EP0790350A1 - Suction roll - Google Patents

Suction roll Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0790350A1
EP0790350A1 EP97101591A EP97101591A EP0790350A1 EP 0790350 A1 EP0790350 A1 EP 0790350A1 EP 97101591 A EP97101591 A EP 97101591A EP 97101591 A EP97101591 A EP 97101591A EP 0790350 A1 EP0790350 A1 EP 0790350A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
suction
roll
suction roll
bearing
drive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP97101591A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0790350B1 (en
Inventor
Wilhelm Dipl.-Ing. Mausser
Adolf Dipl.-Ing. Gogg
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Andritz Patentverwaltungs GmbH
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Andritz Patentverwaltungs GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Andritz Patentverwaltungs GmbH filed Critical Andritz Patentverwaltungs GmbH
Publication of EP0790350A1 publication Critical patent/EP0790350A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0790350B1 publication Critical patent/EP0790350B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F7/00—Other details of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F7/02—Mechanical driving arrangements
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21F—PAPER-MAKING MACHINES; METHODS OF PRODUCING PAPER THEREON
    • D21F3/00—Press section of machines for making continuous webs of paper
    • D21F3/02—Wet presses
    • D21F3/10—Suction rolls, e.g. couch rolls

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a suction roller, in particular for a paper machine, with a fixed suction box and rotating roller jacket.
  • the known suction rolls which are used in particular in tissue machines in the paper industry, have the disadvantage that, due to the complicated guidance of the suction line, the suction on the driver's side of the machine, ie on the side facing away from the drive side, several diversions and the guidance of the Pipes to the drive side are required.
  • the aim of the invention is therefore to avoid these disadvantages and, in addition to a more favorable construction, also to achieve lower pressure losses in the pipelines and thus lower energy consumption.
  • An advantageous development of the invention is characterized in that to compensate for the angular misalignment of the suction roll on the drive side Roll support additionally a support bearing is provided.
  • This configuration in particular enables the pinion of the gear to always engage axially parallel in the gear wheel attached to the shaft and thus no canting to occur, so that high wear and the risk of damage to the gear are prevented.
  • a favorable embodiment of the invention is characterized in that a spherical bearing of the gear housing is provided for the deflection compensation of the suction roll. As a result, the entire gearbox pivots with the roller journal and jamming and displacements of the gear teeth are avoided, so that the gear teeth always engage completely.
  • Fig. 1 shows a section of the dry part of a tissue machine, in which the suction roller according to the invention is preferably used.
  • a paper web 1 is guided on a drying felt 2 via a suction roll 3, which is advantageously pressed onto the drying cylinder 6.
  • a deflection roller 4 Via a deflection roller 4, the paper web 1 is fed together with the dry felt 2 to a press roller 5, from which to the paper web 1 Drying cylinder 6 continued and the drying felt 2 separately returned to the beginning of the tissue machine.
  • Fig. 2 shows a conventional suction roller 3 with a fixed suction box 7 and a rotating roller jacket 8. The air sucked in certain areas of the roller jacket 8 is passed into the suction box 7 and from there in the direction of arrow 9 to the operator's side 10 of the machine.
  • the suction box 7 On the drive side 11 of the machine, the suction box 7 is mounted in the roll neck 13 by means of a complex internal support bearing 12.
  • the suction roll 3 is driven on the drive side 11 via a drive connected to the pin 14.
  • the air is supplied on the drive side 10 via a suction head and collecting channels 15 attached there to a pipeline which runs parallel to the suction roll 3 through the machine and is connected to a vacuum pump on the drive side.
  • a number of air deflections with the resulting pressure losses are required with this construction.
  • bulky devices for removing air from the suction roll and pipes crossing the machine are required.
  • Fig. 3 now shows an embodiment of the invention, wherein the suction roll 3, which also has a fixed suction box 7 and a rotating roll shell 8 now requires no internal support bearing.
  • the air is discharged here in the direction 16, ie in the direction towards the drive side 11, via a hollow roller pin 17 from the suction roller 3 and can be connected in a simple manner to a vacuum pump on the drive side.
  • the entire pipeline through the machine can also be omitted.
  • the storage on the driver's side 10 can be made more economical and the suction head on the driver's side and the bulky collecting channels are no longer required.
  • the suction roller 3 is driven via the pinion shaft 18, whose teeth 19 into a gear wheel 20, which is firmly connected to the suction roll jacket 8, engage.
  • the fixed gear housing 21 is supported via bearings 22 and 23 on the roll neck 24 of the suction roll casing 8.
  • FIG. 4 shows an enlarged detail from FIG.
  • FIG. 5 shows a view from the drive side, in which the hollow suction box pin 17, which is connected to the suction box 7 and runs centrally with the roller axis 25, and the arrangement of the pinion shaft 18 in the gear housing 21 is clearly visible.
  • the invention is not restricted by the examples shown. Rather, it also takes place in other plants, such as. B. paper and board machines or pulp drainage systems application.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Replacement Of Web Rolls (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
  • Handling Of Cut Paper (AREA)
  • Sheets, Magazines, And Separation Thereof (AREA)

