EP0814389A1 - Clockwork-movement with a guide tube between a plate and a bridge - Google Patents
Clockwork-movement with a guide tube between a plate and a bridge Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0814389A1 EP0814389A1 EP97109262A EP97109262A EP0814389A1 EP 0814389 A1 EP0814389 A1 EP 0814389A1 EP 97109262 A EP97109262 A EP 97109262A EP 97109262 A EP97109262 A EP 97109262A EP 0814389 A1 EP0814389 A1 EP 0814389A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- bridge
- plate
- tube
- movement according
- movement
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001154 acute effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006850 spacer group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04B—MECHANICALLY-DRIVEN CLOCKS OR WATCHES; MECHANICAL PARTS OF CLOCKS OR WATCHES IN GENERAL; TIME PIECES USING THE POSITION OF THE SUN, MOON OR STARS
- G04B29/00—Frameworks
- G04B29/04—Connecting or supporting parts
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G04—HOROLOGY
- G04F—TIME-INTERVAL MEASURING
- G04F7/00—Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by non-electric means
- G04F7/04—Apparatus for measuring unknown time intervals by non-electric means using a mechanical oscillator
- G04F7/08—Watches or clocks with stop devices, e.g. chronograph
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a timepiece movement comprising a lower plate, a bridge fixed to said plate, a fixed guide tube having two ends mounted in respective orifices of said plate and of the bridge, and a rotary wheel axis passing through a bore. axial of the tube and guided by it.
- FIG. 2 of patent GB 1,459,287 illustrates a variant in which the tube is mounted in the orifices of a bridge and a dial, in the center of the dial, to guide the concentric axes of the hours, minutes and seconds wheels .
- each bridge is fixed to the plate by means of screw pillars, generally three in number, which can moreover carry two bridges at different levels, as shown for example by patent CH 588 108.
- These pillars have the disadvantage of having to be placed, in plan, outside the areas occupied by the moving parts of the movement between the plate and the bridges. They are therefore often placed near the edges of bridges and this can lead to increasing the size, thickness and weight of the bridges.
- the possible guide tubes occupy other locations.
- the present invention aims to avoid the aforementioned drawback and to allow the movement to be as compact and light as possible, in particular in the case of a complicated movement such as that of a chronograph watch.
- the invention relates to a timepiece movement of the kind indicated above, characterized in that the tube has two opposite external shoulders disposed in abutment respectively against said plate and against the bridge to maintain a determined spacing between them .
- a basic idea of the invention consists in replacing at least one of the usual pillars of the bridge, and preferably several of these pillars, by a special arrangement of one or more of the guide tubes already located in the space between the plate and the bridge. This not only results in an obvious gain in space, but also a significant reduction in the extent and therefore in the weight of the bridge, adding to the gain in weight of the pillars.
- the guide tubes which are usually three in number in chronograph watches, are at a certain distance from the edge of the plate, the distances between them are generally smaller than the distances between the traditional pillars, if although we can reduce the thickness of the bridge in some cases, or otherwise benefit from a greater rigidity of the bridge.
- the bridge can be fixed to the plate simply by means of screws tending to tighten the tubes between the plate and the bridge. These screws are much less bulky than traditional pillars and their position can therefore be chosen more freely.
- each guide tube has the function of maintaining a perfectly defined spacing between the plate and the bridge, since the axes of the mobiles are usually pivotally mounted on these two elements. This problem and this function does not exist in the aforementioned construction according to patent GB 1 459 287, where the tube is fixed to the dial without the aid of a shoulder and where there is no pivot on the dial.
- the movement conventionally comprises a lower plate 1, a gear train 2, an upper plate 3 and a train 4 arranged between the bridge 2 and the plate 3.
- the train 4 here comprises the rotor 5 of a stepping motor , integral with a pinion 6, a wheel 7 meshed with the pinion 6 and integral with a pinion 8, and a wheel 9 meshed with the pinion 8 and mounted on an axis 10.
