EP0817943A1 - Dispositif de separation pour separer des particules solides contenues dans le courant gazeux d'un lit fluidise - Google Patents

Dispositif de separation pour separer des particules solides contenues dans le courant gazeux d'un lit fluidise

Info

Publication number
EP0817943A1
EP0817943A1 EP97902297A EP97902297A EP0817943A1 EP 0817943 A1 EP0817943 A1 EP 0817943A1 EP 97902297 A EP97902297 A EP 97902297A EP 97902297 A EP97902297 A EP 97902297A EP 0817943 A1 EP0817943 A1 EP 0817943A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
separating device
separation chamber
gas flow
channel
reactor
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Ceased
Application number
EP97902297A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Wladyslaw Lewandowski
Henrik Schirner
Frank Steege
Axel Schulle
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
ABB Patent GmbH
Original Assignee
ABB Patent GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by ABB Patent GmbH filed Critical ABB Patent GmbH
Publication of EP0817943A1 publication Critical patent/EP0817943A1/fr
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C10/00—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus
    • F23C10/02—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed
    • F23C10/04—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone
    • F23C10/08—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases
    • F23C10/10—Fluidised bed combustion apparatus with means specially adapted for achieving or promoting a circulating movement of particles within the bed or for a recirculation of particles entrained from the bed the particles being circulated to a section, e.g. a heat-exchange section or a return duct, at least partially shielded from the combustion zone, before being reintroduced into the combustion zone characterised by the arrangement of separation apparatus, e.g. cyclones, for separating particles from the flue gases the separation apparatus being located outside the combustion chamber
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/005—Separating solid material from the gas/liquid stream
    • B01J8/0055—Separating solid material from the gas/liquid stream using cyclones
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
    • B01J8/1836—Heating and cooling the reactor
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J8/00—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes
    • B01J8/18—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles
    • B01J8/24—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique
    • B01J8/38—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation or to a circulatory movement, i.e. leaving a vessel and subsequently re-entering it
    • B01J8/384—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation or to a circulatory movement, i.e. leaving a vessel and subsequently re-entering it being subject to a circulatory movement only
    • B01J8/386—Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particles; Apparatus for such processes with fluidised particles according to "fluidised-bed" technique with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation or to a circulatory movement, i.e. leaving a vessel and subsequently re-entering it being subject to a circulatory movement only internally, i.e. the particles rotate within the vessel
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04C—APPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C1/00—Apparatus in which the main direction of flow follows a flat spiral ; so-called flat cyclones or vortex chambers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B04—CENTRIFUGAL APPARATUS OR MACHINES FOR CARRYING-OUT PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES
    • B04C—APPARATUS USING FREE VORTEX FLOW, e.g. CYCLONES
    • B04C7/00—Apparatus not provided for in group B04C1/00, B04C3/00, or B04C5/00; Multiple arrangements not provided for in one of the groups B04C1/00, B04C3/00, or B04C5/00; Combinations of apparatus covered by two or more of the groups B04C1/00, B04C3/00, or B04C5/00
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B07—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS; SORTING
    • B07B—SEPARATING SOLIDS FROM SOLIDS BY SIEVING, SCREENING, SIFTING OR BY USING GAS CURRENTS; SEPARATING BY OTHER DRY METHODS APPLICABLE TO BULK MATERIAL, e.g. LOOSE ARTICLES FIT TO BE HANDLED LIKE BULK MATERIAL
    • B07B7/00—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents
    • B07B7/08—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents using centrifugal force
    • B07B7/086—Selective separation of solid materials carried by, or dispersed in, gas currents using centrifugal force generated by the winding course of the gas stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J15/00—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes
    • F23J15/02—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material
    • F23J15/022—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow
    • F23J15/027—Arrangements of devices for treating smoke or fumes of purifiers, e.g. for removing noxious material for removing solid particulate material from the gasflow using cyclone separators
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J2208/00—Processes carried out in the presence of solid particles; Reactors therefor
    • B01J2208/00008—Controlling the process
    • B01J2208/00017—Controlling the temperature
    • B01J2208/00106—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange
    • B01J2208/00168—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles
    • B01J2208/00256—Controlling the temperature by indirect heat exchange with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles in a heat exchanger for the heat exchange medium separate from the reactor
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C2206/00—Fluidised bed combustion
    • F23C2206/10—Circulating fluidised bed
    • F23C2206/101—Entrained or fast fluidised bed
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23J—REMOVAL OR TREATMENT OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS OR COMBUSTION RESIDUES; FLUES 
    • F23J2900/00—Special arrangements for conducting or purifying combustion fumes; Treatment of fumes or ashes
    • F23J2900/15026—Cyclone separators with horizontal axis

