EP0828305A1 - Vorrichtung zum Transportieren eines gegen elektromagnetische Störungen geschütztes elektrisches Signal - Google Patents

Vorrichtung zum Transportieren eines gegen elektromagnetische Störungen geschütztes elektrisches Signal Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0828305A1
EP0828305A1 EP97402063A EP97402063A EP0828305A1 EP 0828305 A1 EP0828305 A1 EP 0828305A1 EP 97402063 A EP97402063 A EP 97402063A EP 97402063 A EP97402063 A EP 97402063A EP 0828305 A1 EP0828305 A1 EP 0828305A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
discontinuities
sections
core
dielectric
conductor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP97402063A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Stéphane Lamesch
Jean-Louis Braut
Alain Le Mehaute
Denis Cottevieille
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Thales SIX GTS France SAS
Original Assignee
Alcatel Cable France SA
Alcatel Cable SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Alcatel Cable France SA, Alcatel Cable SA filed Critical Alcatel Cable France SA
Publication of EP0828305A1 publication Critical patent/EP0828305A1/de
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01P—WAVEGUIDES; RESONATORS, LINES, OR OTHER DEVICES OF THE WAVEGUIDE TYPE
    • H01P1/00—Auxiliary devices
    • H01P1/20—Frequency-selective devices, e.g. filters
    • H01P1/201—Filters for transverse electromagnetic waves
    • H01P1/202—Coaxial filters

