EP0819188A1

EP0819188A1 - Method of weaving a three-dimensionally shaped fabric zone

Info

Publication number: EP0819188A1
Application number: EP96911971A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Alexander Büsgen
Original assignee: Individual
Current assignee: BUESGEN, ALEXANDER
Priority date: 1995-04-06
Filing date: 1996-03-29
Publication date: 1998-01-21
Anticipated expiration: 2016-03-29
Also published as: EP0819188B1; ATE194019T1; CN1183123A; JPH11505296A; US6000442A; DE59605463D1; WO1996031643A1

Abstract

PCT No. PCT/EP96/01397 Sec. 371 Date Dec. 15, 1997 Sec. 102(e) Date Dec. 15, 1997 PCT Filed Mar. 29, 1996 PCT Pub. No. WO96/31643 PCT Pub. Date Oct. 10, 1996A process and apparatus for weaving a fabric with a three dimensional bulging zone, which is formed by increasing the density of the crossing points of the warp and weft threads so as to naturally impart a bulging zone in the fabric. The density is changed by changing the number of threads and/or changing the weave pattern. The lengths of the warp threads can also be increased in the bulging zone. In a preferred embodiment, the threads include a material which is settable by thermal or chemical treatment, and such that upon being set a three dimensional rigid matrix is formed which includes the non-settable threads as a reinforcement. The apparatus for carrying out the process takes the form of a loom having the capability of individually drawing off selected lengths of the warp threads from a warp supply, and a jacquard head for forming the weaving sheds and which has a control for changing the number of threads woven and/or the weave pattern.

Description

Process for weaving a three-dimensionally shaped fabric zone

The invention relates to a method for weaving a three-dimensional fabric zone according to the preamble of claim 1.

Such a method is known from DE-39 15 085. In this known method, the warp threads on the fabric formation edge are drawn off at different speeds. The three-dimensionally arched fabric zone thus arises by increasing the spacing of the weft threads, i.e. reducing the number of crossing points. The 3D shape of these tissue zones is not stable and the tissue structure depends on the 3D shape.

Other methods for weaving three-dimensional fabric shells work by varying the spacing of the warp threads (US Pat. No. 3, 132,671; EP 0302012 AI).

These known methods are based on the principle of achieving the arching of the fabric zone by increasing the thread spacing, i.e. by reducing the number of crossing points per unit area. Therefore, the three-dimensional domed zones have a loosened structure, so that under certain circumstances there is a network-like structure. The displacement resistance of such areas is too low for further processing. The physical, especially the mechanical properties are reduced compared to other tissue areas and not homogeneous in all directions.

Another method for the direct production of a three-dimensional shell geometry weaves a cone as a two-layer surface. Subsequently the cone is cut out of the warp thread sheet and unfolded (Rothe, H., Wiedemann, G .; Deutsche Textiltechnik 13 (1963) pp. 95-101).

The invention has for its object to avoid the disadvantages mentioned above. An arbitrarily three-dimensionally shaped fabric zone is to be created, the structures of which - regardless of the three-dimensional shape (3D shape) - can be predetermined and adjusted, in particular with regard to density and homogeneity in the warp and in the weft direction. Above all, the 3D shape should be stable.

This object is solved by claim 1.

A fabric is primarily defined by the number of its crossing points and the number of its binding points. The number of crossing points per unit area results as the product of the number of warp threads and the number of weft threads in this unit area. A tie point is understood to be a point of intersection at which the warp threads involved have changed between the upper and lower shed. According to this invention, the number of binding points in the three-dimensional tissue zone is changed. It is possible to work in smaller zones with constant take-off speeds of the warp threads passing through the fabric zone that are the same over the fabric width. Preferably, however, the withdrawal speeds of the warp threads passing through the fabric zone are varied, i.e. increased, e.g. to avoid the formation of pre-cloths (claim 2).

In order to compensate for the resulting increase in the spacing of the weft threads, that is to say a reduction in the number of crossing points, the formation of the 3D shape according to claim also results in an increase in the binding point density (claim 3). The invention makes it possible not only to weave a three-dimensional fabric zone, but at the same time to influence the structure of this fabric zone by influencing, ie increasing or decreasing the number of binding points per unit area and - within limits, the number of crossing points per unit area - to control in the desired manner. This allows a wealth of parameters to be influenced, such as, for example, strength, elongation behavior, sliding resistance, fabric thickness, air resistance, permeability and filtration properties with respect to liquids, optical effects (translucency, translucency).

The three-dimensional fabric produced is characterized by an adjustable basis weight. Seams or double layers to cover seams are not required. The fabric has a high mechanical strength, since the density and homogeneity of the threads can be adjusted and the threads are not damaged by subsequent stretching or overstretching. A subsequent change in shape due to shrinkage of the threads due to frozen tensions is avoided. The curvature can be precisely specified and reproduced exactly by calculation. There is no cutting and the process has high productivity.

The invention is based on the idea of the three-dimensional bulge in a tissue through the targeted use of different binding point densities, i.e. to generate different looping frequencies between warp and weft. This is achieved by changing the type of weave and / or by incorporating or removing additional threads.

