EP0820348B1 - Carte d'analyse - Google Patents
Carte d'analyse Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0820348B1 EP0820348B1 EP97901736A EP97901736A EP0820348B1 EP 0820348 B1 EP0820348 B1 EP 0820348B1 EP 97901736 A EP97901736 A EP 97901736A EP 97901736 A EP97901736 A EP 97901736A EP 0820348 B1 EP0820348 B1 EP 0820348B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- chambers
- partition
- card
- card according
- cavities
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01L—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL LABORATORY APPARATUS FOR GENERAL USE
- B01L3/00—Containers or dishes for laboratory use, e.g. laboratory glassware; Droppers
- B01L3/50—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes
- B01L3/502—Containers for the purpose of retaining a material to be analysed, e.g. test tubes with fluid transport, e.g. in multi-compartment structures
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10T436/25—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing including sample preparation
- Y10T436/2575—Volumetric liquid transfer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to the treatment of a analysis card.
- analysis is meant any process or process allowing to identify, separate, isolate, determine, detect, or quantify, a material, a product, a substance, or compound, referred to as generic "analyte", from a sample or sample to be analyzed, previously diluted or not with any suitable medium, for example a solvent.
- the analyte sought may be chemical, biochemical, or still biological, for example in the latter case a antigen or antibody.
- analysis card any device, module, or system, internally arranged for carry out the different processes or reactions necessary for the identification, separation, detection or quantification of the analyte, different treatments, in particular within said card, or manipulation of the analysis card, for example automatically.
- Such an analysis card well known to those skilled in the art, constitutes a closed assembly vis-à-vis the outside or its immediate environment, with the exception of course of all passages or means equivalent, allowing in particular and initially introduce the sample or sample to be analyzed.
- a such analysis card contains the reagent (s), physico-chemical, chemical, biochemical, or organic, distributed and maintained in the card, according to the flow of the sample to be analyzed, and the reaction processes or reactions to perform for complete the analysis.
- An analysis card such that envisaged by the present invention, constituting in general a disposable device or assembly, i.e. thrown away or destroyed after use, understands or incorporates within it a plurality of chambers, arranged in series and / or in parallel, one of which, for example the last, is notably an optical measurement chamber.
- These analysis cards can be produced or produced according to all appropriate techniques, for example in one or several parts assembled (for example welding) together to others, made for example by molding one or several identical or different plastics.
- room is meant in the claims and the description of any enclosure, or passage, ensuring reception and / or circulation of any liquid, fluid, or gas present in the analysis card.
- the present invention relates to a card particular analysis, allowing a setting operation in communication of at least two rooms, arranged in an analysis card, and initially isolated one by compared to the other, this operation being carried out at distance and no action or mechanical contact with the card analysis.
- the present invention lies in cooperation of two essential means, namely, on the one hand a light beam, in particular coherent, having at least one predetermined wavelength ⁇ , and a power predetermined P, obtained from a light source, in particular laser, and on the other hand of a structure or arrangement of an analysis card, in which are provided at least two isolated rooms, one with respect to to the other, and to the outside; but this structure is specifically adapted to the implementation of this light beam, to establish at least one passage between at least two chambers of said card.
- the two rooms are separated from each other by a partition, perforable, arranged within the card, in absorbent material, in particular plastic, absorbing light energy from the light beam above, to transform it into thermal energy likely to eliminate at least locally said material ; and two cavities are formed on the side and on the other side of the bulkhead, and are in communication with or included in the two rooms respectively; and an window in transparent material at least for the wavelength ⁇ is arranged opposite said partition, and delimits with the latter one of said cavities, called the incidence of a light ray.
- the light beam used according to the invention can be convergent, parallel, or divergent, the essential condition being the density of power of the light beam striking the partition penetrable.
- suitable guiding means can be provided before and / or after the beam, to satisfy the essential condition mentioned above.
- the method of using the card according to the present invention allows therefore its manipulation, in particular by automatic track, driving, in relation to the beam luminous, in particular laser, at the perforation of any partition, arranged within said card, and this in preserving the rest or the integrity of the latter.
- a such a process therefore appears particularly suitable for analysis devices today, working for a large part, if not all, automatically.
- the analysis card 1 shown is intended for cooperate with or adapted to a laser light source 4, emitting a coherent light or light beam 5, having a predetermined wavelength ⁇ , and a power predetermined light P.