Abstract

The suction roll (3) for a paper machine has a stationary suction box (7) and a rotating roll surface. As a feature; the suction box (7) is guided outwards on the drive side of the roll (3) through the bearing and the drive is integrated into the bearing.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Saugwalze, insbesondere für eine Papiermaschine, mit feststehendem Saugkasten und rotierendem Walzenmantel.
Die bekannten Saugwalzen, die insbesondere bei Tissuemaschinen in der Papierindustrie eingesetzt werden, haben den Nachteil, daß durch die komplizierte Führung der Absaugleitung, die durch die Absaugung an der Führerseite der Maschine, d.h. an der der Antriebsseite abgewandten Seite, mehrere Umleitungen und die Führung der Rohre zur Antriebsseite erforderlich sind.
Ziel der Erfindung ist es daher, diese Nachteile zu vermeiden und neben einer günstigeren Konstruktion auch geringere Druckverluste in den Rohrleitungen und damit einen geringeren Energieverbrauch zu erreichen.
Dies erfolgt erfindungsgemäß dadurch, daß der feststehende Saugkasten auf der Antriebsseite der Saugwalze durch die Lagerung nach außen geführt und der Antrieb in der Lagerung integriert ist, wobei die Über- bzw. Untersetzung im integrierten Getriebe am Walzenzapfen erfolgen kann. Durch diese Durchführung des Saugkastens und damit des Absaugkanals durch die Lagerung, d. h. es erfolgt eine direkte Absaugung in der Walzenachse, können aufwendige Konstruktionen innerhalb der Saugwalze, wie z.B. innen liegende Lagerung des Saugkastens, entfallen. Dies vereinfacht sowohl die Konstruktion hinsichtlich Aufbau und Fertigung, als auch die Wartung und den Betrieb der Anlage und reduziert die Anfälligkeit für Betriebsstörungen. Durch diese Ausgestaltung ist es weiters möglich einen kompakten Aufbau der Saugwalze mit Antrieb zu realisieren.
Eine vorteilhafte Weiterbildung der Erfindung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zum Ausgleich des Winkelversatzes der Saugwalze am antriebsseitigen Walzenzapfen zusätzlich ein Stützlager vorgesehen ist. Speziell durch diese Ausgestaltung wird ermöglicht, daß das Ritzel des Getriebes immer achsparallel in das an der Welle befestigte Zahnrad eingreift und somit keinerlei Verkantungen auftreten, so daß hoher Verschleiß und die Gefahr von Beschädigungen des Getriebes verhindert wird.
Eine günstige Ausgestaltung der Erfindung ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß für den Durchbiegungsausgleich der Saugwalze eine sphärische Lagerung des Getriebegehäuses vorgesehen ist. Dadurch schwenkt das gesamte Getriebe mit dem Walzenzapfen mit und es werden Verkantungen und Verschiebungen der Getriebezähne vermieden, sodaß immer ein vollständiger Eingriff der Getriebezähne erfolgt.The invention relates to a suction roller, in particular for a paper machine, with a fixed suction box and rotating roller jacket.
The known suction rolls, which are used in particular in tissue machines in the paper industry, have the disadvantage that, due to the complicated guidance of the suction line, the suction on the driver's side of the machine, ie on the side facing away from the drive side, several diversions and the guidance of the Pipes to the drive side are required.
The aim of the invention is therefore to avoid these disadvantages and, in addition to a more favorable construction, also to achieve lower pressure losses in the pipelines and thus lower energy consumption.
This takes place according to the invention in that the fixed suction box on the drive side of the suction roll is guided through the bearing to the outside and the drive is integrated in the bearing, wherein the step-up or step-down can take place in the integrated gear on the roll neck. By carrying out the suction box and thus the suction channel through the storage, ie there is a direct suction in the roller axis, complex constructions within the suction roller, such as internal storage of the suction box, can be omitted. This simplifies the design in terms of construction and manufacture, as well as the maintenance and operation of the system, and reduces the susceptibility to malfunctions. This configuration also makes it possible to implement a compact construction of the suction roll with drive.
An advantageous development of the invention is characterized in that to compensate for the angular misalignment of the suction roll on the drive side Roll support additionally a support bearing is provided. This configuration in particular enables the pinion of the gear to always engage axially parallel in the gear wheel attached to the shaft and thus no canting to occur, so that high wear and the risk of damage to the gear are prevented.
A favorable embodiment of the invention is characterized in that a spherical bearing of the gear housing is provided for the deflection compensation of the suction roll. As a result, the entire gearbox pivots with the roller journal and jamming and displacements of the gear teeth are avoided, so that the gear teeth always engage completely.