In contrast to all previously known techniques, the generation of the three-dimensional fabric curvature takes place before the goods are withdrawn, regardless of the number of crossings, ie: the number of warp threads and weft threads. instead, by arranging the warp and weft. An increase or decrease in the bond point density per unit area or an increase or decrease in the number of wraps leads to an increase in the surface of the tissue zone. A reduction in the bond point density per unit area leads to a reduction in the surface area. A tissue zone with a larger surface bulges inwards or outwards in relation to the rest of the tissue surface to form a three-dimensional shell. It is possible to enlarge the surface so much that cylindrical or even more elevated side areas of the three-dimensional tissue zone are formed.

If the zone under consideration has a reduced surface area compared to the enclosing zone, then the enclosing tissue arches around this zone.

The change in the type of weave and the addition or removal of threads can be combined with one another, either to adjust the bulge or to adjust the fabric density in the fabric zone.

It has already been pointed out that an adjustment of the weft thread spacing by changing the take-off speed of the warp threads can be expedient. In addition to the spacing of the weft threads, the lateral spacing of the warp threads can also be varied. This embodiment of the method according to claim 2 has the purpose, in particular in the very steep 3-D areas, of specifically distributing the lateral spacings of the warp threads and / or weft threads in order to obtain design freedom for the distribution of the binding points. Warp threads and weft threads can be distributed over the arch in such a way that they follow certain stress zones. The faster removal of the warp threads prevents the formation of a pre-cloth in those places where a larger surface is created. Because the lateral spacing of the warp threads is controlled, targeted thread processes can be combined with 3D geometries generated by binding technology, as required, for example, by the mechanical requirements for a fabric-reinforced plastic component.

As stated, the spacing of the weft threads is adjusted by generating different pulling speeds of the warp threads. The spacing of the warp threads is adjusted by controllable reeds. A fan-like reed is known as an example, in which the reed bars (rungs) diverge like a fan from the lower or upper longitudinal center of the reed. Weaves of this type have previously been used to influence the width of a fabric, in particular a woven tape, by changing the distance between the warp threads (see: International Textile Bulletin p.2 / 1993). For this purpose, these fan-shaped reeds are moved more or less suddenly. According to the invention, the movement is essentially continuous and adapted to the desired changes in the 3-dimensional shape of the tissue.

Another example is a reed with controllably displaceable reed bars (DE-OS 41 37 082).

It is desirable that the resulting fabric be homogeneous in both directions (warp and weft) despite different distances between the crossing points. The method according to claim 3 is used for this purpose. In each direction, net-like areas of the tissue can now be avoided and the physical tissue properties can be influenced. This compensates for the binding point density or - what is the same - the number of wraps not only different crossing distances along a warp thread, but also across it, i.e. along a weft.

The number of integrated warp threads and / or weft threads can be varied in that individual warp threads or groups of warp threads on the Do not participate in shed formation in areas of the fabric, so that the warp threads or weft threads are only integrated in other areas, in particular the 3-dimensional areas, but float laterally therefrom. The warp threads not participating in the shed formation preferably remain positioned in the lower compartment so that the floating lengths of the weft threads do not hang down into the weaving machine.

According to the invention it is therefore provided that in areas of the fabric which are formed three-dimensionally, the number of warp threads and / or weft threads incorporated varies or that a different type of binding is provided. In both cases, the process can be carried out using a multi-shaft machine. Machines with up to 24 shafts are in use today. By hanging in different shafts and controlling the shafts differently, it can be achieved that the groups of warp threads guided in different sheep participate in the shed formation in different ways.

It is particularly useful for this purpose to use a jacquard machine, by means of which all the warp threads can be raised and lowered individually according to the program for the purpose of forming the shed between the upper and lower shed.

_

Through the measure according to claim 4, warp threads as well as the weft threads are bound in certain areas of the fabric, in others they float. Where the warp threads or weft threads are bound, the density of the fabric increases in any case, but under certain circumstances also the surface of the fabric and, conversely, the density of the fabric becomes lower, but under certain circumstances the surface of the fabric becomes smaller, where the threads float. The use of a shuttle loom offers the advantage that - depending on the width of the three-dimensional fabric zone - the weft threads are only inserted in the three-dimensional fabric zone and do not float in the other fabric areas (claim 5). These additional threads largely have the same effect as the floating threads mentioned above, with the difference that their thread length is matched to the width of the tissue zone under consideration. There is no need to subsequently cut off long, protruding thread ends. Furthermore, the amount of material to be used is reduced due to the reduced waste waste.

A very large number of threads can additionally be integrated in the three-dimensional fabric zone according to the method of claim 6. For this purpose, multi-layer fabrics are produced. In the area of the three-dimensional tissue zone, threads from a dissolved or thinned tissue layer are transferred and integrated into the tissue layer, which determines the three-dimensional shape of the tissue zone. The fabric density remains essentially the same, since the number of threads incorporated remains the same. However, the possibility of three-dimensional curvature is considerably increased by the large number of additional threads that are available for the three-dimensional fabric zone.

The method according to claim 7 is particularly effective in order to achieve a three-dimensional tissue zone. It allows a modified, i.e. in general: a greater density of the binding points or a greater number of thread wraps to be used in the fabric zone than in the surrounding fabric zone.

