Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01H—NEW PLANTS OR NON-TRANSGENIC PROCESSES FOR OBTAINING THEM; PLANT REPRODUCTION BY TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES
  • A01H6/00—Angiosperms, i.e. flowering plants, characterised by their botanic taxonomy
  • A01H6/20—Brassicaceae, e.g. canola, broccoli or rucola
  • A01H6/203—Brassica oleraceae, e.g. broccoli or kohlrabi

Definitions

• the present invention involves cytoplasmic male sterile Brassica oleracea plants that contain poli a CMS cytoplasm- are male sterile at high and low temperatures, and exhibit good female fertility.
• plant breeders In an effort to increase the productivity of plants and food crops, plant breeders generally develop cultivars that contain certain desirable characteristics such as increased height, growth rate, higher yields, etc.
• One of the ways in which this may be accomplished is by infusing desirable characteristics into a plant to form a superior plant line. Superior lines are then combined to form an Fj hybrid that contains the desirable characteristics.
• Such superior hybrids can be developed in numerous ways.
• male sterile lines allow the breeder to produce hybrid seed more economically by controlling cross-fertilization in the flower of a plant.
• Cross-fertilization can be controlled by preventing the female parent from self fertilizing.
• Self-fertilization is eliminated by making the plant male sterile. If the plant is male sterile, then no pollen can be produced for fertilization. Once rendered male sterile, the plant may then be hybridized with a gene donor plant possessing the desired characteristics.
• CMS cytoplasmic male sterility
• cytoplasmic male sterility can be transmitted by crossing.
• the female (egg) parent contributes the cytoplasm, therefore, crossing to CMS females produces CMS progeny.
• the nuclear genes however are heterozygous. Therefore, six to eight generations of "backcrossing" are necessary to produce a CMS line breeding homozygous for nuclear characters.
• cytoplasmic male sterile lines can also be produced by protoplast fusion.
• protoplast fusion a protoplast from a plant having commercially desirable traits is combined with a protoplast of a CMS line. The nuclear material of the CMS line is either removed or inactivated prior to fusion so it donates only the cytoplasm.
• the resulting cytoplasmic hybrid (or cybrid) possesses the CMS cytoplasm and is male sterile.
• U.S. Patent 5,254,802 discloses B. oleracea plants that contain the Ogura CMS cytoplasm. These plants were obtained by protoplast fusion.
• Polima CMS cytoplasm has been used to produce CMS in varieties such as winter-type oil seed rape (Brassica napus) fSee Barsby et al., Plant Science. 53: 243-248 (1987)).
• cytoplasmic male sterility by the polima CMS cytoplasm is that the polima cytoplasm is influenced by environmental conditions. Fan, Z et al. Can. J. Plant Sci.
• the present invention involves Brassica oleracea plants that contain Polima CMS cytoplasm which remain male sterile at high and low temperatures and exhibit good female fertility.
• the Brassica oleracea plants of the present invention can be produced by traditional breeding methods. Different Brassica types can then be developed by further crossings or backcrossings or by protoplast fusion.
• an interspecific cross was made between Brassica campesms cultivar 87110 and Brassica oleracea cultivar 87101.
• the seeds resulting from the cross are collected, planted and regenerated.
• the resulting plants are Brassica napus and contain a haploid set of chromosomes.
• the chromosomal content of said Brassica napus must be doubled by treating the plants with colchicine.
• a second interspecific cross is performed by crossing Brassica napus cultivar 87118 with Brassica oleracea cultivar 87101.
• the seeds resulting from the cross are collected, planted and regenerated.
• the resulting plants are Brassica napus and contain a haploid set of chromosomes.
• the plants are treated with colchicine to double their chromosome content.
• the Brassica napus plants produced as a result of the second interspecific cross are next crossed with a Brassica napuscultivar 87102, which contains polima CMS cytoplasm and is male sterile.
• the seeds resulting from the cross are collected, planted and regenerated.
• the regenerated plants are Brassica napus and contained the polima CMS cytoplasm.
• the resulting plants are subsequently crossed with the Brassica napus plants produced as a result of the first interspecific cross.