Die Erfindung wird nunmehr anhand der Zeichnungen Beispielhaft erläutert,

  • wobei Fig. 1 eine den Ausschnitt einer Tissueanlage mit Anordnung einer Saugwalze,
  • Fig. 2 eine Saugwalze nach dem Stand der Technik,
  • Fig. 3 eine Variante der Erfindung,
  • Fig. 4 einen Ausschnitt aus Fig. 3
  • Fig. 5 eine Ansicht der Variante gemäß Fig. 3 darstellt.
The invention will now be explained by way of example with reference to the drawings,
  • 1 shows a detail of a tissue system with an arrangement of a suction roller,
  • 2 a suction roll according to the prior art,
  • 3 shows a variant of the invention,
  • 4 shows a detail from FIG. 3
  • FIG. 5 shows a view of the variant according to FIG. 3.

Fig. 1 zeigt einen Ausschnitt aus dem Trockenteil einer Tissuemaschine, bei der die erfindungsgemäße Saugwalze bevorzugt eingesetzt wird. Hierbei wird eine Papierbahn 1 auf einem Trockenfilz 2 über eine Saugwalze 3, die vorteilhafterweise an den Trockenzylinder 6 angepreßt wird, geführt. Über eine Umlenkwalze 4 wird die Papierbahn 1 gemeinsam mit dem Trockenfilz 2 einer Preßwalze 5 zugeführt, von der an die Papierbahn 1 am Trockenzylinder 6 weitergeführt und der Trockenfilz 2 getrennt wieder an den Anfang der Tissuemaschine rückgeführt.
Fig. 2 zeigt eine herkömmliche Saugwalze 3 mit einem feststehenden Saugkasten 7 und einem rotierenden Walzenmantel 8. Die in bestimmten Bereichen des Walzenmantels 8 eingesaugte Luft wird in den Saugkasten 7 weitergeleitet und von dort in Richtung des Pfeiles 9 zur Führerseite 10 der Maschine geleitet. An der Triebseite 11 der Maschine ist der Saugkasten 7 mittels eines aufwendigen innenliegenden Stützlagers 12 im Walzenzapfen 13 gelagert. Die Saugwalze 3 wird an der Treibseite 11 über einen mit dem Zapfen 14 verbundenen Antrieb angetrieben. Die Luft wird auf der Triebseite 10 über einen Absaugkopf und dort angebrachte Sammelkanäle 15 einer Rohrleitung zugeführt, die parallel zur Saugwalze 3 durch die Maschine verläuft und auf der Triebseite mit einer Vakuumpumpe in Verbindung steht. Bei dieser Konstruktion ist eine Reihe von Luftumlenkungen mit den daraus resultierenden Druckverlusten erforderlich. Weiters sind sperrige Einrichtungen zur Luftableitung aus der Saugwalze sowie die Maschine querende Rohrleitungen erforderlich.
Fig. 3 zeigt nun eine Ausgestaltung der Erfindung, wobei die Saugwalze 3, die ebenfalls eine feststehende Saugkasten 7 und einen rotierenden Walzenmantel 8 aufweist nunmehr kein innenliegendes Stützlager benötigt. Die Luft wird hier in Richtung 16, d.h. in Richtung zur Triebseite 11 hin über einen hohlen Walzenzapfen 17 aus der Saugwalze 3 abgeleitet und kann in einfacher Weise mit einer Vakuumpumpe auf der Triebseite verbunden werden. Dadurch kann neben dem Innenlager auch die gesamte Rohrleitung durch die Maschine entfallen. Weiters kann die Lagerung auf der Führerseite 10 günstiger gestaltet werden und es sind hier der führerseitige Absaugkopf und die sperrigen Sammelkanäle nicht mehr erforderlich. Der Antrieb der Saugwalze 3 erfolgt über die Ritzelwelle 18, deren Zähne 19 in ein Zahnrad 20, das fest mit dem Saugwalzenmantel 8 verbunden ist, eingreifen. Das feststehende Getriebegehäuse 21 ist über Lager 22 und 23 auf dem Walzenzapfen 24 des Saugwalzenmantels 8 abgestützt.