The distance between two adjacent threads (eg warp thread) is influenced by how often the threads of the respective crossing thread system (eg weft threads) pass between them, since the threads on one Wrapping or binding point are pressed apart. The more passages or tie points per unit area, the greater the distances between the threads. In a plain weave, for example, the distances are maximal due to the highest binding point density, in a simple twill weave they are smaller and in a long floating Atlas weave they are even smaller. If an at least partially enclosed tissue zone with an increased binding point density per unit area is produced in a fabric with a low binding point density per unit area, a three-dimensional shell shape already arises due to the larger surface area of this fabric zone. This method facilitates the production of three-dimensional fabric curvatures in that the pre-blanket formation can be controlled at selectable points and only this pre-blanket has to be compensated for by generating different take-off speeds. There is no need to include additional threads. The homogeneity or other structural properties of the fabric can thus be controlled independently of the geometry of the fabric.

By changing the type of weave and / or the number of threads of the incorporated threads, the method according to the invention firstly results in the formation of a three-dimensional fabric zone; on the other hand, the changed crossing point distance of the three-dimensional tissue zone can be compensated; in addition, however, there are also advantageous design options for the textile, mechanical or physical properties of the fabric zone.

These technical designs open up a wide range of technical applications.

Strength, elongation behavior or sliding resistance, among other things, can also be set depending on the direction in the warp or weft direction. This is particularly advantageous if mechanical stresses are applied to a fabric are defined, such as in a load-bearing housing made of fiber composite materials.

With the help of the binding and filling thread techniques described above, the fabric structure, fabric thickness, local wall thickness can be adapted to mechanical requirements.

The fabric is suitable as a filter material for air, gas and liquid filters, since permeability and filtration can be set and are independent of the geometry of the three-dimensional fabric zone. Optical effects such as Patterns can be set independently of the geometry of the three-dimensional fabric zone, where not only technical properties of the seamless three-dimensional fabric are important, but also an appealing look and pattern.

The three-dimensional tissue zone can also be part of a hollow body. For this purpose, the tissue zone can be connected flat with a flat or another three-dimensional tissue zone, e.g. by sewing or gluing. This operation is replaced in favor of an automated method according to claim 9. In this case, a fabric is woven from at least two layers, which are guided separately in the area of the three-dimensional fabric zone and are only brought together again behind the three-dimensional fabric zone and are closely connected or integrated with one another. So there is a distance or a cavity between the fabric layers. Such cavities are e.g. then advantageous if individual fabric layers are to shift or move away from one another during further processing or during use. The structure proposed here no longer has to be composed of individual pieces.

The space between the connected layers of tissue would assume a largely arbitrary shape when filled with gas, liquid or bulk material. This is avoided according to claim 10. such warp threads that are partially floating in one or the other fabric layer in regular or irregular alternation and have a predetermined length. These binding warp threads are subjected to tensile stress when the cavity is inflated with gas, liquid or bulk material and thus limit the local distance between the two fabric layers. The distances between the layers of fabric lying one above the other can therefore be adjusted by the floating length of the binding warp threads. As a result, the two fabric layers can have defined spacing profiles. It is particularly advantageous here to use the binding warp threads simultaneously as filler threads to control the three-dimensional shape and / or fabric density. The three-dimensional fabric zone can seamlessly enclose a large part of the airbag envelope. The production of two layers of fabric, which are connected by binding warp threads and are incorporated alternately between the upper and lower layers as spacers, is known, for example, from the production of velvet. There, after the tissue layers have been separated, these binding warp threads serve as pile threads.

Such a double fabric can advantageously be used as an air bag to avoid injuries in motor vehicle accidents. Due to the length and tensile stress of the binding warp threads, the shape of the inflated airbag is so limited that it does not hit the driver or passenger in the face in the event of an explosion and injures him (claim 23). The airbag according to the invention contains significantly fewer seams than before. The total weight of the airbag is reduced, especially in places where a person hits the airbag.

When filled with a liquid, solid, bulk material-like or foaming (expanding) material or with a hardening liquid or when the bloated tissue is impregnated with a hardening liquid In this way, bodies with a fabric covering can be produced without seams. (Claim 11).

The threads used for the method according to the invention can consist of natural materials, in particular linen, cotton, hemp, jute, etc. It can also be synthetic threads. Since the three-dimensional shape is produced by weaving in one operation, the threads do not need to be or only slightly plastically deformable. The methods and products proposed according to the invention are particularly favorable for such materials, since the initially very low deformability of the material no longer has an effect during the production of a curvature.

The three-dimensional training can be strengthened and promoted by the measure according to claim 12. can be cylindrical or hemisphere-like, so it lies within a two-dimensional tissue environment, the two-dimensional environment enclosing the curvature in a ring in whole or in part. The two-dimensional tissue environment can then be completely or partially cut away or recycled. Such a structure can in particular be designed as a hat, the two-dimensional ring-shaped tissue environment of the three-dimensional e.g. hemispherical or cylindrical-arched fabric zone serves as a brim. Versatile forms of such a tissue zone result in particular from claims 13 and 14.

The fabric zone designed as a hemisphere or spherical zone is particularly suitable for parts of clothing items which are adapted to the shape of the body during weaving according to the weaving method of this invention and which subsequently have no disruptive seams in the region of the arch. An important area of application for such tissues is orthopedic and medical support tissues, which can be seamlessly adapted to a body part, such as the head, chin or foot. Such seamless support tissues with adjustable density are particularly advantageous if the tissue has to remain firmly on the body for a long time in order to support parts of the body (eg after a broken jaw or skull). The support fabrics do not cause pressure points even when worn for a long time.

Another important area of application is parts of outer clothing, underwear or swimwear, especially for women. For example, a spherical shell-shaped tissue zone in the chest area can be used as a support or as part of the bra. This support has the advantage that there is no longer any need for a seam or metal reinforcements, which are uncomfortable and squeeze when worn for long periods. Claim 20.