Definitions

  • Separating device for separating solid particles from the gas stream
  • the invention relates to a separating device for separating solid particles from a gas stream carrying these particles from a combustion chamber in accordance with the preamble of claim 1.
  • a ZWS system works with a circulating fluidized bed reactor.
  • a mass of fine-grained solid particles which are fed to a combustion chamber, has primary air flowing through them from bottom to top.
  • the weight of the solid particles is canceled out by the opposite flow force of the gas stream.
  • Some of the solid particles leave the fluidized bed reactor with the gas stream.
  • the solid particles are removed from the gas stream by additional devices in order to ensure a solids cycle necessary for the process.
  • centrifugal separators called cyclones for separating the solid particles from the exhaust gas stream.
  • the principle of centrifugal force separation is based on the effect of centrifugal forces. By accelerating the gas / solid mixture on a circular path around the vertical cyclone axis, centrifugal forces are created which act to different degrees on gas and solid components of the gas flow. The centrifugal force increases with increasing particle size, so that the particles are separated from a certain core size. Particles that are smaller than the so-called separation grain follow the gas flow. The solid particles, which are larger than the separating grain of the cyclone, are thrown against its wall and slide down to a solids outlet.
  • the effect of centrifugal force separation is very much overlaid by mass separation, i.e. a large part of the particles in the gas flow do not whirl around the vertical cyclone axis several times, but fall downwards immediately after entering the cyclone the solid pipe down to the solid discharge. Only a relatively small part of the solid particles is separated from the gas flow by centrifugal force separation.
  • Cyclones of conventional design for ZWS systems are very large, voluminous structures that require a large masonry mass to provide adequate heat insulation and protection against erosion from impacting solid particles. These may only be heated slowly, which leads to long start-up times for ZWS systems Shutdown processes reduce the service life of the lining. Furthermore, in the conventional construction of cyclones, complex compensators are required due to the different amounts and dimensions of thermal expansion for the cyclone, combustion chamber and boiler convection part.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a separation device according to the preamble of claim 1, which effects a separation of solid particles from the exhaust gas stream as directly as possible at the exit of the combustion chamber and thereby enables a compact connection with the combustion chamber and possibly with further functional units.
  • the emerging from the combustion chamber Gass ⁇ trom passes directly to a flow channel which directs the gas flow to a hori ⁇ zontal lying Zyklo ⁇ achse around on a circular arc from top to un ⁇ th In Vertika l he downward direction is the Stromungskanai expanded in that it merges into a chamber, in which the separated solid particles sink down.
  • the cleaned gas stream arrives at a suitable transfer channel.
  • this flow channel Due to the construction of this flow channel with a horizontally running cyclo-axis, the solid particles get in the shortest way to a point of the flow channel where it widens into the separation chamber, which thereby comes to lie directly next to the combustion chamber.
  • This arrangement enables a very compact structure, but at the same time a very effective separation of the solid particles from the exhaust gas stream is achieved because the entry point into the separation chamber works as a diffuser.
  • the gravitational and centrifugal forces acting on the heavy solid particles do not allow them to follow the exhaust gas flow on its upward curve up to the transfer channel, so that the particles slide down into the separation chamber.
  • the flow channel tapers continuously until it enters the separation chamber in order to achieve a continuous acceleration of the exhaust gas flow.
  • the gas flow is decelerated and deflected, so that flow energy is recovered as pressure.
  • An effective means is to position the entry into the take-over channel at a sufficient distance from the exit of the flow channel, the gas stream expediently also having to pass a turning point, behind which it goes up again.
  • a receiving opening must be provided in order to receive the gas stream which has been cleaned of the separated solid particles in the transfer channel. To this end, it is conceivable as a first alternative that the receiving opening extends parallel to the cyclone axis and faces the separation chamber downwards. A second alternative could be that the receiving opening extends vertically or at an angle to the cyclone axis.
  • the design of the flow channel is simplified in that it is formed without additional fittings on the one hand by the outer contour of the take-over channel and on the other hand by the inside of the outer wall of the reactor assembly.
  • the gas flow in the flow channel reaches its highest speed at its narrowest point before entering the separation chamber.
  • a speed of 10 to 60 m / s is particularly favorable for separating the particles.
  • the arrangement of the take-over channel immediately behind the exit of the combustion chamber not only enables a compact network between the latter and the separation chamber, but also enables the convection part to be connected directly. As a result, it is then also possible to integrate the convection part into the reactor assembly consisting of the separation chamber and combustion chamber, as a result of which a further partition wall lies between the separation chamber and the convection part.
  • the compensators required in conventional reactors can be omitted in that all walls in the reactor unit are membrane walls with boiling water leading pipes are constructed, whereby it is avoided that inadmissible heat stresses arise.
  • the separation chamber according to the invention will preferably be provided in connection with a combustion chamber for circulating fluidized bed combustion.
  • the solid particles separated from the exhaust gas flow in the area of the separation chamber floor can be directed back into the combustion chamber via a return opening due to the compact construction.
  • Fig. 1 shows a reactor block laterally in section with a view of the fuel
  • FIG. 2 shows a section along the section line A-A according to FIG. 1,
  • FIG. 3 shows a section of a reactor block corresponding to FIG. 1 with a modified take-over channel
  • FIG. 4 shows a section along the section line B-B according to FIG. 3.
  • a ZWS reactor 1, a separation chamber 15 and a convection part 11 are integrated in a reactor unit, granular solid is introduced into the reactor 1 and swirled by adding primary air 2 and and and the desired reaction takes place. Since the speed of the gas flow in the combustion chamber is greater than the sinking speed of the solid particles, some of the solid particles are entrained and discharged from the ZWS reactor 1 at the top via the gas flow.
  • the gas flow reaches the inlet opening 3 of a flow channel 4, which is formed by the inside of an outer wall 5 and the outside of a wall 6 of the take-over channel 4.
  • a steady acceleration of the gas flow is generated by a narrowing of the flow channel 4 in the flow direction, which is narrowed at the narrowest point 8 with a cross-sectional area.
  • che x reaches its highest value.
  • the area x is selected so that the flow rate here is between 10 and 60 m / s.
  • the flow channel 4 opens to the separation chamber 15.
  • the diffuser effect produced by the cross-sectional expansion delays the gas flow, which is simultaneously diverted along an arc 17.
  • the separation of gas and solid takes place here, since the solid particles, which are larger than the separation grain of the cyclone-like arrangement, cannot follow the deflection due to their inertia. Backmixing, as can occur with conventional cyclones, is avoided by this arrangement.
  • the solid sliding down on an outer wall 9 of the separation chamber can no longer be caught by the gas flow.
  • the solid particles reach a return opening 10 in the bottom area of the separation chamber 15 and are fed from there back to the ZWS reactor. Since the ZWS reactor 1 must be sealed off from the separation chamber 15, one can e.g. work with a siphon (not shown here) installed in the bottom of the separation chamber.
  • a feed opening 14, 18 of the take-over channel 7 are conceivable.
  • the tubular take-over channel arranged coaxially to the cyclone axis 16 ends in front of a vertical outer wall of the separation chamber 1 and forms its feed opening 18 here.
  • the opening area can extend vertically or can also be angled and with said Form the outer wall of a funnel opening towards the separation chamber.
  • the feed opening is formed by a recess which extends horizontally along the lateral surface of the take-over channel 7, preferably directly adjacent to a partition wall 13a to the ZWS reactor 1.
  • the walls of the separation chamber 15, the ZWS reactor 1, the convection part 11 and the connecting partitions 13a, 13b are designed as boiling water-carrying membrane walls. de executed. This prevents inadmissible thermal stresses and complex compensators are no longer necessary. Thick masonry is not necessary because the solid particles do not hit the walls with the high energy that is usual with cyclones. A lining with a thin wear protection layer is only provided in areas at risk of erosion. The start-up time of the boiler system is shortened noticeably and the structure is lighter and less complex.

