction of the invention described herein produces an automatically-controlled machine.
  • This machine is made all the more attractive by the wide variety of possible operations in a game, the fact that it is possible to play games like tennis and volleyball and the fact that using the machine requires physical exercise, training and use of the reflexes.
  • the machine is a new product concept with better commercial prospects than existing machines along the same lines.
  • the new design of the machine allowing new kinds of competition, the easily-understood operation of the games and the accessible production costs result in a product of great commercial potential on both domestic and international markets.
  • the invention centers on a new configuration of machines for competition and entertainment through activation of a mobile object.
  • the object moves with three-dimensional freedom of movement. Its relative position within a sector of space over a gameboard is controlled at all times.
  • the object moves across the gameboard depending on its own position, the position of an authorized repulsion section and also on the handling of the sets of game controls belonging to each side.
  • the aforementioned three-dimensional sector is located over a gameboard in such a way as to allow different types of competition, in particular: tennis, volleyball, table-tennis and other similar games.
  • the games are played by producing the three-dimensional movement of the gameball over the aforementioned gameboard.
  • the gameboard may be equipped with a net to separate the two halves of the gameboard, the height of which will vary according to the game.
  • each of the control systems is formed of a set of mechanical organs equipped with elements that allow them to be held manually. These elements allow the players on the one hand to modify the position of the activated repulsion sector, commonly referred to as the "bat” or “racquet”, and on the other, to shoot the gameball according to the desired speed, direction and effect.
  • the ball or game element which moves three-dimensionally around a sector of space located above the gameboard, is subject to space limitations imposed by a supports system which allows the ball or game element to move three-dimensionally, the support system being a group of mechanisms; or mechanical apparatus,which hold the ball.
  • the support system being a group of mechanisms; or mechanical apparatus,which hold the ball.
  • the way these mechanisms are grouped provides three-dimensional movement of the ball or object as a result of the sum of the contributions of each of the three axes of coordinates of the different types of independent movements of the ball.
  • the desired movement can be obtained by appropriate manipulation of the controls, which provoke the movement of the support system or mechanical apparatus.
  • the group of mechanisms consists of a combination of linear guides for linear movement and radial guides for radial movement. These permit the gameball to make composite movements which are the results of the two-dimensional movements in relation to the two horizontal coordinates axes parallel to the plane of the gameboard and of vertical movements in the dimension perpendicular to the plane of the gameboard, in this way making any kind of three-dimensional movement possible.
  • the three-dimensional movement is limited by the mechanical and dimensional characteristics of the aforementioned mechanical system or apparatus on which the ball or object is mounted.
  • the above-mentioned mechanical group is formed by the perpendicular arrangement of a mechanical sub-set structured on a main axis, attached by one or both ends to a two-dimensional displacement system and mounted parallel to the plane and transversal to the gameboard. It incorporates the gameball in such a way as to allow it to move linearly in parallel to the axis and turn around it with a fixed radius.
  • This sub-set essentially consists of a linear guide, which may be equipped with systems for producing linear displacement along the guide-rail of an element which acts as a carrier device, or by other means equipped to produce this movement.
  • the carrier device holds the gameball, maintaining a fixed radius with the axis of rotation, in this way allowing the radial turn of the gameball around the axis which determines the linear guide itself.
  • the two-dimensional displacement system that holds, by one or both ends, the mechanical sub-set formed of the linear guide with accessories and gameball, is a system that allows the aforementioned guide set to move perpendicular to the main axis of rotation determined by the guide itself. These movements are mainly longitudinal and horizontal in relation to the gameboard.
  • the system may have a vertical component of varying importance depending on how the system is manufactured and on the game mode desired.
  • the lateral support of the mechanical system can be manufactured using a combination of linear displacement systems so that, where two supports are used, they move in unison, and the mechanical system supports both ends of an element which moves in two dimensions and the two ends of the linear bar that performs the function of the axis of rotation.
  • the lateral support system can be made using a single line of linear displacement on each side, with the line following either a straight path or a radial path with a projected curvature, using a linear displacement guide for this purpose or a supporting arm in line with an axis, situated at the desired distance from the turning circle.
  • the transversal linear guide is a mechanical group where the gameball is attached by means of an arm to a carrier device that holds the ball and allows the ball to turn, within a radius defined by the dimensions of the support elements, on an axis constituted by the guide itself.
  • the linear guide also guides the ball and produces the linear displacement of the carrying device.
  • the linear guide may contain a threaded endless screw which, on turning, produces the linear displacement of the carrying device and, therefore, of the gameball.
  • the carrying device has a rolling ring, or some similar device, to connect it to the endless screw, that makes it possible for the carrying device to move to the left or right at a certain speed, depending on the speed and direction of the rotation of the endless screw.
  • the set of mechanisms that controls the movements of the ball, initiated by electromagnetic motive elements and the control group contain various detector devices. By reading the detector devices, it is possible to detect the relative position of the mobile object or gameball on the gameboard and in the situation of the activated repulsion area, or racquet, in relation to the ball in order to discover whether it is possible to repel the ball and, if not, whether the point is to be awarded in favor of one of the sides according to the game mode in use.
  • the sets of controls on either side of the machine are to be manipulated by the players in order to selectively activate an authorized repulsion zone, or racquet, from among the plurality of repulsion zones in the field of play.
  • Each group of controls is equipped with handling devices, the purpose of which is to allow the player, through manipulation of these, to control, on the one hand the position of the repulsion zone and on the other hand the behavior of the motive elements that produce the movement of the gameball starting from the repulsion, zone.
  • the player can select the action of the impulsors independently of the position of the repulsion zone.
  • they can be either manipulated manually or automatically by detecting the presence of the gameball in their field of action through sensors.