- the analysis card 1 has a general shape substantially flattened, and includes, so assembled, for example by gluing, a flat body 14, by example polystyrene or polycarbonate wafer, previously engraved or imprinted, as described below, between two external walls, or films 15 and 16, for example in transparent plastic vis-à-vis the beam luminous.
- films 15 and 16 can be in polypropylene, silicon or germanium.
- two chambers 2 and 3 are obtained and included in the analysis card 1, in being, on the one hand isolated each with respect to outside the map, and on the other hand isolated at the start one over the other.
- the two rooms 2 and 3 are separated from each other by a partition 7 that can be pierced by laser light from source 4, absorbent material, in particular plastic material, absorbing light energy of wavelength ⁇ from the laser source, to transform it into thermal energy or calorific likely to eliminate or make disappear at least locally or occasionally the material of the partition 7.
- Two cavities 8 and 9 are provided on either side and on the other side of the partition 7, and are respectively in communication with the two rooms 2 and 3.
- the incidence of the radius bright 12 illuminating the partition 7 is at the same time substantially perpendicular to the plane of the map 1 analysis, and corresponds to the reference direction 6 of the light beam 5 emitted by the source 4.
- the axis of the light ray 12 illuminating the partition 7 crosses the latter substantially at its center, in providing a border on either side of the hole perforating 7a, unaffected by the light energy of the laser ray.
- the light ray 12 illuminating the partition 7 is converging at a point focal 13 arranged in the center or within the partition 7.
- the light ray 12 can also be, or parallel, or divergent, for the purposes of the illumination of partition 7, according to the distribution of light energy, desired in the impact zone of the light ray 12.
- the embodiment shown in Figures 3 to 5 differs from that shown in Figures 1 to 2, by the fact that the analysis card 1 includes "n", in the occurrence 3 chambers 2, 3, 17, arranged in series, but can also be arranged in parallel, separated two to two by "n-1", in this case two partitions perforables 7 and 18, "n” being an integer, and one bedrooms 2, 3 and 17, which can in particular be a bedroom optical measurement. So as to allow a process automatic with a single laser light beam, the perforable partitions 7 and 18 are distributed in the card 1, so that two partitions cannot be aligned with a single light beam incident 12. As previously indicated, the card of analysis of Figures 3 to 5 contains a liquid filling chamber 3, which will travel towards the chamber 2, after perforation of the partition 7, as shown in Figure 4, then to room 17, after perforation of the partition 18, as partially shown in Figure 5.
- the generator 20 emits a light at 800 nm, with guide light at 670 nm.
- the power of the light source thus constituted is 700 mW, for a power actually used of the order 300 mW.
- the optical fiber 21 used is a fiber multimode with a core diameter of 200 ⁇ m.
- a lens 30 makes it possible to focus the light energy on the center 13, located on or in each partition 7 or 18.
- the present invention can be implemented according to different modes of execution; especially one rooms, connected according to this invention, can itself communicate with the atmosphere or the environment in which the analysis card is located.
Description
- la Figure 1 représente, de manière schématique, une étape du procédé de traitement d'une carte d'analyse, selon l'invention ;
- la Figure 2 représente cette même carte d'analyse, telle qu'obtenue après l'étape ou opération représentée schématiquement à la Figure 1 ;
- les Figures 3 à 5 représentent respectivement, toujours de manière schématique, trois étapes successives d'un procédé de traitement selon l'invention, mises en oeuvre avec une carte d'analyse réalisée selon un autre mode d'exécution de l'invention ;
- la Figure 6 représente, de manière schématique, un dispositif de traitement d'une carte d'analyse, selon l'invention.
- dans le corps 14, sont empreintes ou gravées les deux chambres 2 et 3, ainsi que les deux cavités 8 et 9 ; et les parois externes 15 et 16 ferment ces chambres et cavités vis-à-vis de l'extérieur ;
- comme représenté aux figures 1 et 2, et dans la position horizontale de la carte d'analyse, la chambre 2 est située au-dessous de la cavité 8, et la chambre 3 est située au-dessus de la cavité 9 ; l'une 2 des chambres et la cavité 8 qui lui correspond sont fermées par l'une 15 des parois externes, et l'autre chambre 3 et l'autre cavité 9 qui lui correspond, sont fermées par l'autre paroi externe 16 ;
- la cloison perforable 7 est formée dans le corps plat 14, et donc dans son matériau constitutif qui est absorbant de l'énergie lumineuse de longueur d'onde λ ;
- les deux fenêtres 10 et 11 sont formées dans les parois externes 15 et 16 respectivement, dont le matériau constitutif est, comme dit précédemment, transparent pour la longueur d'onde λ.