• the seeds resulting from the cross are collected, planted and regenerated.
• the regenerated plants are Brassica napus , contain the Polima CMS cytoplasm and are male sterile.
• the resulting plants are then crossed with a normal Brassica oleracea.
• siliques are produced, collected and examined for seeds.
• the seeds are collected for embryo rescue, because typically, embryos produced from such interspecific hybridization abort prior to maturation.
• embryo rescue techniques interspecific hybrid plants can be produced.
• the resulting plants are then backcrossed with a Brassica oleracea .
• Siliques are again produced, collected and examined for seeds.
• the seeds are collected for embryo rescue.
• the embryos are then regenerated as in the previous cross.
• the resulting plants are intermediate for chromosome number and contain the polima CMS cytoplasm.
• the nuclear content of the plants is a combination of Brassica napus and Brassica oleracea .
• the resulting plants are then backcrossed with Brassica oleracea .
• Siliques are again produced, collected and examined for seeds. The seeds are sown.
• the resulting plants are Brassica oleracea which are male sterile and contain the polima CMS cytoplasm.
• the male sterile Brassica oleracea plants may be further crossed or backcrossed to produce different Brassica types .
• Siliques will again be produced, collected and examined for seeds. The seeds are sown.
• the resulting plants are Brassica oleracea which contain the polima cytoplasm and are male sterile.
• Different Brassicatypes can also be produced by protoplast fusion.
• a protoplast from a male sterile Brassica oleracea containing the polima CMS cytoplasm and inactivated nuclei is fused with a protoplast of a Brassica having commercially desirable characteristics. After the fusion, the allogenic cells are regenerated into CMS Brassica plants. The resulting plants are male sterile and contain the polima cytoplasm. The regenerated CMS Brassica plants contain the
• FIG 1 shows the different hybridization patterns of BGL I digested
• Lane 1 shows Phage ⁇ Hind HI
• Brassica oleracea 904005-1 DNA Lanes 4 and 5 show Brassica oleracea
• Lanes 6 and 7 show Brassica oleracea acceptor Line DE70.
• Figure 2 shows the different hybridization patterns of BGLII digested
• mitochondrial DNA of a polima CMS plant and mitochondrial DNA from an
• Lanes 8 and 18 show Phage ⁇ Hind III digested
• Lanes 1 to 7 show Polima CMS Brassica oleracea 904005-1
• Lanes 9 to 17 show Brassica oleracea acceptor Line K14. Lanes 19 to
• Leakiness refers to the fact that the plants tend
• CMS Brassica napus containing polima cytoplasm plants are only partially sterile at high temperatures. See Fan, Z et al., Can. J. Plant Sci. 66: 221-227 (1985).
• the present invention involves CMS Brassica oleracea plants that contain the polima cytoplasm. The plants are male sterile at high and low temperatures and exhibit good female fertility.
• Different Brassica CHS types can then be developed by employing further crossings and backcrossings or protoplast fusion.
• the Breeding Program Traditional breeding techniques were used to develop the Brassica oleracea plants of the present invention.
• the inventors herewith describe the breeding program used to create the Brassica oleracea plants of this invention.
• the siliques are collected, examined for seeds and planted.
• the resulting plants were "artificial" Brassica napus with an aacc genome. These were labelled 87116.
• 87118 was received from the CPRO as IVT 86017 batter 3MS.
• 87118 has been deposited under the Budapest Treaty with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) , 12301 Parklawn Drive, Rockville, Maryland, 20852.
• 87118 was deposited on August 23, 1995 and received ATCC Accession Number 97247. As in the previous cross, the seeds were collected and planted. The resulting plants were subjected to colchicine treatment to double the chromosomes. The resulting plants were an "artificial" Brassica napus with an aacc genome. The resulting plants were labeled 87119.
• Plants of 87119 were then crossed with a male sterile Brassica napus (aacc) containing the polima CMS cytoplasm (labeled 87102) .
• 87102 is available from the Crucifer Genetics Cooperative as CrGC #5-4 (AClaacc) which is a rapid cycling Brassica napus with "Polima” CMS cytoplasm.