  • Figure 1 gives a simplified view of the outline of the machine described in this document. It is equipped with a gameboard (1.1) with a separation net (1.2). The mobile object or gameball (1.3) is attched by an arm (1.4) to a carrier device (1.5) which forms part of the mechanical support and control group of which part can be seen (1.6) and the two sets of controls (1.7 and 1.8) from which the position of the activated repulsion zone and the characteristics of the repulsion to be produced are controlled.
  • Figure 2 shows a mechanical system used for the function of supporting and controlling the movement of the gameball, and with which it is possible both to produce and control its movements.
  • the drawing indicates the mechanical elements which constitute the aforementioned group for support and control of the mobile object and we can observe the main axis of rotation, which on the outside is formed of a tube (2.2) with a longitudinal opening. This tube permits the linear displacement of the carrier device (1.5) and when it turns, causes the carrier device to execute an identical turn. We can also observe an endless screw (2.4) inside the tube. On turning, the endless screw causes the linear displacement of the carrier device.
  • Figure 2 also shows how the mobile object, in this case a ball (1.3), is attached to the carrier device by an arm (1.4).
  • Figure 3 shows a view of the mechanical support and control group, fitted with different motive elements which produce the movement of the different elements that are activated by the movement of the gameball.
  • the motive element (3.1) that produces the rotation of the endless screw which, on turning, produces the linear displacement of the carrier device to which the game element is attached, showing the motive element (3.2) that produces the rotation of the transmitter element (3.3) which transmits the turn to the carrier device.
  • the transmitter is a tube with a longitudinal opening which permits linear movement and also transmits the turn to the ball-carrier device and therefore to the ball itself in the form of a radius.
  • a motive element (3.4) is incorporated that produces the linear displacement of this base.
  • the base as can be appreciated in the drawing, can be displaced transversely along the linear guides (3.5 and 3.6), moved by the two motive elements (2.11, 2.11a), which in this case are two electrical coils, that regulate its elevation.
  • Figure 4 shown a diagram of the connection of the different elements of the machine to the electronic control system.
  • the diagram shows how the detectors of the control groups (1.7 and 1.8 ), the motive elements (3.1, 3.2, 3.4 ) ;, the detectors of the mechanical group (4.7 and 4.8) and the position indicators of the authorized repulsion area, of which a part is shown (1.9), are connected to the control center (4.10).
  • the machine for competition is a machine with a gameboard (1.1), a mobile object for the game which in this case is a ball (1.3), and two sets of controls (1.7 and 1.8).
  • a gameboard has been created where, depending on the game being played, the gameball can travel in different directions and hit the surface with an effect similar to the bounce produced when a ball hits the ground on a court.
  • the function of the racquet is performed by an activated repulsion zone which, as illustrated in Figure 1, is determined by illuminated by illuminated luminous indicators (1.9) which are illuminated on reception of a command from the control center activating the particular repulsion sector.
  • the position of this sector can be altered by manipulation of the controls using the handling devices.
  • the dimensions of the main body of the machine produced are 1600 mm by 1000 mm by 1400 mm, with a flat gameboard of 1200 mm by 900 mm and a net of 160 mm in height.
  • the board has the line markings of a tennis court.
  • the position of the authorized repulsion zone on either side can be modified in this case by moving in stages around a certain area on each side of the gameboard, which in this case, each side is a rectangle measuring 700 mm by 500 mm.
  • the authorized repulsion sector which in this case each measures 80 mm by 80 mm, can move around the rectangular area in jumps of 10 mm, which is indicated by the illumination of a series of electroluminescent diodes or LEDS which indicate the edges of the authorized repulsion square.
  • the areas where the authorized repulsion zones can be situated are full of electroluminescent diodes that form a grid of dots 10 mm apart which, when the appropriate LEDS are illuminated, visibly indicate the position of the authorized repulsion zone.
  • the mechanical group used in this example for controlling and producing the movement of the object is equipped with different motive elements that act to produce the movement of the different elements that control the movement of the ball.
  • These motive elements are servo controlled so that, besides being used to produce the movement of the ball, they are also used to read its position and, as a result, to produce the turn of the endless screw (2.4).
  • Turning the endless screw causes the linear displacement of the carrier device (1.5), to which the game element, in this case a ball (1.3), is attached.
  • a serve controlled motor which can be turned, whose radial position can be detected and with which it is therefore possible to produce the displacement of the carrier device and detect its linear position, is used.
  • a rotation transmitter (2.2) is used, which in this case is a tube with a longitudinal opening, which is connected at one end to a servo controlled motor (3.2,) which produces the rotation that the transmitter transmits to the ball-carrier device, in this way controlling the ball-carrier device's radial position and, therefore, the position of the ball itself.
  • a servometer is used to produce displacement along the linear guide (2.9), along which the carriage (2.8) moves and to which the base (2.7) supporting the main axis is attached.
  • the servometer is attached to the support itself, and, when used, produces the movement and control of the linear position of the aforementioned support in relation to the guide.
  • the aforementioned support is able to move perpendicular to its own axis, in this case guided by the two linear guides (2.11 and 2.11a), using the coils (2.10 and 2.10a) and (377 and 38) as motive elements.
  • the servometer produces a strength proportional to the current and moves the guide variably and transversely.
  • the two control systems (1.7 and 1.8 ).
  • these are composed in this case of an organ for producing the movement of the activated repulsion zone.
  • the organ is a trackball, as it is known in the trade, and consists of a ball which can rotate freely in any direction that transmits signals of the movement produced in it.
  • a joystick is used to determine the intention of effect of repulsion.
  • the aforementioned set of controls is equipped with buttons to permit the "serve" of the mobile object after a point has been scored and the powerful shot, or "smash", as it is known in tennis terminology.
  • the lines in Figure 4 indicate the direction of the various signals emitted and received among the different elements such as the control groups (4.1 and 4.2), servometers (3.1,3.2 and 3.4), coils (31,38) detectors (4.7 and 4.8) and the set of luminous dots (19) that display the repulsion sector, towards a conventional control center designed with a microprocessor and peripherals.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Multimedia (AREA)
  • Toys (AREA)
  • Pinball Game Machines (AREA)
  • Golf Clubs (AREA)