Landscapes

  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cyclones (AREA)
  • Fluidized-Bed Combustion And Resonant Combustion (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un dispositif de séparation pour séparer des particules solides contenues dans le courant gazeux d'un réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant (1). Il est prévu des éléments qui influent sur le courant gazeux de manière que la force centrifuge et la force de gravité qui s'exercent sur les particules et sont supérieures aux forces d'entraînement du courant gazeux, permettent aux particules d'une taille minimale déterminée d'être séparées du courant gazeux. On obtient une structure particulièrement compacte de l'installation à lit fluidisé circulant, du fait que le courant gazeux sortant du réacteur à lit fluidisé circulant (1) parvient jusqu'à un canal d'écoulement (4) qui le guide de haut en bas autour du pivot horizontal (16) d'un cyclone, en décrivant un arc de cercle (17). Le courant gazeux est alors acheminé jusqu'à un canal de transfert (7) approprié pour continuer à le guider. Dans le sens vertical, le canal d'écoulement (4) se transforme en une chambre de séparation (15) qui s'élargit de manière correspondante vers le bas et sur le fond de laquelle les particules solides séparées se déposent.
EP97902297A 1996-02-08 1997-02-03 Dispositif de separation pour separer des particules solides contenues dans le courant gazeux d'un lit fluidise Ceased EP0817943A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19604565A DE19604565A1 (de) 1996-02-08 1996-02-08 Trennvorrichtung zum Abscheiden von Feststoffpartikeln aus dem Gasstrom einer Wirbelschicht
DE19604565 1996-02-08
PCT/EP1997/000464 WO1997029324A1 (fr) 1996-02-08 1997-02-03 Dispositif de separation pour separer des particules solides contenues dans le courant gazeux d'un lit fluidise