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a transport device electrical signal protected against electromagnetic interference. It also relates to a method of protecting a cable against electromagnetic interference.
  • the density of electromagnetic waves transmitted by various channels constantly increases from made of the development of telecommunications and the increase the number of radio or television transmitters. This augmentation density increases the risk of disruption for devices of all kinds.
  • the most common example of pollution like this is the disturbance that waves electromagnetic on the signal transport cables which, in general, constitute receiving antennas.
  • This cable of coaxial structure, is consisting of a metallic core surrounded by at least two layers one of which is a layer of dielectric material and the other of which, placed between the core and this layer of dielectric material over at least part of the length of the cable, is a layer of semiconductor composite material comprising an insulating matrix and an undoped conductive polymer with conjugated bonds.
  • This cable can avoid the use of discrete filters.
  • the limitation to 1 gigahertz is not suitable for all applications.
  • the invention aims to provide a transport device signal opposing electromagnetic interference on a wide range of frequencies and which is simple and economical to produce.
  • electromagnetic disturbances we mean here disturbances that are detected by cable per channel radio, this cable forming an antenna. We do not consider here disturbances which are normally transmitted by cable, that is to say, by his soul.
  • the device according to the invention is characterized in that that the core, the outer conductor and / or the dielectric have discontinuities forming discontinuities of impedances, all discontinuities being chosen to prevent propagation towards the soul of external disturbing waves which are found in a determined range of frequencies.
  • the discontinuities form a plurality of impedances of distinct values one after the other, the dimensions of the impedances formed between successive discontinuities with variable values forming a sequence filtering the waves which can propagate towards the soul whose frequencies are in a determined range imposed by the sequence.
  • the succession of impedances of different dimensions eliminates a wide frequency band.
  • Filtering is based on the fact that at the limit between two different impedances, a signal of a given frequency is partially transmitted and is partially reflected.
  • the coefficient of reflection depends on the succession of impedances at downstream of the discontinuity. To eliminate a wide frequency band, for example from 1 kilohertz to 18 gigahertz, it is necessary provide for an appropriate distribution of impedances. We have found that the number of impedances needed to filter a broad spurious frequency spectrum could be limited to one reasonable number. In an example this number is equal to 17.
  • the disturbing waves are largely reflected, preventing their spread in the cable.
  • the discontinuities, or gradients impedances are obtained by arranging alternating high impedances and low impedances.
  • the relationship between high impedances and low impedances is for example greater than four and preferably of the order of ten.
  • in the succession of impedances we only predicts two values.
  • the succession of discontinuities is as it forms interference filters eliminating said specified range of frequencies.
  • the impedances necessary to create the filters follow each other either according to the direction axial of the coaxial type device, ie in the radial direction.
  • the core has successive parts of diameters different.
  • the diameter of the core can take two different values and successive elements have lengths variables to create the series of impedances allowing filtering longed for.
  • the external conductor has parts successive of different internal diameters.
  • the central conductor, or core preferably has a diameter constant. It is however possible to combine variations of diameter of the core and the outer conductor.
  • two successive impedances occur distinguish by the configuration of their external conductors.
  • an impedance has an external conductor which completely surrounds, without cutting, the corresponding section of cable while the outer conductor of the next section has openings. This latter conductor can be reduced to one single wire connecting the outer conductors without perforation of the previous section and the next section.
  • the lengths of the various sections differ and the sections are arranged in a sequence imposed by the frequencies to be eliminated.
  • the choice of the lengths of the various sections is imposed mainly by the filtering required. But other constraints can intervene. In particular, it is necessary to minimize the total length. For this purpose, we can choose the lengths sections from a fractal type decomposition.
  • the variation in impedance is obtained by arranging materials in successive sections dielectrics with different permittivity and / or permeability.
  • the invention applies to any type of filtering, that is to say that it also allows for high-pass filtering or band pass.
  • the provisions of the invention which allow filtering in frequencies, can be combined with filtering in amplitude.
  • This filtering is preferably carried out thanks to the use, between the core and the external conductor, of a material threshold property dielectric, i.e. insulating below a determined value of electric field and which is conductive above this value. In this way, amplitude disturbances greater than a determined value are eliminated by derivation to ground, if the conductor outside is connected to ground. Threshold material fills completely or partially the space between the external conductor and the soul.
  • the configuration of the core or the conductor exterior is such that it has parts of small radius of curvature so as to generate a peak effect allowing lower the external electric field threshold from which the dielectric material becomes conductive.
  • a cable 10 of the coaxial type comprising a core 11, or central conductor, a outer conductor 12 and a dielectric 13 between the core 11 and driver 12.