- the two mobiles formed by the elements 5 to 8 are supported by the bridge 2 and the upper plate 3 by means of bearings 11.
- the upper end of the axis 10 comprises a pivot 12 supported by a bearing 13 fixed in the upper plate 3.
- the axis 10 passes through the central bore 14 of a guide tube 15 engaged in respective cylindrical orifices 16 and 17 of the bridge 2 and of the lower plate 1, so that the axis 10 crosses the bridge 2 and the plate 1.
- L axis 10 has a lower end 18 which also crosses the dial 19 of the watch and carries an acute uille 18a.
- This can be for example the hand of a minute or hour counter of the chronograph.
- the counter is located at a distance from the center 30 (FIG. 2) of the movement and from the dial 19, this center being occupied by the axes of the hour and minute hands of the watch, as well as by the central hand. of the chronograph.
- a first end 20 of the tube 15 is driven into the corresponding orifice 16 of the bridge 2, so that the tube is fixed to the bridge.
- the tube 15 has an annular front shoulder 21 which abuts against the bridge 2.
- This shoulder is followed by a cylindrical bearing 22 engaged in a hole 23 of a printed circuit board 24 placed against the underside of bridge 2.
- the range 22 thus serves to position the card 24 in its own plane, this card being moreover kept applied against the bridge 2 by spacers (not shown) placed between it and the plate 1.
- the lower end 25 of the tube 15 is engaged without play in the orifice 17 of the lower plate 1, where it is guided and removable. Near this end, the tube 15 has an annular front shoulder 26 which abuts against the plate 1. Furthermore, there are provided for example two screws 31 (FIG. 2) which pull the bridge 2 towards the plate 1 and therefore tend to tighten these two elements on the shoulders 21 and 26 of the tube 15, thus ensuring the stability of the bridge 2 as in the conventional constructions mentioned above.
- the axis 10 has a diameter slightly smaller than that of the bore, except on a cylindrical seat 27 whose diameter corresponds to that of the bore 14 to provide guidance side of the axis.
- This bearing 27 is preferably located in the region of the lower end 25 of the tube, ie as far as possible from the opposite pad 13.
- the axis 10 further comprises a collar 28 which abuts against the first end 20 of the tube 15 to ensure its axial positioning. This collar also serves as a stop for the wheel 9 driven on the axis.
- the positioning of the printed circuit card 24 can be ensured by only two of the tubes 15, the corresponding orifice 23 of the card being circular around one of the tubes and elongated around the other to allow thermal expansion of the card .
- the invention can also be applied to any type of timepiece movement comprising an axis which crosses both a bridge and a plate.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromechanical Clocks (AREA)
- Measurement Of Unknown Time Intervals (AREA)
Abstract
Description
La présente invention concerne un mouvement d'horlogerie comportant une platine inférieure, un pont fixé à ladite platine, un tube de guidage fixe ayant deux extrémités montées dans des orifices respectifs de ladite platine et du pont, et un axe de roue rotatif traversant un alésage axial du tube et guidé par celui-ci.The present invention relates to a timepiece movement comprising a lower plate, a bridge fixed to said plate, a fixed guide tube having two ends mounted in respective orifices of said plate and of the bridge, and a rotary wheel axis passing through a bore. axial of the tube and guided by it.
Il est connu d'employer un tel tube de guidage pour guider latéralement un axe rotatif qui passe à travers la platine et le pont et porte par exemple une aiguille au-dessous de la platine (c'est-à-dire du côté du cadran) et une roue au-dessus du pont. Au-delà de cette roue, l'extrémité de l'axe est supportée généralement par un deuxième pont ou une deuxième platine. La figure 2 du brevet GB 1 459 287 illustre une variante où le tube est monté dans des orifices d'un pont et d'un cadran, au centre du cadran, pour guider les axes concentriques des roues des heures, des minutes et des secondes.It is known to use such a guide tube to laterally guide a rotary axis which passes through the plate and the bridge and carries for example a needle below the plate (that is to say on the side of the dial ) and a wheel above the bridge. Beyond this wheel, the end of the axle is generally supported by a second bridge or a second plate. FIG. 2 of patent GB 1,459,287 illustrates a variant in which the tube is mounted in the orifices of a bridge and a dial, in the center of the dial, to guide the concentric axes of the hours, minutes and seconds wheels .