Elongated fabric profiles can also be formed. An expedient application of such a fabric zone is a sail which is given the shape of an airfoil profile in one area. This eliminates the usual seams, which means that the current flows better against the sail and the energy is better converted because less turbulence occurs. Claim 22.

Another important area of application is filter cloths. This has the advantage that a seamless, homogeneously configurable filter surface with the desired three-dimensional shape and with certain filtration properties for the passage or retention of substances and / or particles is produced.

Finally, the method can be used to produce self-supporting shells, vessels, containers or the like with a fabric reinforcement. kung, which are used either as such or as reinforcing inserts for plastic bodies and plastic profiles. In the simplest case, such a shaped body can be produced according to claim 18. According to claim 15 or 16, in particular in the embodiment according to claim 17, such a molded body is produced in a simple manner in only one or two operations -weaving and thermal treatment-. As fiber reinforcements, such three-dimensional fabric zones and moldings have the advantage that they are constructed homogeneously and with uniform quality without deep-drawing or cutting work. The weight distribution of fibers and matrix materials is already predetermined by the manufacture of the fabric.

A fabric zone in the embodiment according to claim 13 can serve primarily as a fiber reinforcement for a hub of a wheel or for a rim.

Shell-shaped fiber reinforcements according to this invention are suitable for containers or crash helmets or safety helmets.

Such a container can contain two such tissue zones which are attached to the inside and outside of the matrix of the helmet. Since the fiber reinforcement according to this invention has neither seams nor has to be adapted to the three-dimensional helmet shape by overlapping several flat layers, and therefore the fiber guidance is not interrupted anywhere, especially not on the front or head sides, the fiber reinforcement keeps less despite Material quantity withstood the loads. Since manual intervention is hardly necessary in the production process, the fiber insert can always be produced in the helmet shell in the same and pre-calculated quality and position.

The invention thus ensures the production of three-dimensional fabrics with freely selectable geometries and closed surfaces or surfaces that can be adjusted to different requirements. Geometries and thread structures are free with the help of the existing binding devices controllable. In particular, freely programmable, electronically controlled jacquard machines in the configuration according to claim 26 are a suitable means for carrying out the method according to the invention. The control programs entered allow the arbitrary frequent exact reproduction of predetermined tissue curvatures with predetermined tissue structure.

The design of the weaving machine according to claim 27 serves for additional variation of the warp thread spacings. The quality of the fabric also depends in particular on the uniformity or the exact setting of the warp thread tensions. This uniformity or precise setting can only be achieved with the embodiment according to claim 28.

This design is particularly useful in combination with claim 29, which allows the warp thread tensions to be controlled individually according to the program and to be adapted to the rest of the control in order to achieve the 3D shape of the fabric.

The invention is explained in more detail below on the basis of exemplary embodiments with the aid of drawings. Show it:

1 is a weaving machine,

2 as a detail the braking device,

3 shows the positioning of the warp threads as a detail, FIG. 4 shows the positioning of the warp threads by means of a helical spring,

5 the warp thread guide with / without positioning device,

6 shows the program and control scheme,

7 shows a fabric zone with increased binding point density per unit area, surrounded by a zone with lower binding point density per unit area,

8 cut and binding cartridge of a plain weave, 9 section and binding cartridge of a twill weave,

Fig. 10 section and binding cartridge of an atlas binding,

Fig. 11 use of additional threads integrated in places,

Fig. 12 Cut and weave cartridge of a plain weave without stored threads,

13 cut and binding cartridge of a two-layer fabric with an additional thread between every second weft and warp thread,

Fig. 14 Cut and binding cartridge of a two-layer fabric with an additional thread for each weft and warp thread,

Fig. 15 section through a binding with floating threads,

Fig. 16 a woven hemisphere,

Fig. 17 pre-formation,

Fig. 18 a sail, and Fig. 19 a sack-shaped fabric.

In Fig. 1 a weaving machine is shown with its elements, which are necessary for the implementation of this invention. Individual warp bobbins 1 are presented to the weaving machine. The warp coils 1 are attached to the gate 16. The warp threads 2 are drawn off the bobbins and then individually guided through the individual elements of the weaving machine. In this application only one warp thread is spoken of; however, it should be noted that this can always mean two or three or a group of warp threads. First, each warp thread is passed through one of the brakes 3. Each brake can be set individually. This can be done by hand.

2, each brake 3 consists of a saucer

3.1 and a top plate 3.2. Each warp thread 2 is drawn between such a saucer and an upper saucer. The saucer 3.2 is arranged in a fixed position; the upper plate 3.1 is fastened to the plunger of an electromagnet 36 and can be pressed against the lower plate 3.2 with a predeterminable force. The electromagnets 36 are individually controlled by the braking device 14 and the braking program 21 (FIG. 6). As a result, the braking force and the thread tension in the warp threads 2.1 can be set differently. On the other hand, the set individual warp thread tension is also dependent on the fabric take-off 11 and its individual take-off speed of each individual warp thread, since the program steps of the brake program unit are called up as a function of the take-off speed of the warp thread. This is explained in more detail in relation to FIG. 6. As a result, the brakes can be individually controlled in the course of the weaving process. It goes without saying that the brakes can also be adjusted constantly during the weaving process.