• Siliques were produced, collected and examined for seeds. The seeds were planted and the resulting plants labeled 88102. These plants were Brassica napus, had an aacc genome and contained the polima CMS cytoplasm.
• Embryo rescue involves removing the embryo from the silique. It is preferred that the embryo rescue be conducted when the embryo is as large as possible. Generally, 18-19 days after the cross is a good time to conduct embryo rescue. However, one skilled in the art would recognize that the embryo rescue could take place earlier or later, so long as the seed coat has not yet hardened.
• the siliques are first disinfected for about 20 minutes in a 10% hypochlorate solution (such as sodium or potassium hypochlorate) and rinsed three times in sterile water at 2.5 and 10 minutes.
• a 10% hypochlorate solution such as sodium or potassium hypochlorate
• the plants had mixed genomes. Because of their mixed nature, the plants were male sterile and partially female sterile. The plants were male sterile because they contained the polima CMS cytoplasm from the female (egg) parent, Brassica napus , 88125.
• Phenotypical selection was used to select the plants from 88132-1 through 88132-84 that have near normal DNA content (aacc or cc) . Phenotypic selection allows the breeder to select plants most similar to Brassica oleracea (cc genome). Plants with an abnormal DNA content are visually different than plants with a normal DNA content. The plants selected were backcrossed (BC1) with a normal broccoli or cauliflower, Brassica oleracea (cc) . However, one skilled in the art would recognize that any Brassica oleracea could be used. After the cross, embryo rescue was again employed. The plants that developed were assigned the numbers 89015 through 89040 and 89046 through 89056.
• resulting plants can be crossed with other Brassica types such as broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage (red, white, savoy) , brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, kale, etc. to produce CMS lines.
• Brassica types can be produced by backcrossing to the CMS "polima” plants or by protoplast fusion.
• a maintainer line is understood by those of ordinary skill in the art to denote a line that is used in crosses to produce progeny that maintain the sterility of the male sterile material parent.
• the maintainer plants are fertile but otherwise genetically identical counterparts to the CMS plants with which they are grown, typically in alternating strips, to produce seed from a male-sterile line.
• CPO numbered plants exhibiting male sterility, good female fertility were cloned and put in a cage with a typical maintainer.
• Cage production involves erecting a mesh tent (insect screening) or a cage around the plants. This is done to prevent cross pollination by insects with other plants in the field. A beehive or other insect colony is typically put inside with the plants. Siliques that developed were collected and the seeds sown. The resulting plants were Brassica oleracea which contained the polima CMS cytoplasm, were male sterile and exhibited good female fertility.
• the protoplasts can be obtained from a Brassica oleracea plant that contains the CMS polima cytoplas and is male sterile.
• Brassica oleracea plants obtained by the previously described breeding program can be used, such as plants of 89070 through 89111 and plants of the CPO series.
• the protoplast fusion may be accomplished by employing polyethylene glycol (PEG) causing agglutination, in the presence of a fusion buffer, i.e. a high pH solution to let the membranes fuse.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• the protoplast fusion can be accomplished in other ways other than using polyethylene glycol (PEG) .
• the protoplasts can be fused by using electric field-induced fusion techniques as described by Koop et al. "Electric Field- Induced Fusion and Cell Reconstruction-with Preselected Single Protoplasts and Subprotoplasts of Higher Plants" in Electroporation and Electrofusion in Cell Biolo y. Neuman et al. editors, pgs 355-365 (1989), herewith incorporated by reference.
• protoplast fusion can be accomplished with dextran and polyvinyl alcohol as described by Hauptmann et al., "Carrot x Tobacco Somatic Cell Hybrids Selected by Amino Acid Analog Resistance Complementation", 6th International Protoplast Symposium, Basel, August 12-16, 1983, herewith incorporated by reference.
• the protoplast fusion is conveniently effected in a washing solution (W5') , described below, containing an osmoticum e.g. a carbohydrate such as mannitol, sorbitol, glucose, or sucrose and potassium and calcium salts.
• the pH can range from 5.2 to 10 and is preferably about 5.7.
• the protoplasts of different origin are mixed and concentrated, conveniently to a final density of 10 5 and 10 ⁇ protoplasm per ml.