- un générateur 20 de lumière cohérente, ayant la longueur d'onde prédéterminée λ et la puissance lumineuse P, comprenant une source laser, et des moyens 25 de collimation et de mise en forme du faisceau lumineux émis par la source laser ; un faisceau de puissance limitée, par exemple de 2 mW, est émis par un pointeur en lumière visible et superposé au faisceau laser pour son guidage ;
- des moyens optiques 29 de couplage du faisceau lumineux quasi-parallèle, pour injecter ce dernier dans une fibre optique 21, ou des moyens optiques de guidage tels que prisme ou lentille, avec un bon rendement ;
- des moyens optiques 30 de collimation et/ou de mise en forme du faisceau, permettant d'obtenir un "spot" circulaire de diamètre et de densité de puissance, déterminés sur le plan de travail où le perçage sera effectué, situé sur ou dans chaque cloison 7 ou 18 ;
- des moyens 51 de positionnement de la carte d'analyse 1, dans un plan perpendiculaire par rapport à la direction de référence 6, en sorte que l'incidence du rayon lumineux 12 illuminant chaque cloison perforable 7 ou 18, soit sensiblement perpendiculaire à chaque dite cloison ; ces moyens de positionnement 51 assurent un déplacement de la carte d'analyse selon deux directions de référence 22 et 23 sensiblement perpendiculaires.
- cloison 7 ou 18 réalisée en polystyrène, ayant une épaisseur de 0,3 mm ;
- parois externes 15 et 16, réalisées en polypropylène, silicium ou germanium, selon une épaisseur de 2 à 7/10è de mm pour un film en polypropylène ;
- un générateur 20 de lumière cohérente, tel que décrit précédemment ;
- aucun liquide n'étant présent dans les chambres 2 et 3 et cavités 8 et 9 ;
Claims (9)
- Carte d'analyse (1), dans laquelle sont ménagées deux chambres (2,3) isolées l'une par rapport à l'autre, caractérisée en ce que les deux chambres sont séparées l'une de l'autre par une cloison (7), perforable, disposée au sein de ladite carte, en matériau, notamment matière plastique, absorbant une énergie lumineuse, ayant au moins une longueur d'onde prédéterminée λ, pour la transformer en une énergie thermique susceptible d'éliminer au moins localement ledit matériau, deux cavités (8,9) sont ménagées de part et d'autre de la cloison (7), et sont en communication avec ou comprises dans respectivement les deux chambres (2,3) respectivement, une fenêtre (10,11) en un matériau transparent au moins pour la longueur d'onde λ est disposée en vis-à-vis de ladite cloison (7), et délimite avec cette dernière l'une (8) desdites cavités, dite d'incidence d'un rayon lumineux (12).
- Carte selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'une autre fenêtre (11) en un matériau transparent au moins pour la longueur d'onde λ, en vis-à-vis de ladite cloison (7), délimite avec cette dernière l'autre (9) desdites cavités, dite d'émergence d'un rayon lumineux.
- Carte selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend un corps (14) dans lequel sont empreintes ou gravées les deux chambres (2,3) et les deux cavités (8,9), et au moins une paroi externe (15,16) fermant lesdites chambres et cavités vis-à-vis de l'extérieur.
- Carte selon la revendication 3, de forme substantiellement aplatie, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend un corps plat (14) entre deux parois externes (15,16).
- Carte selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que l'une (2) des chambres et la cavité (8) qui lui correspond sont fermées par l'une (15) des parois externes, et l'autre chambre (3) et l'autre cavité (9) qui lui correspond sont fermées par l'autre paroi externe (16).
- Carte selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que la cloison perforable (7) est formée dans le corps plat (14), dont le matériau constitutif est absorbant de l'énergie lumineuse de longueur d'onde λ.
- Carte selon la revendication 3, caractérisée en ce que la fenêtre (10) est formée dans la paroi externe (15), dont le matériau constitutif est transparent pour la longueur d'onde λ.
- Carte selon la revendication 1, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend n chambres (2,3,17) disposées en série et/ou parallèle, séparées deux à deux par n-1 cloisons perforables (7,18), "n" étant un nombre entier, et l'une des chambres étant notamment une chambre de mesure optique, lesdites cloisons perforables étant distribuées dans ladite carte, de manière à ce que deux cloisons ne puissent pas être alignées avec un seul et même rayon lumineux incident (12).
- Carte d'analyse prête à l'emploi, selon la revendication 1, dont au moins une chambre (3) est remplie avec un liquide.