Dans de telles constructions classiques, chaque pont est fixé à la platine au moyen de piliers à vis, en général au nombre de trois, qui peuvent d'ailleurs porter deux ponts à différents niveaux, comme le montre par exemple le brevet CH 588 108. Ces piliers ont l'inconvénient de devoir être placés, en plan, en dehors des zones occupées par les mobiles du mouvement entre la platine et les ponts. On les place donc souvent près des bords des ponts et cela peut conduire à augmenter la grandeur, l'épaisseur et le poids des ponts. Les éventuels tubes de guidage occupent d'autres emplacements.In such conventional constructions, each bridge is fixed to the plate by means of screw pillars, generally three in number, which can moreover carry two bridges at different levels, as shown for example by patent CH 588 108. These pillars have the disadvantage of having to be placed, in plan, outside the areas occupied by the moving parts of the movement between the plate and the bridges. They are therefore often placed near the edges of bridges and this can lead to increasing the size, thickness and weight of the bridges. The possible guide tubes occupy other locations.
La présente invention vise à éviter l'inconvénient susmentionné et à permettre une construction aussi compacte et légère que possible du mouvement, notamment dans le cas d'un mouvement compliqué tel que celui d'une montre-chronographe.The present invention aims to avoid the aforementioned drawback and to allow the movement to be as compact and light as possible, in particular in the case of a complicated movement such as that of a chronograph watch.
A cet effet, l'invention concerne un mouvement d'horlogerie du genre indiqué plus haut, caractérisé en ce que le tube comporte deux épaulements extérieurs opposés disposés en butée respectivement contre ladite platine et contre le pont pour maintenir un écartement déterminé entre ceux-ci.To this end, the invention relates to a timepiece movement of the kind indicated above, characterized in that the tube has two opposite external shoulders disposed in abutment respectively against said plate and against the bridge to maintain a determined spacing between them .
Ainsi, une idée de base de l'invention consiste à remplacer au moins un des piliers habituels du pont, et de préférence plusieurs de ces piliers, par un agencement spécial d'un ou plusieurs des tubes de guidage se trouvant déjà dans l'espace compris entre la platine et le pont. Il en résulte non seulement un gain de place évident, mais aussi une réduction notable de l'étendue et donc du poids du pont, s'ajoutant au gain du poids des piliers. Comme les tubes de guidage, qui sont d'habitude au nombre de trois dans les montres-chronographes, sont à une certaine distance du bord de la platine, les distances entre eux sont en général plus petites que les distances entre les piliers traditionnels, si bien qu'on peut réduire l'épaisseur du pont dans certains cas, ou sinon bénéficier d'une plus grande rigidité du pont. Le pont peut être fixé à la platine simplement au moyen de vis tendant à serrer les tubes entre la platine et le pont. Ces vis sont beaucoup moins encombrantes que les piliers traditionnels et leur position peut donc être choisie plus librement.Thus, a basic idea of the invention consists in replacing at least one of the usual pillars of the bridge, and preferably several of these pillars, by a special arrangement of one or more of the guide tubes already located in the space between the plate and the bridge. This not only results in an obvious gain in space, but also a significant reduction in the extent and therefore in the weight of the bridge, adding to the gain in weight of the pillars. As the guide tubes, which are usually three in number in chronograph watches, are at a certain distance from the edge of the plate, the distances between them are generally smaller than the distances between the traditional pillars, if although we can reduce the thickness of the bridge in some cases, or otherwise benefit from a greater rigidity of the bridge. The bridge can be fixed to the plate simply by means of screws tending to tighten the tubes between the plate and the bridge. These screws are much less bulky than traditional pillars and their position can therefore be chosen more freely.