The jacquard control 4 is used to move the warp threads up and down. Harness threads 18 are suspended in this jacquard control 4. Strands hang on the harness threads 18 and on these eyelets 6. The harness threads and the jacquard control move the eyelets upward and bring them into an upper position (upper compartment). The eyelets 6 are connected at the bottom with rubber threads 33 - shown in FIG. 3 - through which the eyelets are pulled into a lower position (lower compartment) against the force of the jacquard control.

The strands 19 are small elongated metal tongues, which can be seen in Fig.3. The warp thread positioning device 5 is arranged in front of the eyelets 6. By means of this warp thread positioning device, the harness threads 4 or strands 19 or eyelets 6 are laterally positioned such that the eyelets are at substantially the same distance as the warp threads running through the reed 7 (see below). Each warp thread is guided behind its brake through an eyelet of the eyelets 6. The Jacquard control 4 makes each warp thread independent moved from the other warp threads into the upper compartment or the lower compartment according to the program of the jacquard program unit 22.

The type of weave of the fabric as well as the number of incorporated threads depends on the jacquard control, i.e. of which of the warp threads are moved into the upper compartment or lower compartment in each weft.

The reed 7 is arranged behind the jacquard device. The reed 7 is a frame in the form of a trapezoid or parallelogram. Between the upper edge and the lower edge parallel to it, the reed bars 8 (rungs) are clamped in such a way that the reed bars strive for a fan shape from the top edge. Such a reed is e.g. shown in DE 39 15 085 AI. Each warp thread is passed through a space between the reed bars 8. The forward movement 15.1 (Fig. 3) of the reed, by which the last weft thread is pressed against the fabric edge after each shot, and the backward movement of the reed 15.1 is controlled by the machine control, e.g. causes a crank mechanism (not shown).

The lateral distance of the warp threads in the reed and behind it is determined by the slow up or down movement 15.2 of the reed (FIG. 3).

The positioning device 5 guides the warp threads through the eyelets of the jacquard device with the lateral distance specified by the reed.

The up and down movement 15.2 is controlled by the reed control according to a predetermined program.

The weft thread 9 is inserted behind the reed. The weft thread is pulled off, for example, from the weft bobbin 10 and guided through the compartment by means of a gripper. However, any other weft insertion systems are also possible, in particular weft insertion by shooters (weaving ship). The resulting tissue 12 can be pulled off by individual grippers. A witness tree 11 is used here. The stuff tree 11 is broken down into individual and individually drivable roller segments, ie: rolls of small width. The resulting tissue is clamped between the rollers and the freely rotating counter rollers. The individual roller segments are now individually driven by the trigger control 25 and the trigger program 26 (FIG. 6). To form a flat fabric or a flat fabric region, the roller segments are moved at the same speed after each shot 9. When forming a three-dimensional fabric zone, it is advantageous to move the roller segments after each shot 9 at different speeds.

This gives the warp threads of the fabric zone an individually controllable take-off speed. A suitable segmented witness tree and its drive is also shown and described in DE 39 15 085 AI.

As stated, the brake control is operated synchronously with and depending on the trigger control.

The fabric can then be wound up on the fabric tree 17.

The positioning of the warp threads before entering the reed 7 is shown in detail in FIGS. 3 and 4. From the reed, only the frame and two reed bars 8 are shown. The reed bars 8 diverge from the top edge in a fan shape. Furthermore, only the warp thread 2 is shown, which runs through the space between the reed bars 8 shown.

A set of parallel guide rods 32, which extend essentially parallel to the chain 2, is used to position the strands 19 with eyelets 6 or harness threads. For the sake of clarity, only the guide rod 32 is shown, which is used to guide the stranded wire and the one shown Warp thread is used. Like each of the guide rods, this guide rod 32 also projects with its front end into the same space between two reed rods 8 through which the warp thread 2 to be guided in each case also runs. The other end of each guide rod 32 is held by an individual elastic band 34 in the warp direction and by a common elastic band 35 in the weft direction. The common elastic band 35 can be stretched more or less elastically by positioning control 5. As a result, the distance between the fastening points of the guide rods 32 on the elastic band 35 changes. Alternatively, the common elastic band 35 can be replaced by an identically directed guide strip (in the weft direction) on which the guide rods 32 slide. In this case, the positioning of the guide rods takes place with sufficient accuracy exclusively through the horizontal spacing of the reed rods which guide the front ends of the guide rods. The hearzonal distance of the guide rods is therefore determined exclusively by the vertical position of the reed, without any further positioning control being necessary.

The common elastic band 35 can also be replaced by a helical spring 35 (FIG. 4). The coil spring extends in the weft direction. It engages with its turns between adjacent positioning rods 22. The coil spring 35 is more or less tensioned by the positioning control 5 with force F. This changes the pitch of the windings and thus the distance between the rear end of the positioning rods 22. The distance between the front ends of the guide rods is predetermined by the respective vertical position of the reed 7. Both distances are coordinated with each other by the vertical reed control on the one hand and the positioning control 5 on the other. Since each guide rod bears against a strand 19 and guides it laterally, the strands are spaced apart from the reed rods 8. threads without significant redirection through the reed. Friction and the occurrence of unwanted thread tensile forces are avoided. The thread tension can be specified solely by braking and pulling off.