  • This cable is divided, over at least part of its length, in different impedance sections so as to achieve interference type filtering to filter, that is to say eliminate, the electromagnetic disturbances 15 detected by the cable itself operating as a receiving antenna with respect to these disturbances 15.
  • the core 11 is a copper wire with a diameter of 11.2 mm
  • the external conductor 12 is a strip (flat ribbon) of copper 0.05 mm thick in contact with the external surface 13 1 of the dielectric 13 in polyethylene.
  • the outside diameter of the polyethylene ring is 21 mm.
  • the cable 10 is divided into sections of variable impedances, two successive sections having impedances significantly different.
  • Figure 1 there is shown three sections 21, 22, 23. These sections, or cells, differ each other by the following parameters: the configuration of the outer conductor 12 and the length.
  • the outer conductor 12 of cells 21 and 23 has the form of a non-perforated sleeve 24, thus completely surrounding the dielectric ( Figures 1 and 2).
  • the outer conductor of cell 22 is a single wire 12 2 , parallel to the axis of the cable, with a diameter of 1.2 mm connecting the sleeves of cells 21 and 23. In other words, in cell 22, most of the outer surface of the polyethylene ring 13 is stripped.
  • a conductive varnish in place of an external conductor in the form of a strip, in particular of copper, a conductive varnish.
  • the succession of cells is such that each presents, at its entry, an impedance which is significantly different of the input impedance of the next cell.
  • only two impedance values are provided.
  • the table below represents a sequence, or pattern, of 17 successive impedances having the following characteristics: cell rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 length (cm) 50 1 15 7 79 63 91 55 67 85 33 35 19 55 1 100 50 Zc (ohms) 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23 300 23
  • This sequence is an alternation of input impedances of values 23 and 300 ohms.
  • the invention is based on the fact that the discontinuities created by the succession of impedances of different values causes reflections that prevent the propagation of waves disruptive.
  • a coaxial cable the diameter of the core of which is a and the internal diameter of the external conductor of which is b, has a characteristic impedance Z 0 defined by the following formula :
  • ⁇ is the permeability of the dielectric between the core and the external conductor
  • ⁇ its permittivity
  • ⁇ 0 is the permeability of vacuum
  • ⁇ 0 is the permittivity of vacuum
  • c is the speed of light
  • a cable can also be represented by the equivalent diagram in FIG. 4, that is to say with two input terminals 26 1 , 26 2 and two output terminals 27 1 , 27 2 . Between the terminals 26 1 and 27 1 there is a resistor 28 which represents the linear resistance of the metal conductors and, in series, an inductance 29 which represents the inductance of the conductors. In the representation of FIG. 4, one terminal of the inductor 29 is connected to the resistor 28, and the other terminal to the output terminal 27 1 .
  • a conductance 30 which is the conductance of the dielectric between the core and the external conductor
  • a capacitor 31 in parallel on the conductance 30, which represents the capacitor formed by the two armatures, that is to say the core and the external conductor, and the dielectric.
  • the impedance of each section of line or cable can be calculated from these parameters and this equivalent diagram.
  • Z cc of a section of line of impedance Z 0, lossless, of length 1, and which is closed on a short circuit is equal to:
  • This impedance therefore varies as a function of frequency, as shown by the diagram in FIG. 5 on which the frequency f has been plotted on the abscissa and the impedance Z cc on the ordinate.
  • the impedance has a infinite value when the length 1 of the line is equal to one odd number of quarter wavelengths, and a zero value when the length 1 of the line segment is equal to a number even of quarter wavelengths.
  • the impedance Z c0 in open circuit presents zeros (0) for an odd number of quarter wavelengths, and poles (or infinite values) for an even number of quarter wavelengths.
  • Z g is the impedance at the source, i.e. upstream
  • Z e is the impedance of the line in the input plane, i.e. say the impedance on the downstream side.
  • a cutting factor is chosen, for example 0.54 or 6, and the total length 40 'of a filtering pattern is cut into two sections 41' and 42 '.
  • the first section 41 ′ has a length L ⁇ (L is the total length of the pattern and ⁇ the cutting factor) and its permittivity ⁇ r is equal to the permittivity of the dielectric.
  • the second section 42 ' has a length L (1- ⁇ ) and its permittivity is ⁇ r ⁇ / (1- ⁇ ). In this way, the two sections, of unequal lengths, store the same energy, the shorter section having an increased dielectric permittivity to compensate for its shorter length.
  • each of the sections 41 ′ and 42 ′ is continued in the same manner.
  • the section 42 ′ is cut into sections 42 ′ 1 and 42 ′ 2 .
  • the section 42 ′ 1 is of length L (1- ⁇ ) ⁇ and the permittivity of the dielectric is ⁇ r ⁇ (1- ⁇ );
  • the section 42 ′ 2 has a length L (1- ⁇ ) 2 and the permittivity of its dielectric is: ⁇ r ⁇ 2 1 - ⁇ .
  • Connector 60 has to eliminate disturbances 65 detected by the cable 61 functioning as a wave receiving antenna disruptive.
  • the connector 60 has, in addition to its interference filtering function, a function clipping, i.e. limiting signal amplitude applied to input 63.
  • the connector filter 60 is in the form of a cylinder of length 200 mm approximately and external diameter 25 mm. It presents a outer sleeve 70 constituting the outer conductor of the connector whose overall structure is coaxial. This driver outside 70 is connected to ground using a means 71, for example with screw and terminal.
  • the filtering is obtained, as in the example described in relation to FIGS. 1 to 3, by providing over the length of the connector 60, a succession of cells of variable impedances.
  • the input impedance of the first cell 72 1 is 6 ohms
  • the input impedance of the second cell 72 2 is 60 ohms
  • the input impedance of the third cell 72 3 is equal to the input impedance of cell 72 1 , i.e. 60 ohms, etc.
  • the number of cells in this example is 17.
  • the first cell 72 1 has a maximum outside diameter of 20.2 mm and a length of 20 mm.
  • the maximum diameter of the core 75 is 5.6 mm and the length of this cell 72 2 is 9 mm.