• the protoplast mixture should then be left undisturbed for at least 10 minutes to allow the protoplasts to settle at the bottom of the petri dish.
• the mixture is then treated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) , preferably having a molecular weight of 1500 to 6000.
• PEG polyethylene glycol
• PFS aqueous solution
• W5' to PFS aqueous solution
• W5' to PFS aqueous solution
• W5' to PFS aqueous solution
• W5' to PFS aqueous solution
• W5' to PFS aqueous solution
• W5' to PFS aqueous solution
• W5' to PFS aqueous solution
• W5' to PFS aqueous solution
• PFS comprises conveniently an osmoticum and a calcium salt.
• the protoplasts are included in PFS for 15 to 20 minutes depending on the fragility of the cells.
• the fusion is accomplished by washing the protoplasts, for example, three times, with washing solution (W5') containing an osmoticum (e.g. glucose) in a concentration giving a lower osmolarity than PFS and potassium, sodium and calcium salts.
• W5' washing solution
• an osmoticum e.g. glucose
• the concentration of PEG in the fusion mixture is gradually decreased with each consecutive washing step (see e.g. Example 6) .
• Each washing step should take at least 5 minutes to allow the protoplasts to adjust slowly to the lower osmolarity of the medium, to avoid bursting of the cells.
• the fused protoplasts should be in the range of 10 s to 10 6 protoplasts per ml.
• the obtained fusion products may be regenerated in the presence of non-fused parental protoplasts or after optical selection from the culture.
• optical selection may be performed by micro- manipulation of the cells, e.g. according to the procedure disclosed by Patnaik et al., Plant Science Letters 24 (1982) 105, hereby incorporated by reference, for the manual isolation and identification of plant heterokaryon.
• the parental protoplasts are for example stained with fluorescent dyes, e.g. fluorescein diacetate. When fluorescein diacetate is used with protoplasts of hypocotyl origin it will stain yellow under a UV light. Protoplasts from leaves will contain chloroplasts which give red auto ⁇ fluorescence under UV light.
• the obtained fusion products are cultivated in an appropriate culture medium comprising a well-balanced nutrient supply for protoplast growth.
• the medium contains micro- and macro-elements, vitamins, amino acids and small amounts of carbohydrates, e.g. various sugars such as glucose.
• Glucose serves as a carbon source as well as an osmoticum.
• the culture medium also comprises plant hormones (auxins and cytokine) which are able to regulate cell division and shoot regeneration.
• auxins include naphtyl acetic acid (NAA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) .
• suitable cytokinins include benzyl aminopyrine (BAP) , zeatin
• NAA and 2,4-D are used in combination with BAP to initiate cell division.
• the ratio of auxin/cytokinin must then be high, for example greater than 1.
• BP culture medium
• the concentration of auxins is diluted by addition of other culture media containing no or substantially less auxins.
• Star-shaped micro calli will generally develop after 3 to 4 weeks.
• Such micro calli are then transferred to a regeneration medium to initiate shoot formation, preferably after adaption in an intermediate regeneration medium to differences in composition and physical properties between the culture medium and the regeneration medium.
• the ratio auxin/cytokinin in the regeneration medium should conveniently be low, e.g. below 1:10.
• the regeneration media, BR and K3, are relatively poor media compared to the culture medium.
• the regeneration media also have a higher viscosity that the culture medium.
• the regeneration medium Br is a solid medium and contains the growth regulators 2,4-D, NAA and BAP, with the ratio of auxin to cytokinin being less than 1.
• Medium K3 contains Zea, GA3 and also silver nitrate to promote the shoot development.
• K3 regeneration medium containing a low sucrose concentration. At this stage shoots will develop within 2 to 3 weeks.
• the obtained shoots are then rooted on a basic medium, such as B5, without additional hormones.
• the nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA of the obtained plantlets may then be identified in a manner known per se, e.g. employing suitable restriction endonuclease and comparing the thus obtained DNA digest pattern of the fusion products with that of the parental lines.
• Brassica oleracea protoplasts and inactivated protoplasts of a Polima CMS Brassica oleracea plant, employed herein as starting material may be obtained in a manner known per se from the corresponding plant cells.