5 shows a top view of this warp thread guide between the jacquard device and the fabric edge of the fabric 12. Only a few parts of the weaving machine are shown in a top view, namely the reed 7 with reed rods 8, the eyelets 6 of the jacquard control, and some warp threads 2 as well as the edge of the fabric 12. On the left side, the top view with guidance of the warp threads without a positioning device can be seen. The warp threads are deflected both at the eyelet 6 of the jacquard control and at the rung 8 of the reed 7 when the distance between the warp threads is widened by the fan reed, as shown here as an example. On the right side, the warp thread guide with positioning device 5 is shown in supervision. By means of the positioning rods 22, the strands and eyelets 6 are kept at a distance from one another which corresponds to the distance of the warp threads at the instantaneous vertical position of the reed. Due to the deflection of the warp threads, which results without the positioning device, an uneven warp thread tension is built up in the warp thread family. It has been found that deviations of the three-dimensional tissue zone from the pre-calculated shape have their cause here. The positioning device also avoids wear and tear on the warp threads.

Fig. 6 shows schematically the interaction of the individual controls and the associated programs. The control of the weaving machine is done by the superordinate weaving program 20. This is predetermined by the three-dimensional fabric that is to be manufactured. The individual program steps of the subordinate programs are gramme 21,22,23,25 accessed. The subordinate programs are the brake program 21; this controls the brake control 14. The brakes 3 for each warp thread 2 can be set individually or in groups or in total and depending on the command steps of the take-off program 25, the jacquard program 22; the jacquard control 4 is actuated by this. Each harness thread 16 can be pulled up individually or in groups with others to form the upper compartment or pulled down by the rubber to form the lower compartment. The jacquard

The program is predefined so that the type of weave and / or the number of incorporated threads is changed and adjusted in accordance with the intended three-dimensional shape of the tissue zone to be formed in the course of tissue formation. - the reed program 23; This controls the reed control 24 and thus specifies the vertical position of the reed in the direction 15.2. This influences the lateral distance between the warp threads and thus the density of the crossing points. At the same time, the positioning controller 5 is controlled so that the lateral distance of the warp threads in front of the reed corresponds to the distance that the

Receive warp threads through the respective vertical position of the reed, the withdrawal program 25; This controls the take-off control 26 and thus the speed of the roller segments of the take-off 1 1 is specified individually or in groups or in their entirety. The braking program is triggered synchronously with the steps in the trigger program. As a result, the braking of the individual thread is adapted to its take-off speed.

In order to carry out the invention, a flat tissue which is homogeneous over length and width is first produced. This tissue is characterized by the number of crossing points per unit area, by the number of tie points, each with a loop of one warp and one weft thread, by the number and length of the floating threads, and - if desired - by the number of fabric layers. In order now to form a three-dimensional fabric zone 13 - for example according to FIG. 7 ff.-, the weave number, ie the number of weave points with one loop each, is in a zone of the weave, whether at the longitudinal edge or in a central region of the web of warp and weft, increased or decreased. This is done by changing the type of weave and / or changing the number of threads involved.

The number of integrated threads can be increased by floating threads in the flat fabric area or in other fabric layers and thus holding a "supply" from which threads can be "taken" and integrated in the three-dimensional fabric zone. As a result, increased lengths of weft and / or warp threads are incorporated in the fabric zone. Consequently, the mutual repulsion of the warp and weft threads changes in this fabric zone and the fabric zone bulges three-dimensionally. Therefore, with regard to the warp threads, it is advisable to increase or decrease the take-off speed of the affected roller segments of the take-off in order to avoid excess fabric on the take-off. It should be noted that in the prior art the difference in the speed of the warp thread draw-off leads to the three-dimensional bulging of the fabric. This three-dimensional bulge is therefore based on a change in the number of crossing points. It can only be relatively weak; above all, it leads to a "thinning and thinning" of the tissue and is therefore not very stable.

According to the invention, however, the three-dimensional shape is forced on the tissue by changing the bond number and thus by changing its internal structure. The change in speed of the Warp thread draw-off is not the cause of the three-dimensional shape, but merely a secondary possible, but not necessary measure, which is preferably compensated for in terms of the fabric density by a further change in the weave number. It is not necessary to change the speed of the warp thread draw-off, especially in the case of smaller 3D shapes or if the shed is large.

To support and modify the three-dimensional design of the fabric zone, the warp thread spacing and thus the number of crossings per unit area can also be changed by moving the reed up or down. This measure can also be compensated for with regard to the tissue density by a further change in the bond number.

The change in the type of weave or the number of threads involved is done by changing the rhythm of the subject formation (up and down movement of the jacquard eyelets 6).

Further details are described with reference to FIGS. 7 to 17.

FIG. 7 shows a fabric that encloses a fabric zone with an increased binding point density (binding number). As an example, the surrounding fabric is designed as a twill weave. The enclosed three-dimensional fabric zone has a plain weave. In this zone, the frequency of the warp / weft wraps is increased compared to the surrounding fabric. This pushes the threads further apart and takes up a larger surface area than the surrounding body tissue. The zone bound in canvas therefore bulges out in relation to the surroundings or forms a constantly growing shroud during weaving. In the area of this canvas-binding zone, it is advantageous to pull off the tissue at an increased speed so that this pre-cloth formation does not lead to faults. The crosses drawn off at the increased speed points would have larger distances if the plain weave did not simultaneously increase the number of wraps. The plain weave thus has a compensating effect on the enlargement of the intersection distances.