  • the next cells of odd rank have an outside diameter of the core equal to that of the cell 72 1
  • the following cells of even rank have a diameter of the core equal to the diameter of the soul of the cell 72 2 .
  • all cells of odd rank larger diameter, have the same length of 20 mm, while cells of even rank have varying lengths.
  • the choice of these parameters is performed, as described above, depending of the desired filtering.
  • cells of odd rank have the same input impedance (6 ohms), while all even rank cells have the same input impedance (60 ohms) significantly higher.
  • This connector eliminates disturbing frequencies greater than 10 kilohertz and up to 18 gigahertz.
  • the dielectric material 78 filling the space between the core 75 and the outer conductor 70 is preferably a material non-linear behavior, such as a polyaniline or a zwitterion.
  • non-linear behavior is meant a material which is insulating for a lower electric field value at a determined threshold and which becomes conductive when the electric field exceeds this threshold. In this way, for electric fields exceeding the threshold, the signal is derived to ground through connection 71.
  • This provision provides additional protection in amplitude.
  • a typical example is protection against lightning effects.
  • edges or points To use the properties of material 78 to protect the equipment 62 “in amplitude”, configure the core 75 and / or the internal surface of the external conductor 70 with edges or points. These edges, or areas with a small radius of curvature, locally increase the value of the electric field in material 78 and therefore significantly lower the external field threshold from which this material 78 becomes driver. More precisely, due to the peak effect, the applied electric field is increased locally, at the level of the tip, by a factor of 10 to 100. In this way the threshold of triggering of material 78 is reduced by a factor of 10 to 100, the threshold being measured by the global electric field and not the local electric field (at the edges or points).
  • the points or edges are made by undulations of the outer surface of the core 75.
  • the outer surface of soul for each cell is not a segment of straight but a series of semicircles 80, 81 with a diameter of 0.4 mm.
  • the connector 60 ′ comprises, as in the example above described, an outer sleeve 70 'connected to ground, a core 75 'and non-linear material 78'.
  • This example differs from the previous one mainly by a different configuration of the soul, the latter having, in section, the shape of a polygon ( Figures 11a and 11b), preferably regular.
  • the number of sides of the polygon is twelve.
  • Each cell 72 ' 1 , 72' 2 , etc. is divided into sub-cells.
  • cell 72 ' 1 comprises two sub-cells 85 1 and 85 2 of equal length and cell 72' 2 comprises three sub-cells 86 1 , 86 2 and 86 3 , all three of the same length.
  • the section of the core for two successive sub-cells forming part of the same cell is the same, but is angularly offset.
  • This angular offset, around the axis of the connector 60 ′, is preferably equal to half of the central angle (30 ° in the example) under which each side of the polygon is seen, as represented by the Figures 11a and 11b.
  • the purpose of this arrangement is to homogenize the distribution in the space of the edges in order to reduce the local heating of the dielectric material and, above all, to limit the risk of production of electric arcs between the edges and the external conductor.
  • the examples described above relate to a distribution impedances in the longitudinal direction, this distribution intended to reduce coupling (through breaks or impedance gradients) between the disturbing waves and the downstream cable or connector.
  • the gradients impedances are obtained by providing a cable comprising, around the core 90, several layers of dielectrics 91, 92, 93, etc. whose dielectric permittivities differ from so as to create said impedance breaks making it possible to limit or reduce the coupling between an external disturbance to zero 95 and soul 90.
  • layer 93 is made of polyaniline
  • layer 92 is polyethylene
  • layer 91 is a conductive polymer.
  • Layer 91 is a conductive polymer dope. Its conductivity is between 1 and 1000 S / cm.
  • this doped conductive polymer is a doped polyaniline.
  • the dopant is for example hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, camphrosulfonic acid or a substituted sulfonic acid.
  • the nature of layer 91 is likely to be numerous. variants.
  • the invention is not limited to the case of a cable to a single driver. It also extends to the protection of a whole cables. For example, it can apply to protection a pair of telephone communication cables, as shown in figure 13.
  • the two telephone cables have references 101 and 102. They are arranged in an envelope 103 filled with dielectric materials alternating in the longitudinal direction.
  • the first, of reference 110 1 comprises an insulator formed of phenolic resin whose relative permittivity is 5 and the second, of reference 110 2 , comprises a relatively conductive polyethylene of permittivity 2.3.
  • this variation in dielectric permittivity in a surface 111, perpendicular to the axis 104 allows a strong gradient of impedance limiting the coupling for disturbances.
  • a succession of a plurality of cells is provided which is such that an interference filtering is created as described above.
  • Each cable 101 or 102 has, around each wire 103, a conductive polymer 105 which has the advantage of allowing dissipation of disturbing waves in the form of heat, in addition to the reduction in coupling achieved by impedance breaks.
  • the conductors 101 and 102 are arranged in parallel. They can be twisted to limit interference or disturbance in differential mode.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Shielding Devices Or Components To Electric Or Magnetic Fields (AREA)
  • Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Waveguides (AREA)
  • Communication Cables (AREA)
  • Control Of Motors That Do Not Use Commutators (AREA)
EP97402063A 1996-09-09 1997-09-04 Vorrichtung zum Transportieren eines gegen elektromagnetische Störungen geschütztes elektrisches Signal Ceased EP0828305A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9610963A FR2753301B1 (fr) 1996-09-09 1996-09-09 Dispositif de transport de signal electrique protege contre les perturbations electromagnetiques
FR9610963 1996-09-09