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9601984 | 1996-02-12 | ||
FR9601984A FR2744803B1 (fr) | 1996-02-12 | 1996-02-12 | Procede et dispositif de traitement d'une carte d'analyse |
PCT/IB1997/000112 WO1997028899A1 (fr) | 1996-02-12 | 1997-02-12 | Carte d'analyse |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0820348A1 EP0820348A1 (fr) | 1998-01-28 |
EP0820348B1 true EP0820348B1 (fr) | 2002-01-09 |
Family
ID=9489316
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP97901736A Expired - Lifetime EP0820348B1 (fr) | 1996-02-12 | 1997-02-12 | Carte d'analyse |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5869002A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0820348B1 (fr) |
AT (1) | ATE211657T1 (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2218415C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69709499T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2744803B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1997028899A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (38)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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DE19716683C1 (de) * | 1997-04-21 | 1998-06-04 | Fraunhofer Ges Forschung | Vorrichtung zur getrennten, gekapselten Aufnahme einer Mehrzahl gleicher oder unterschiedlicher Stoffe |
DE19858443A1 (de) * | 1998-12-17 | 2000-07-06 | Inst Mikrotechnik Mainz Gmbh | Verfahren zum Abgeben eines Fluids, fluidisches Bauteil sowie Vorrichtung zur Handhabung solcher Bauteile |
US6734401B2 (en) | 2000-06-28 | 2004-05-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Enhanced sample processing devices, systems and methods |
CA2412275C (fr) * | 2000-06-28 | 2009-12-08 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Dispositifs, systemes et procede ameliores de traitement d'echantillons |
US6720187B2 (en) * | 2000-06-28 | 2004-04-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Multi-format sample processing devices |
US7347976B2 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2008-03-25 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Methods and devices for removal of organic molecules from biological mixtures using a hydrophilic solid support in a hydrophobic matrix |
US7192560B2 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2007-03-20 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Methods and devices for removal of organic molecules from biological mixtures using anion exchange |
US6889468B2 (en) * | 2001-12-28 | 2005-05-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Modular systems and methods for using sample processing devices |
DE10200541A1 (de) * | 2002-01-09 | 2003-07-24 | Zeiss Carl Jena Gmbh | Mikrotiterplatte |
WO2004050244A1 (fr) * | 2002-11-29 | 2004-06-17 | The National Blood Authority | Ouverture de conteneurs d'echantillons a l'aide d'un laser |
CN101158447B (zh) * | 2002-12-04 | 2012-12-26 | 斯宾克斯公司 | 流体的可程控微量控制用装置和方法 |
EP1930635A3 (fr) * | 2002-12-04 | 2008-08-13 | Spinx, Inc. | Dispositifs et procedes de manipulation de fluides programmable a petite echelle |
US7981600B2 (en) * | 2003-04-17 | 2011-07-19 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Methods and devices for removal of organic molecules from biological mixtures using an anion exchange material that includes a polyoxyalkylene |
US20050130177A1 (en) * | 2003-12-12 | 2005-06-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Variable valve apparatus and methods |
US7939249B2 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2011-05-10 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Methods for nucleic acid isolation and kits using a microfluidic device and concentration step |
US20070095393A1 (en) * | 2004-03-30 | 2007-05-03 | Piero Zucchelli | Devices and methods for programmable microscale manipulation of fluids |
JP4516346B2 (ja) * | 2004-04-14 | 2010-08-04 | 積水化学工業株式会社 | マイクロ全分析システム |
EP1693471A1 (fr) * | 2005-02-16 | 2006-08-23 | Nederlandse Organisatie Voor Toegepast-Natuurwetenschappelijk Onderzoek Tno | Méthode de séparation des liqueurs contenant une solution d'hydrates de carbone |
JP2008542743A (ja) * | 2005-06-03 | 2008-11-27 | スピンエックス インコーポレイテッド | 流体のプログラム可能な微小スケール操作のための計量計 |
US7754474B2 (en) | 2005-07-05 | 2010-07-13 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Sample processing device compression systems and methods |
US7763210B2 (en) * | 2005-07-05 | 2010-07-27 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Compliant microfluidic sample processing disks |