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0817943A1 true EP0817943A1 (fr) 1998-01-14

Family

ID=7784843

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP97902297A Ceased EP0817943A1 (fr) 1996-02-08 1997-02-03 Dispositif de separation pour separer des particules solides contenues dans le courant gazeux d'un lit fluidise

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US5878892A (fr)
EP (1) EP0817943A1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH11504261A (fr)
DE (1) DE19604565A1 (fr)
ID (1) ID15924A (fr)
WO (1) WO1997029324A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2758277B1 (fr) * 1997-01-13 1999-10-08 Inst Francais Du Petrole Separateur a enroulement direct de particules d'un melange gazeux et son utilisation en craquage thermique ou catalytique en lit fluidise
FR2845620B1 (fr) * 2002-10-14 2007-11-30 Alstom Switzerland Ltd Reacteur a lit fluidise circulant avec separateur et gaine d'acceleration integree
FR2873790B1 (fr) * 2004-07-27 2006-09-22 Alstom Technology Ltd Reacteur a lit fluidise modulaire
FI124100B (fi) * 2011-01-24 2014-03-14 Endev Oy Menetelmä kiertomassareaktorin toiminnan parantamiseksi ja menetelmän toteuttava kiertomassareaktori
CN102980177B (zh) * 2012-11-29 2015-11-18 湘潭锅炉有限责任公司 一种燃生物质流化床锅炉
EP2745927A1 (fr) * 2012-12-21 2014-06-25 Borealis AG Réacteur à lit fluidisé avec unité de réaction à lit mobile interne

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2101249A (en) * 1932-03-30 1937-12-07 Foster Wheeler Corp Pneumatic classifier
DE1442745A1 (de) * 1963-10-23 1969-02-06 Kloeckner Humboldt Deutz Ag Vorrichtung zum Behandeln von feinkoernigen,festen Stoffen
US3775948A (en) * 1972-01-18 1973-12-04 J Beam Device for cleaning exhaust products
DE3206236A1 (de) * 1982-02-20 1983-09-01 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Verfahren zum gleichzeitigen sichten und geregelten, kontinuierlichen austrag von koernigem gut aus wirbelbettreaktoren
DE3414344A1 (de) * 1984-04-16 1985-10-24 Gebrüder Bühler AG, Uzwil Fliehkraftabscheider
EP0302854B1 (fr) * 1987-01-21 1991-06-12 A. Ahlstrom Corporation Reacteur a lit fluidise avec fluide circulant
US5174799A (en) * 1990-04-06 1992-12-29 Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation Horizontal cyclone separator for a fluidized bed reactor
FI93701C (fi) * 1993-06-11 1995-05-26 Ahlstroem Oy Menetelmä ja laite kuumien kaasujen käsittelemiseksi
DE4405642C2 (de) * 1994-02-22 1996-11-07 Eirich Adolf & Albrecht Kg Fliehkraftabscheider
AT402846B (de) * 1994-05-31 1997-09-25 Austrian Energy & Environment Verbrennungsanlage nach dem prinzip einer zirkulierenden wirbelschicht
US5526938A (en) * 1994-10-07 1996-06-18 The Babcock & Wilcox Company Vertical arrangement fluidized/non-fluidized bed classifier cooler
WO1996038689A1 (fr) * 1995-06-02 1996-12-05 Austrian Energy & Environment Sgp/Waagner-Biro Gmbh Procede et dispositif de separation

Non-Patent Citations (1)

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Title
See references of WO9729324A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
WO1997029324A1 (fr) 1997-08-14
US5878892A (en) 1999-03-09
JPH11504261A (ja) 1999-04-20
ID15924A (id) 1997-08-21
DE19604565A1 (de) 1997-08-14

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