Claims (10)

  1. Dispositif de concurrence et de divertissement composé par; un tableau de jeu(Fig.1); le tableau de jeu ayant une surface de jeu (1,1); un object mobile(1.3) ayant un mouvement tridimensionnel à travers la surface de jeu situé sur le tableau de jeu; la surface de jeu étant divisée en côtés en opposition; chaque côté d'opposition de la surface de jeu étant divisée en une pluralité de sections de répulsion, où à un moment donné, seulement une section de répulsion de chaque côté d'opposition peut être activée (1,9); et chaque côté d'opposition ayant un ensemble de commandes correspondantes (1,7, 1,8) qui commandent les sections de répulsion du côté correspondant, où une section de répulsion située dans la position de l'objet mobile peut repousser l'objet mobile si la section de répulsion est activée en manoeuvrant les commandes du côté correspondant, caractérisé par le fait que la zone de répulsion repousse l'objet mobile par un système de commande électronique qui détecte si la section de répulsion est située dans le chemin de l'objet mobile et signale la répulsion de l'objet mobile si la section de répulsion est située dans le chemin de l'objet mobile.
  2. Le dispositif de la revendication 1, où l'ensemble de commandes de chaque côté d'opposition (1,7, 1,8) peuvent être manoeuvrés pour repousser l'objet mobile avec le force désirée et dans le direction désirée.
  3. Le dispositif de la revendication 1, où l'objet mobile (1,3) est monté sur un appareil mécanique (figs. 2 et 3), où l'appareil mécanique reçoit des signaux de l'ensemble de commandes de chaque côté (1,7, 1,8), signaux que comprenant la force et la direction de repousser l'objet mobile, tels que l'appareil mécanique répond en déplaçant l'objet mobile selon les signaux reçus.
  4. Le dispositif de la revendication 3, où l'appareil mécanique comporte une combinaison des guides linéaires pour le mouvement linéaire et des guides radiaux pour le mouvement radial (figs. 2 et 3).
  5. Le dispositif de la revendication 4, où les guides linéaires sont composés d'un tube (2,2) ayant une ouverture linéaire contenir une vis sans fin filetée (2,4), par lequel la rotation de la vis cause le déplacement linéaire.
  6. Le dispositif de la revendication 3, où la position de l'objet mobile est commandée à tout moment par l'appareil mécanique (figs. 2, 3 et 4).
  7. Le dispositif de la revendication 1, comportant en outre un filet (1,2) qui sépare les côtés d'opposition de la surface de jeu.
  8. le dispositif de la revendication 6, où l'ensemble de commandes correspondantes (1,7, 1,8) comporte plus loin un bouton de service et un bouton de coup pour faire un smash.
  9. une méthode d'utiliser le dispositif de concurrence et de divertissement de la revendication 1, comportant les étapes de:
    a) pouver servir l'objet mobile (1,3) d'un côté de la surface de jeu en manoeuvrant l'ensemble de commandes correspondantes (1,7, 1,8);
    b) manoeuvrer l'ensemble d'opposition de commandes pour activer sélectivement une section de répulsion (1,9) du côté d'opposition de la surface de jeu;
    c) repousser l'objet mobile de nouveau au côté d'opposition de la surface de jeu si la section activée de répulsion est dans le chemin de l'objet mobile; et
    d) répétition des étapes b) et c) jusque à une équipe n'active pas une section de répulsion dans le chemin de l'objet mobile;
    e) détectant par le système de commande électronique (4,10) si la section de répulsion est situé dans le chemin de l'objet mobile et de signaler la répulsion si la section de répulsion est située dans le chemin de l'objet mobile
  10. La méthode de revendication 9 comportant en outre l'étape de: manipulation des commandes pour signaler une force et une direction désirées pour repousser l'objet mobile de nouve de nouveau au côté d'opposition du surface de jeu.
EP97937592A 1996-09-04 1997-09-03 Machine de jeu de competition et loisir fonctionnant par action impulsive sur un objet avec liberte de mouvement tridimensionnel Expired - Lifetime EP0867211B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
ES9600189 1996-01-24
ES009601894A ES2136512B1 (es) 1996-09-04 1996-09-04 Maquina para competicion y entretenimiento por accion impulsora sobre objeto con libertad de movimiento tridimensional.
ES9601894 1996-09-04
PCT/ES1997/000218 WO1998009695A1 (fr) 1996-09-04 1997-09-03 Machine de jeu de competition et loisir fonctionnant par action impulsive sur un objet avec liberte de mouvement tridimensionnel