FIGS. 8 to 10 represent three types of weave, each of which has different looping frequencies and thus entails different space requirements for the processed threads. Fig. 8 shows a plain weave, which gives the greatest thread spacing both in the warp and in the weft direction.

In contrast, the twill weave according to FIG. 9 has fewer loops and smaller thread spacings. Without changing the number of threads, this results in smaller fabric areas than with plain weave. 10 brings the threads very close together and therefore requires an even smaller area.

The bond point density of the three bonds shown in FIGS. 8 to 10 decreases from top to bottom in the arrangement of the figures. The different bond point densities per unit area and thus the binding-specific space conditions are used in order to obtain closed surfaces in the area of three-dimensional curvatures and to avoid network-like points caused by geometry.

11 shows the procedure when a three-dimensional shell geometry is supported or adjusted to special requirements with the aid of additional threads which are integrated in sections. Before the shell curvature, warp and weft threads are carried in the fabric in a layer lying below or above the later curved plane, which are not integrated in this plane. At certain points, these threads, for example warp threads 2.1, are inserted in plain weave into the fabric plane / layer to be arched. With unchanged intersection distances The threads previously tied under or above the level to be arched now push the existing threads in the level and thus lead to an increase (if threads are removed from this level to a reduction) of the area size. This process leads to the desired curvature. On the other hand, the properties of the fabric can also be set in spite of changing take-off speeds and changing cross-point distances, for example mechanical behavior, permeability and sliding resistance.

FIGS. 12 to 14 use three exemplary types of weave to show how three-dimensional shell geometries are built up, filled in and adjusted in structure and density with the aid of multi-layer weave weaves. A single layer plain weave is shown in FIG. No threads are "stored" in it.

13 contains in a second plane 27 a weft "additional thread" 9.3 between every second weft 9.2 and a warp "additional thread" 2.3 between every second warp shutters 2.2. The "additional threads are inserted into the upper layer to form the 3D shape. In the binding according to FIG. 14 there are one weft" additional thread "9.3 and 9.4 for each weft thread 9.1 and 9.2 and one warp for each warp thread 2.1 and 2.2 - "Additional thread" 2.3 and 2.4 incorporated as a second fabric layer 27. Depending on how large the curvature should be, more or fewer threads from the additional layer 27 have to be integrated into the fabric plane 28 which is to cause the curvature.

Depending on how large the later intended curvature of the three-dimensional fabric level 28 should be, more or fewer threads have to be carried in additional layers 27 until they enter the curved level 28. In addition to the formation of several additional layers 27, FIG. 15 also shows floating, not tied threads (warp threads 2.1 or weft threads 9.1) which are integrated into the layer 28 to be arched over desired distances, ie fabric zone 13.

16 shows the structure of a woven hemisphere. 16a (left) shows a fabric detail according to the prior art, in which no binding technology has been used to compensate for increased cross-point distances or to set certain tissue properties, i.e. only the distances between the cross-points have been changed; in the area of the 3D shape, the tissue becomes less dense or mesh-like.

16a (right) shows a tissue section in which additional threads have been integrated into the surface. The density of the fabric does not depend on the 3D shape. In such an embodiment, the fabric is e.g. as a breast area or breast support for women's clothing, as a vessel, as a fiber reinforcement for a plastic part, e.g. a helmet shell can be used.

Using the example of additionally integrated weft threads 9, FIG. 17 shows the pre-cloth formation. It is based on the fact that in the three-dimensional tissue zone there is an excess of tissue due to the reduction of the weft spacing and the compression of the tissue. A take-off method which realizes different take-off speeds over the width of the fabric is advantageous since, above all, the formation of the pre-cloth can be compensated for.

Fig. 18 shows a sailboat with sail 30 in supervision. On the side facing away from the wind, the sail bulges in the form of an airplane wing. This bulge 29 of the sail in the area of the mast 31 is a 3D shape produced according to this invention, which is produced without seams and subsequent deformation.

Fig. 19 shows the section along a warp thread through a three-dimensional fabric in the form of a sack. Such a sack can, for example. serve as an air bag or as a shaped body filled with gaseous, liquid, foaming, solid material or bulk material. The bag-like bulge is created by a correspondingly tight type of binding and by the incorporation of many additional weft or warp threads. However, some warp threads 2.1 are not integrated in the area of the greatest bulge. Rather, these warp threads float at a relatively high thread tension. These floating warp threads thus form a movement limitation for the air bag and give the shape in the inflated state.

REFERENCE SIGN LIST

I warp spools 2 warp threads

3 brakes

4 jacquard control

5 warp thread positioning device

6 eyelets, end eyelet 7 reed

8 reed bars, rungs

9 wefts

10 shot coil

I I witness tree, goods deduction 12 tissues, goods deduction

13 tissue zone, three-dimensional tissue zone

14 Brake control

15 Reed movement

16 gates 17 rewind

18 harness threads, harness cord

19 heald, heald

20 weaving program

21 Brake program 22 Jacquard program

23 Reed program

24 Reed control

25 Deduction program

26 trigger control 27 fabric level, fabric layer Fabric level, 3D fabric layer bulging sail mast guide rod, positioning rod elastic band, elastic thread elastic band, elastic thread elastic band, elastic thread, coil spring, guide rail electromagnet

Claims

PATENT CLAIMS

1. A method for weaving a three-dimensionally shaped fabric zone, characterized in that in the fabric zone the number of weaving points is changed by changing the number of warp threads or weft threads incorporated and / or by changing the type of weave.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that in the fabric zone in addition to the change in the number of Bindungs¬ points a change in the spacing of the crossing points in Kettfäd¬ direction by generating different take-off speeds of individual warp threads and / or a change in the spacing of the cross ¬ points in the weft direction by changing the lateral spacing of the warp threads.