Les deux épaulements extérieurs de chaque tube de guidage ont pour fonction de maintenir un écartement parfaitement défini entre la platine et le pont, étant donné que des axes de mobiles sont habituellement montés à pivot sur ces deux éléments. Ce problème et cette fonction n'existent pas dans la construction susmentionnée selon le brevet GB 1 459 287, où le tube est fixé au cadran sans l'aide d'un épaulement et où il n'y a pas de pivot sur le cadran.The two outer shoulders of each guide tube have the function of maintaining a perfectly defined spacing between the plate and the bridge, since the axes of the mobiles are usually pivotally mounted on these two elements. This problem and this function does not exist in the aforementioned construction according to patent GB 1 459 287, where the tube is fixed to the dial without the aid of a shoulder and where there is no pivot on the dial.
D'autres caractéristiques et avantages de la présente invention apparaîtront dans la description d'une forme de réalisation préférée, donnée ci-dessous à titre d'exemple non-limitatif, en référence aux dessins annexés, dans lesquels :
- la figure 1 est une vue en coupe d'une partie d'un mouvement selon l'invention, destiné à une montre-chronographe, et
- la figure 2 est une vue en plan simplifiée du pont de rouage, suivant la ligne II-II de la figure 1.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view of part of a movement according to the invention, intended for a chronograph watch, and
- FIG. 2 is a simplified plan view of the gear train, taken along line II-II of FIG. 1.
Dans la figure 1, le mouvement est dessiné avec le cadran situé vers le bas, c'est-à-dire que le terme "inférieur" se rapporte à ce qui se trouve du côté du cadran, tandis que le terme "supérieur" se rapporte à ce qui se trouve du côté opposé.In Figure 1, the movement is drawn with the dial down, that is to say that the term "lower" refers to what is on the side of the dial, while the term "upper" is relates to what is on the opposite side.
Le mouvement comporte de manière classique une platine inférieure 1, un pont de rouage 2, une platine supérieure 3 et un rouage 4 disposé entre le pont 2 et la platine 3. Le rouage 4 comprend ici le rotor 5 d'un moteur pas à pas, solidaire d'un pignon 6, une roue 7 engrené sur le pignon 6 et solidaire d'un pignon 8, et une roue 9 engrenée sur le pignon 8 et montée sur un axe 10. Les deux mobiles formés par les éléments 5 à 8 sont supportés par le pont 2 et la platine supérieure 3 au moyen de coussinets 11. L'extrémité supérieure de l'axe 10 comporte un pivot 12 supporté par un coussinet 13 fixé dans la platine supérieure 3. Par ailleurs, l'axe 10 passe à travers l'alésage central 14 d'un tube de guidage 15 engagé dans des orifices cylindriques respectifs 16 et 17 du pont 2 et de la platine inférieure 1, de sorte que l'axe 10 traverse le pont 2 et la platine 1. L'axe 10 a une extrémité inférieure 18 qui traverse aussi le cadran 19 de la montre et porte une aiguille 18a. Celle-ci peut être par exemple l'aiguille d'un compteur de minutes ou d'heures du chronographe. Selon la disposition habituelle, le compteur se trouve à distance du centre 30 (figure 2) du mouvement et du cadran 19, ce centre étant occupé par les axes des aiguilles des heures et des minutes de la montre, ainsi que par l'aiguille centrale du chronographe.The movement conventionally comprises a lower plate 1, a