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0867211A1 EP0867211A1 (fr) 1998-09-30
EP0867211B1 true EP0867211B1 (fr) 2003-08-27

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Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97937592A Expired - Lifetime EP0867211B1 (fr) 1996-09-04 1997-09-03 Machine de jeu de competition et loisir fonctionnant par action impulsive sur un objet avec liberte de mouvement tridimensionnel

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Country Link
EP (1) EP0867211B1 (fr)
AT (1) ATE248008T1 (fr)
DE (1) DE69724406D1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2136512B1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1998009695A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6318724B1 (en) 1999-01-20 2001-11-20 Jose Antonio Carames Electronic amusement device
ES2264872B1 (es) * 2004-12-17 2008-01-01 Daniel Sanz Navarro Maquina recreativa.
CN105169678B (zh) * 2015-07-29 2017-11-17 王侃 用于向足球运动员传球的训练设备
CN105107176B (zh) * 2015-07-29 2017-11-17 王侃 用于向足球运动员传球的设备
CN105169679B (zh) * 2015-07-29 2017-11-17 王侃 用于向足球运动员传球的训练装置
CN105013154B (zh) * 2015-07-29 2017-11-17 王侃 用于向足球运动员供球的训练设备
CN105107177B (zh) * 2015-07-29 2017-11-17 王侃 用于向足球运动员供球的训练装置
CN104998391B (zh) * 2015-07-29 2017-09-29 王侃 用于向足球运动员传球的装置

Family Cites Families (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4040621A (en) * 1976-01-30 1977-08-09 Marvin Glass & Associates Simulated volleyball game apparatus
US4906003A (en) * 1987-09-08 1990-03-06 Zuck Co., Ltd. Squash ball game machine
US5297792A (en) * 1992-03-20 1994-03-29 Tri-Tec Industries Football simulation game
US5344142A (en) * 1993-10-14 1994-09-06 Barreira Jeane K Simulated volleyball game and air bubble scoring system
WO1995024247A1 (fr) * 1994-03-09 1995-09-14 Jose Antonio Carames Jimenez Machine de competition et de loisir fonctionnant par une action repulsive
EP0778059B1 (fr) * 1995-03-15 2002-01-02 Jose Antonio Carames Machine amelioree de jeux de competition et de loisir par actionnement d'une fiche flottante

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Publication number Publication date
ES2136512B1 (es) 2000-07-01
ES2136512A1 (es) 1999-11-16
DE69724406D1 (de) 2003-10-02
EP0867211A1 (fr) 1998-09-30
ATE248008T1 (de) 2003-09-15
WO1998009695A1 (fr) 1998-03-12

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