3. The method according to claim 2, characterized in that in the fabric zone, the change in the spacing of the crossing points is fully or partially compensated for by the change in the number of tie points (number of threads incorporated and / or the type of weave).

4. The method according to any one of claims 1-3, characterized in that the change in the number of incorporated threads is effected in that threads which float in the tissue adjacent to the tissue zone are integrated in the region of the tissue zone.

5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the change in the number of incorporated threads takes place in that threads are integrated in the region of the fabric zone, which are adapted in length to the fabric zone.

6. The method according to claim 4, characterized in that in the case of multilayered fabrics to change the number of integrated threads in the area of the fabric zone, threads are transferred from one fabric layer to another and are incorporated in this other fabric layer.

7. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that to change the number of threads included in the area

Tissue zone a type of weave is used with a modified, preferably increased density of the weave points and a correspondingly changed or larger number of thread wraps.

8. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the changes in the type of weave and / or the number of threads incorporated to adjust mechanical and / or physical properties, in particular one of the following properties: strength, elongation behavior or sliding resistance , Fabric thickness, air resistance, permeability, filtration properties, optical effects such as

Appearance, translucency, patterning, translucency takes place.

9. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized gekenn¬ characterized in that the tissue zone at least in one area from two Layers consists of which layers are spaced apart or form a cavity between them.

10. The method according to claim 9, characterized in that so-called binding warp threads are incorporated in a regular or irregular alternation between the upper and lower layer with a predetermined floating length.

11. The method according to any one of claims 9 or 10, characterized in that the cavities between the fabric layers are filled with a liquid, liquid-foaming or solid material.

12. The method according to any one of claims 1-11, characterized in that the tissue zone is formed within a two-dimensional tissue, the two-dimensional tissue completely or partially enclosing the tissue zone — preferably in an annular manner.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1-12, characterized in that the fabric zone has the shape of a cylinder which is open on one end face, is provided on the other end face with a flat or hemisphere-like closure and is preferably provided with a central opening.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1-12, characterized in that the tissue zone has the shape of a spherical shell or hemisphere.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1-14, characterized in that threads made of a first material and threads made of a second material are woven together in the fabric zone.

16. The method according to claim 15, characterized in that the weft and / or warp threads fibers or threads are mixed from a two-th material, in particular by sheathing, staining or mixing.

17. The method according to claim 15 or 16, characterized in that the fibers or threads from the second material are shaped by thermal or chemical treatment such that they form a coherent matrix in which the threads of the first material are distributed.

18. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the fabric zone for the production of a shaped body is coated and / or soaked with the liquid phase of a curable plastic.

19. Shaped body made of plastic, characterized by a three-dimensional fabric zone, produced according to one of claims 1-18 as fiber reinforcement, in particular container, shell, helmet shell, rim.

20. Garment, in particular bra or breast support, characterized in that the garment is adapted to the body shape by a seamlessly woven fabric zone according to one of claims 1 to 16.

21. Hollow profile made of fabric characterized by a three-dimensional fabric zone, manufactured according to one of the

Claims 1-18, which tissue zone is connected to another parallel tissue, in particular according to claim 9 or 10.

22. Sails with an area which bulges on the side facing away from the wind, in particular in the form of an airfoil profile, characterized in that the area is a fabric zone according to one of claims 1 to 17.

23. Air bag which is at least partially enclosed by a seamless fabric zone which is produced according to one of claims 1 to 17, in particular according to claim 9 or 10.

24. Hat, produced as a tissue zone according to 12, wherein the tissue which surrounds the tissue zone in an annular manner serves as a brim.

25. Orthopedic and medical support tissue, characterized by one or more three-dimensional tissue zones according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the shape of the seamless tissue zones is adapted to predetermined body parts such as the head, chin or foot.

26. Loom for carrying out the method according to one of the preceding claims 1-18, characterized by the combination of the following devices: a creel with warp bobbins, from which the warp threads can be pulled off individually at differently controllable speeds, one brake for each of the warp threads, a goods take-off (stuff tree) for pulling off the finished fabric, which is divided into conveyor segments and whose conveyor segments can be driven separately for each one warp thread or group of warp threads at different and controllable speeds; a jacquard device with a control device for changing the number of incorporated threads and / or the type of binding.

27. Weaving machine according to claim 26, characterized by a distributor device arranged downstream of the jacquard device for continuously controlled adjustment of the lateral warp thread spacings, in particular weaving reed, the reed bars (rungs) of which are continuously and essentially continuously adjustable relative to one another during the weaving process, or weaving reed with fixed rungs. which are arranged converging fan-shaped in the vertical direction, the reed being horizontally movable depending on the weft insertion and is essentially continuously movable up and down and positionable.

28. Loom according to claim 27, characterized by a guide device for guiding the warp threads into the guide eyes of the jacquard device, which can be controlled in dependence on the position of the distributor device in such a way that the warp threads pass through the guide eyes of the jacquard device without substantial deflection.

29. Loom according to claim 26, 27 or 28 characterized by a brake control device, by means of which each of the brakes assigned to the individual warp threads can be controlled individually in a predetermined manner, preferably according to the program.