Une première extrémité 20 du tube 15 est chassée dans l'orifice correspondant 16 du pont 2, de sorte que le tube est fixé au pont. Au-dessus de cette extrémité 20, le tube 15 présente un épaulement frontal annulaire 21 qui bute contre le pont 2. Cet épaulement est suivi d'une portée cylindrique 22 engagée dans un trou 23 d'une carte à circuits imprimés 24 placée contre la face inférieure du pont 2. La portée 22 sert ainsi à positionner la carte 24 dans son propre plan, cette carte étant par ailleurs maintenue appliquée contre le pont 2 par des entretoises (non représentées) disposées entre elle et la platine 1.A
L'extrémité inférieure 25 du tube 15 est engagée sans jeu dans l'orifice 17 de la platine inférieure 1, où elle est guidée et amovible. Près de cette extrémité, le tube 15 présente un épaulement frontal annulaire 26 qui bute contre la platine 1. Par ailleurs, il est prévu par exemple deux vis 31 (figure 2) qui tirent le pont 2 vers la platine 1 et tendent donc à serrer ces deux éléments sur les épaulements 21 et 26 du tube 15, assurant ainsi la stabilité du pont 2 comme dans les constructions classiques mentionnées plus haut.The
A l'intérieur de l'alésage 14 du tube 15, l'axe 10 a un diamètre légèrement inférieur à celui de l'alésage, sauf sur une portée cylindrique 27 dont le diamètre correspond à celui de l'alésage 14 pour assurer un guidage latéral de l'axe. Cette portée 27 se trouve de préférence dans la zone de l'extrémité inférieure 25 du tube, soit le plus loin possible du coussinet opposé 13. L'axe 10 comporte en outre un collet 28 qui bute contre la première extrémité 20 du tube 15 pour assurer son positionnement axial. Ce collet sert également de butée pour la roue 9 chassée sur l'axe.Inside the
Dans le mouvement de chronographe décrit ici, il est prévu trois axes 10, 32 et 33 (figure 2), qui traversent la platine inférieure 1 et le pont 2, par exemple pour trois compteurs ou pour deux compteurs et une petite seconde. En conséquence, il est prévu de guider ces axes au moyen de trois tubes de guidage 15, de sorte que le pont 2 peut être supporté uniquement par ces trois tubes, qui remplacent les piliers traditionnels et garantissent un écartement précis entre la platine 1 et le pont 2. Les avantages qui en résultent sont exposés plus haut. On peut aussi prévoir de supporter le pont 2 au moyen d'une combinaison d'un ou plusieurs tubes de guidage et d'un ou plusieurs piliers traditionnels.In the chronograph movement described here, three
Le positionnement de la carte à circuits imprimés 24 peut être assuré par deux des tubes 15 seulement, l'orifice correspondant 23 de la carte étant circulaire autour d'un des tubes et allongé autour de l'autre pour permettre une dilatation thermique de la carte.The positioning of the printed
On notera en outre que l'invention peut s'appliquer aussi au cas où il n'y a pas de platine supérieure 3, car l'axe 10 pourrait être supporté entièrement par son tube de guidage 15 ou à l'aide d'autres moyens.It will also be noted that the invention can also apply to the case where there is no
Bien que la description qui précède se rapporte à une montre-chronographe, l'invention peut également s'appliquer à tout type de mouvement d'horlogerie comportant un axe qui traverse à la fois un pont et une platine.Although the foregoing description relates to a chronograph watch, the invention can also be applied to any type of timepiece movement comprising an axis which crosses both a bridge and a plate.