Fig. 4 zeigt einen vergrößerten Ausschnitt aus Fig. 3, der die Lagerung und den Antrieb auf der Triebseite darstellt. Hier ist deutlich die Abstützung des Getriebegehäuses 21 auf dem Walzenzapfen 24 zu erkennen. Durch die Anordnung eines Stützlagers 23 werden Verkantungen der Ritzelwelle 18, die aufgrund der Durchbiegung der Walze auftreten, vermieden. Die Ausführung der Lagerung als sphärische Lager 26 bewirkt, daß das gesamte Getriebegehäuse 21 immer parallel zur Walzenachse 25 verläuft und somit das Zahnrad 19 der Ritzelwelle 18 immer vollständig in das Zahnrad 20 eingreift. Diese Figur zeigt, daß durch das auf der Walze angeordnete integrierte Getriebe und die Absaugung auf der Triebseite eine kompakte Bauweise der Saugwalze einerseits und eine platzsparende und kostengünstige Konstruktion der übrigen Maschine durch Entfall der führerseitigen Sammelkanäle, der Rohrleitungen durch die Maschine und eines zusätzliches Getriebes auf der Triebseite erfolgen kann. Dadurch wird die Zugänglichkeit der Maschine sowohl auf der Führerseite, als auch im Bereich der Bahn wesentlich verbessert.
Fig. 5 zeigt eine Ansicht von der Triebseite aus, bei der der hohle Saugkastenzapfen 17, der mit dem Saugkasten 7 verbunden ist und zentrisch mit der Walzenachse 25 verläuft, sowie die Anordnung der Ritzelwelle 18 im Getriebegehäuse 21 gut erkennbar ist.Fig. 1 shows a section of the dry part of a tissue machine, in which the suction roller according to the invention is preferably used. Here, a paper web 1 is guided on a drying felt 2 via a suction roll 3, which is advantageously pressed onto the drying cylinder 6. Via a deflection roller 4, the paper web 1 is fed together with the dry felt 2 to a press roller 5, from which to the paper web 1 Drying cylinder 6 continued and the drying felt 2 separately returned to the beginning of the tissue machine.
Fig. 2 shows a conventional suction roller 3 with a fixed suction box 7 and a rotating roller jacket 8. The air sucked in certain areas of the roller jacket 8 is passed into the suction box 7 and from there in the direction of arrow 9 to the operator's side 10 of the machine. On the drive side 11 of the machine, the suction box 7 is mounted in the roll neck 13 by means of a complex internal support bearing 12. The suction roll 3 is driven on the drive side 11 via a drive connected to the pin 14. The air is supplied on the drive side 10 via a suction head and collecting channels 15 attached there to a pipeline which runs parallel to the suction roll 3 through the machine and is connected to a vacuum pump on the drive side. A number of air deflections with the resulting pressure losses are required with this construction. In addition, bulky devices for removing air from the suction roll and pipes crossing the machine are required.