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0828305A1 true EP0828305A1 (de) 1998-03-11

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EP97402063A Ceased EP0828305A1 (de) 1996-09-09 1997-09-04 Vorrichtung zum Transportieren eines gegen elektromagnetische Störungen geschütztes elektrisches Signal

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US (1) US6023201A (de)
EP (1) EP0828305A1 (de)
JP (1) JPH1092233A (de)
FR (1) FR2753301B1 (de)

Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6570472B1 (en) 1999-06-29 2003-05-27 Filtronic Lk Oy Low-pass filter

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CN100362599C (zh) * 2003-04-09 2008-01-16 皇家飞利浦电子股份有限公司 传输电缆
US6927332B1 (en) * 2004-03-22 2005-08-09 Motorola, Inc. Flexible test cable
US8564385B2 (en) * 2007-08-23 2013-10-22 Lockheed Martin Corporation Coaxial concentric nonlinear transmission line
DE102010064361A1 (de) * 2010-12-30 2012-07-05 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektrische Leitung
US10033107B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2018-07-24 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Method and apparatus for coupling an antenna to a device
US10320586B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2019-06-11 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Apparatus and methods for generating non-interfering electromagnetic waves on an insulated transmission medium
US10205655B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2019-02-12 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Apparatus and methods for communicating utilizing an antenna array and multiple communication paths
US10129057B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2018-11-13 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Apparatus and methods for inducing electromagnetic waves on a cable
US10033108B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2018-07-24 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Apparatus and methods for generating an electromagnetic wave having a wave mode that mitigates interference
US10790593B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2020-09-29 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Method and apparatus including an antenna comprising a lens and a body coupled to a feedline having a structure that reduces reflections of electromagnetic waves
US10511346B2 (en) * 2015-07-14 2019-12-17 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Apparatus and methods for inducing electromagnetic waves on an uninsulated conductor
US9722318B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2017-08-01 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Method and apparatus for coupling an antenna to a device
US10148016B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2018-12-04 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Apparatus and methods for communicating utilizing an antenna array
US10170840B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2019-01-01 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Apparatus and methods for sending or receiving electromagnetic signals
US10341142B2 (en) 2015-07-14 2019-07-02 At&T Intellectual Property I, L.P. Apparatus and methods for generating non-interfering electromagnetic waves on an uninsulated conductor
CN106659106A (zh) * 2017-02-16 2017-05-10 中海油能源发展股份有限公司 一种新型电缆防磁报警装置

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DE816428C (de) * 1949-07-24 1951-10-11 Siemens & Halske A G Topfkreis und koaxialer Resonator
US4161704A (en) * 1977-01-21 1979-07-17 Uniform Tubes, Inc. Coaxial cable and method of making the same
GB2103427A (en) * 1981-06-24 1983-02-16 Bicc Plc Signal suppression
JPS59144201A (ja) * 1983-02-07 1984-08-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 低域「ろ」波器

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DE816428C (de) * 1949-07-24 1951-10-11 Siemens & Halske A G Topfkreis und koaxialer Resonator
US4161704A (en) * 1977-01-21 1979-07-17 Uniform Tubes, Inc. Coaxial cable and method of making the same
GB2103427A (en) * 1981-06-24 1983-02-16 Bicc Plc Signal suppression
JPS59144201A (ja) * 1983-02-07 1984-08-18 Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd 低域「ろ」波器

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6570472B1 (en) 1999-06-29 2003-05-27 Filtronic Lk Oy Low-pass filter

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US6023201A (en) 2000-02-08
JPH1092233A (ja) 1998-04-10
FR2753301B1 (fr) 1998-10-09
FR2753301A1 (fr) 1998-03-13

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