Claims (8)
caractérisé en ce que le tube (15) comporte deux épaulements extérieurs opposés (21, 26) disposés en butée respectivement contre ladite platine (1) et contre le pont (2) pour maintenir un écartement déterminé entre ceux-ci.Clock movement comprising a lower plate (1), a bridge (2) fixed to said plate, a fixed guide tube (15) having two ends mounted in respective orifices of said plate and of the bridge, and a wheel axle rotary (10) passing through and guided by an axial bore (14) of the tube,
characterized in that the tube (15) has two opposite outer shoulders (21, 26) arranged in abutment respectively against said plate (1) and against the bridge (2) to maintain a determined spacing therebetween.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR9607555A FR2749949B1 (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1996-06-18 | WATCHMAKING MOVEMENT COMPRISING A GUIDE TUBE BETWEEN A PLATE AND A BRIDGE |
| FR9607555 | 1996-06-18 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0814389A1 true EP0814389A1 (en) | 1997-12-29 |
| EP0814389B1 EP0814389B1 (en) | 2000-09-27 |
Family
ID=9493155
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP97109262A Expired - Lifetime EP0814389B1 (en) | 1996-06-18 | 1997-06-07 | Clockwork-movement with a guide tube between a plate and a bridge |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5889738A (en) |
| EP (1) | EP0814389B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP4099246B2 (en) |
| CN (1) | CN1122890C (en) |
| DE (1) | DE69703184T2 (en) |
| FR (1) | FR2749949B1 (en) |
| HK (1) | HK1006100A1 (en) |
| TW (1) | TW324078B (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP3523043B2 (en) * | 1998-01-20 | 2004-04-26 | 株式会社エヌ・ティ・ティ・ドコモ | Wristwatch-type communication device and its antenna |
| TW420969B (en) * | 2000-01-28 | 2001-02-01 | Metal Ind Redearch & Dev Ct | Method of producing thin metal case with joint element |
| US6638145B2 (en) * | 2001-08-31 | 2003-10-28 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics N.V. | Constant pH polish and scrub |
| EP2560055B1 (en) * | 2011-08-17 | 2018-05-02 | ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse | Pre-adjustment of the play of a horological wheel |
| WO2013127686A1 (en) * | 2012-02-29 | 2013-09-06 | Eta Sa Manufacture Horlogère Suisse | Adjusting a hand under a dial |
| US9816189B2 (en) * | 2013-03-15 | 2017-11-14 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Corrosion inhibiting compositions and coatings including the same |
| EP3185089B1 (en) * | 2015-12-21 | 2019-03-06 | ETA SA Manufacture Horlogère Suisse | Motor module for a watch |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2057067A1 (en) * | 1969-08-08 | 1971-05-07 | Lapanouse Montres Rego |
Family Cites Families (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1148493B (en) * | 1952-12-22 | 1963-05-09 | Schild Sa A | Movement with directly driven seconds shaft in the center of the movement |
| CH315371A (en) * | 1955-11-29 | 1956-08-15 | Revue Fabriques D Horlogerie T | Clockwork movement |
| CH331599A (en) * | 1956-07-27 | 1958-07-31 | Revue Fabriques D Horlogerie T | Watch movement |
| JPS5086570U (en) * | 1973-12-10 | 1975-07-23 | ||
| JPS5249654U (en) * | 1975-10-07 | 1977-04-08 | ||
| SU1226392A1 (en) * | 1978-08-11 | 1986-04-23 | Научно-исследовательский институт часовой промышленности | Reduction gear box for electronic-mechanical clock with step motor |
-
1996
- 1996-06-18 FR FR9607555A patent/FR2749949B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1997
- 1997-05-28 TW TW086107243A patent/TW324078B/en active
- 1997-06-07 EP EP97109262A patent/EP0814389B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-07 DE DE69703184T patent/DE69703184T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-16 US US08/876,243 patent/US5889738A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-06-17 CN CN97113815.XA patent/CN1122890C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-06-18 JP JP16115197A patent/JP4099246B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-06-12 HK HK98105256A patent/HK1006100A1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR2057067A1 (en) * | 1969-08-08 | 1971-05-07 | Lapanouse Montres Rego |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TW324078B (en) | 1998-01-01 |
| DE69703184D1 (en) | 2000-11-02 |
| CN1122890C (en) | 2003-10-01 |
| JPH1082867A (en) | 1998-03-31 |
| FR2749949B1 (en) | 1998-08-07 |
| CN1170893A (en) | 1998-01-21 |
| DE69703184T2 (en) | 2001-05-17 |
| HK1006100A1 (en) | 1999-02-12 |
| FR2749949A1 (en) | 1997-12-19 |
| US5889738A (en) | 1999-03-30 |
| JP4099246B2 (en) | 2008-06-11 |
| EP0814389B1 (en) | 2000-09-27 |
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