US7323660B2 (en) * | 2005-07-05 | 2008-01-29 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Modular sample processing apparatus kits and modules |
US20070031282A1 (en) * | 2005-08-04 | 2007-02-08 | Piero Zucchelli | Devices and methods for interfacing microfluidic devices with fluid handling devices |
US8464760B2 (en) * | 2006-08-16 | 2013-06-18 | Samsung Electronic Co., Ltd. | Valve unit, reaction apparatus with the same, and method of forming valve in channel |
TW200844420A (en) * | 2006-12-22 | 2008-11-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Co | Enhanced sample processing devices, systems and methods |
CN101568385B (zh) | 2006-12-22 | 2012-08-15 | 3M创新有限公司 | 用于微流体系统的热转移方法和结构 |
US20100129878A1 (en) * | 2007-04-25 | 2010-05-27 | Parthasarathy Ranjani V | Methods for nucleic acid amplification |
WO2010084190A1 (fr) * | 2009-01-23 | 2010-07-29 | Dublin City University | Soupape fluidique à usage unique et systèmes microfluidiques intégrant ladite soupape |
US20110117607A1 (en) * | 2009-11-13 | 2011-05-19 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Annular compression systems and methods for sample processing devices |
US8834792B2 (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2014-09-16 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Systems for processing sample processing devices |
USD638951S1 (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2011-05-31 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Sample processing disk cover |
USD638550S1 (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2011-05-24 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Sample processing disk cover |
USD667561S1 (en) | 2009-11-13 | 2012-09-18 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Sample processing disk cover |
KR101963721B1 (ko) | 2011-05-18 | 2019-03-29 | 디아소린 에스.피.에이. | 샘플 처리 장치 상의 밸빙을 위한 시스템 및 방법 |
USD672467S1 (en) | 2011-05-18 | 2012-12-11 | 3M Innovative Properties Company | Rotatable sample processing disk |
KR20140022399A (ko) | 2011-05-18 | 2014-02-24 | 쓰리엠 이노베이티브 프로퍼티즈 컴파니 | 샘플 처리 장치 상의 체적 계량을 위한 시스템 및 방법 |
CN105170203B (zh) | 2011-05-18 | 2017-07-18 | 3M创新有限公司 | 检测选定体积的材料在样本处理装置中存在的系统和方法 |
CN103394382A (zh) * | 2013-08-07 | 2013-11-20 | 苏州扬清芯片科技有限公司 | 一种具有滤光特性的微流控芯片 |
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US5362654A (en) * | 1984-07-20 | 1994-11-08 | Sangstat Medical Corporation | Self-contained quantitative assay |
ATE77483T1 (de) * | 1986-04-23 | 1992-07-15 | Avl Medical Instr Ag | Sensorelement zur bestimmung von stoffkonzentrationen. |
US5137808A (en) * | 1987-04-07 | 1992-08-11 | Syntex (U.S.A.) Inc. | Immunoassay device |
US5472671A (en) * | 1989-04-26 | 1995-12-05 | Nilsson; Sven-Erik | Cuvette |
US5364591A (en) * | 1992-06-01 | 1994-11-15 | Eastman Kodak Company | Device for moving a target-bearing solid through a liquid for detection while being contained |
US5290518A (en) * | 1992-08-17 | 1994-03-01 | Eastman Kodak Company | Flexible extraction device with burstable sidewall |
DK0594259T3 (da) * | 1992-10-23 | 1996-11-18 | Johnson & Johnson Clin Diag | Strømningsregulering i en lukket beholderindretning |
US5500187A (en) * | 1992-12-08 | 1996-03-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Disposable optical agglutination assay device and method for use |
US5411065A (en) * | 1994-01-10 | 1995-05-02 | Kvm Technologies, Inc. | Liquid specimen transfer apparatus and method |
-
1996
- 1996-02-12 FR FR9601984A patent/FR2744803B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1997
- 1997-02-12 EP EP97901736A patent/EP0820348B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-12 US US08/913,726 patent/US5869002A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-12 AT AT97901736T patent/ATE211657T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-02-12 CA CA002218415A patent/CA2218415C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-02-12 DE DE69709499T patent/DE69709499T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-12 WO PCT/IB1997/000112 patent/WO1997028899A1/fr active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DE69709499T2 (de) | 2002-09-26 |
CA2218415A1 (fr) | 1997-08-14 |
CA2218415C (fr) | 2006-05-30 |
WO1997028899A1 (fr) | 1997-08-14 |
DE69709499D1 (de) | 2002-02-14 |
FR2744803A1 (fr) | 1997-08-14 |
ATE211657T1 (de) | 2002-01-15 |
EP0820348A1 (fr) | 1998-01-28 |
US5869002A (en) | 1999-02-09 |
FR2744803B1 (fr) | 1998-03-13 |
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