• Cell wall-free cells, i.e. protoplasts are obtained from green plant material e.g. leaf material and from white plant material e.g. etiolated seedlings, according to the method disclosed by Glimelius, Phvsiologia Plantarum 61 (1984) 38, hereby incorporated by reference, for the regeneration of hypocotyl protoplasts.
• the starting materials will be conveniently selected from a green plant or where they are from white-plant material they will advantageously be stained to facilitate selection.
• the inactivated protoplasts of a Polima CMS Brassica oleracea plant are obtained in a manner known per se corresponding to Polima CMS Brassica oleracea plant cells or protoplasts, for example, by irradiation.
• nucleus inactivation can be effected with the aid of gamma, UV or X-rays.
• irradiation is effected with an X-ray source
• nucleus inactivation will in general be obtained by applying a dose of e.g. 10 krad. min for 3 to 20 minutes.
• the appropriate X-ray dosage may for example be established by determining the minimum level of X-ray irradiation killing 100% of the protoplast population: the percentage of dead cells is estimated by counting the number of formed colonies after 10 to 20 days in culture.
• the allogenic cells are regenerated to form Brassica oleracea plants containing the CMS cytoplasm. These plants may be subsequently crossed with other Brassica oleracea plants.
• Brassica oleracea plant of this invention may be employed as starting material for the preparation of other Brassica oleracea varieties having Polima CMS by in vitro and/or crossing techniques. Such in vitro and crossing techniques are known in the art by the skilled breeder.
• Example 1 Seed sterilization and germination
• B. oleracea. 904005- 1) are dipped for approximately 10 seconds in
• the seeds are placed on the MS nutrient medium (see Table 1 ) with
• Example la Crosses leading to 904005-1
• 904005- 1 is the seed harvested from plant number 1 in entry number 904005.
• 904005 was a backcross of CMS Polima 892731-2 and a normal fertile broccoli.
• 89094-2 is the seed harvested from plant selection 2 in entry 89094. This was a backcross of CMS Polima 89022 and normal fertile broccoli.
• 89022-4 is the seed harvested from plant 4 in entry 89022.
• Example 2 Analogous to the procedure of Example 1, seeds of Brassica oleracea , cultivar DE70, are sterilized and germinated. Cultivar DE70 is a fully fertile inbred cauliflower line that is used as a parental line. However, any typical Brassica oleracea plant can be used for the protoplast fusion.
• Example 3 Isolation of protoplasts Leaves of four week old shoots of plant material according to Example l are cut into small pieces and incubated in an enzyme solution for 16 hours at 25*C on a gyratory shaker at 40 rpm. The suspension is filtered through a nylon mesh (40 ⁇ m) and washed with two-thirds of a volume of CPW 16S solution by centrifugation at 817 rpm for 5 minutes. This results in flotation of the intact protoplasts. The protoplasts are collected and -29- rinsed twice with W5 solution by centrifugation at 708 rpm for 5 minutes. The protoplasts are diluted to a density of l x io 5 protoplasts per ml W5 solution before being used for fusion experiments.
• Example 4 Six to eight day old hypocotyls of the plant material according to Example 2 are isolated according to the process of Example 3, except that during the enzyme treatment 3 ⁇ g/ml of fluoresceinediacetate is added. Stained protoplasts for hand selection and for determination of fusion frequency are obtained.
• Example 5 Irradiation of protoplast Freshly isolated protoplasts according to Example 3 are plated in a 6 cm petri dish in W5 solution (2 to 3 ml) . The protoplasts are irradiated using an X-ray source (Baltograph CE100) , at a dose of 3500 Gy during 20 minutes. After irradiation, the inactivated protoplasts are washed with W5 solution by centrifugation at 708 rpm for 5 minutes. The protoplasts are diluted to a density of l x io 5 protoplasts per ml W5 solution before being used for fusion experiments.
• X-ray source Baltograph CE100
• the entire fusion mixture according to Example 6 is cultured for one to three days in the dark at 25'C.
• the cells are collected by centrifugation at 548 for 5 minutes and diluted to a density of 1 x 10 5 protoplasts per ml two times concentrated 8P medium.
• An equal volume handwarm SPA medium is added and the cells are plated in 5 droplets of 100 ⁇ l in a coated petri dish. Also 5 droplets of 100 ⁇ l with feeder cells are added. After two weeks, the droplets with feeder cells are removed and 2 ml MAC medium per petri dish is added. -31- After two weeks the droplets are dispersed on solid Br medium. After two to three weeks the individual colonies are transferred to a petri dish with solid K3 medium.
• the icrocalli are cultured in low light intensity (2500 lux) at 25 * C with a photoperiod of 18 hours.
• Example 8 Selection and growth of fusion products Fused cells, which can be recognized visually by the presence of double fluorescence, are picked up with a micromanipulator.
• the hybrid cells are cultured in 100 ⁇ l agarose droplets (1% SeaPlaque) at a density of 2000 to 50,000 protoplasts per milliliter.
• the droplets are placed in a liquid nurse culture system (Costar- Transwell col) with feeder cells and incubated at 25*C in the dark.
• the droplets are dispersed on solid Br medium after two weeks. Small calli are transferred to solid K3 medium and incubated at 25'C in low light intensity (2500 lux) with a photoperiod of 16 hours.
• Example 9 Plant regeneration The calli according to Example 7 and 8, having developed to a size of 2 to 5 mm in diameter, are transferred to fresh K3 medium at normal light intensity (8000 lux) at 25°C with a photoperiod of 16 hours. -32-
• Probe ES a clone containing a 820 kbp Bgl 1 fragment from cauliflower nuclei DNA hybridizes with various bands in an endonuclease digest pattern of nuclear DNA of the Polima CMS donor, Brassica oleracea breeding lines that are used as acceptor for the CMS trait (see Figure 1) .
• Mitochondrial DNA composition Characterization is effected with CMS Bras 4
• Characterization is also effected by PCR amplification of a 500 bp DNA fragment, using primers 94RS01 and 94RS02.
• the sequence of the forward primer 94RS01 is 5'-GAA CCA ACT GCT TTC ACA CCG-3' and of the reverse primer 94RS02 5'-CTT GGC TCT CTG CGA ATG TC-3'. This -33-
• 500 bp fragment is amplified from CMS polima mitochondrial DNA, but
• mitochondrial DNA of acceptor lines e.g. DE70.
• Example 1 Embryo Rescue
• an embryo is rescued 18-19 days after a cross is made.
• siliques are required. The siliques
• the siliques are disinfected by placing them in a 10% chloride
• siliques are rinsed three times in sterile water at 2, 5 and 10
• the embryo is rescued by cutting the siliques open in a
• broccoli cultivars 915095, 915107, 915100 and 915144 were hybridized with red cabbage to check if 100% hybridity was achieved. Cultivars 915095-915144 were crossed with red cabbage. When the seeds of these cultivars are pollinated with a normal broccoli maintainer and are sown, the hypocotyl color and leaf color of the seedling is normally green. If these cultivars are crossed with red cabbage then the hybrid seeds are intermediate and the seedlings show a strong authocyan (purple) expression, while inbreds remain green.
• Seeds of 915095, 915107, 915100, and 915144 were sown and 20 plants of each cultivar were put together with red cabbage plants in a plastic covered cage outside. In the summer, the temperature of the cage varied from 15- 40*C during the day. The temperatures in the cage were recorded once a week. A sample of the seed harvested from 915095, 915107, 915100 and 915144 were sown and all resulting plants were hybrid indicating no presence of selfing and no leaking of the polima CMS cytoplasm. At -35- no time did any of the plants result in partial male sterility.
• each arrow represents a cross with a different broccoli genotype.
• Example 13 Female Fertility Listed below is the seed yield data obtained after crossing by hand CMS "Polima” types with broccoli. The data shows that the seed yield of CMS "polima” is higher than those of broccoli inbreds. This is because -36- replicated inbreeding affects the fertility. A better comparison is made between the broccoli F : 's and the CMS Ogura crosses. The results show that the seed yield of the CMS polima is in the same range as the other two types of crosses.

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