Fig. 3 now shows an embodiment of the invention, wherein the suction roll 3, which also has a fixed suction box 7 and a rotating roll shell 8 now requires no internal support bearing. The air is discharged here in the direction 16, ie in the direction towards the drive side 11, via a hollow roller pin 17 from the suction roller 3 and can be connected in a simple manner to a vacuum pump on the drive side. In addition to the bottom bracket, the entire pipeline through the machine can also be omitted. Furthermore, the storage on the driver's side 10 can be made more economical and the suction head on the driver's side and the bulky collecting channels are no longer required. The suction roller 3 is driven via the pinion shaft 18, whose teeth 19 into a gear wheel 20, which is firmly connected to the suction roll jacket 8, engage. The fixed gear housing 21 is supported via bearings 22 and 23 on the roll neck 24 of the suction roll casing 8.
FIG. 4 shows an enlarged detail from FIG. 3, which shows the mounting and the drive on the drive side. The support of the gear housing 21 on the roll neck 24 can be clearly seen here. The arrangement of a support bearing 23 prevents canting of the pinion shaft 18, which occurs due to the deflection of the roller. The design of the bearing as a spherical bearing 26 has the effect that the entire gear housing 21 always runs parallel to the roller axis 25 and thus the gear 19 of the pinion shaft 18 always engages completely in the gear 20. This figure shows that due to the integrated gear on the roller and the suction on the drive side, a compact design of the suction roller on the one hand and a space-saving and inexpensive construction of the rest of the machine by eliminating the driver-side collecting channels, the pipes through the machine and an additional gear the drive side can take place. This significantly improves the accessibility of the machine both on the driver's side and in the area of the train.
Fig. 5 shows a view from the drive side, in which the hollow suction box pin 17, which is connected to the suction box 7 and runs centrally with the roller axis 25, and the arrangement of the pinion shaft 18 in the gear housing 21 is clearly visible.

Die Erfindung ist nicht durch die dargestellten Beispiele beschränkt. Sie findet vielmehr auch in anderen Anlagen, wie z. B. Papier-und Kartonmaschinen oder Zellstoffentwässerungsanlagen Anwendung.The invention is not restricted by the examples shown. Rather, it also takes place in other plants, such as. B. paper and board machines or pulp drainage systems application.

Claims (4)

Saugwalze, insbesondere für eine Papiermaschine, mit feststehendem Saugkasten und rotierendem Walzenmantel, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der feststehende Saugkasten (7) auf der Antriebsseite der Saugwalze (3) durch die Lagerung nach außen geführt und der Antrieb in der Lagerung intergiert ist.Suction roll, in particular for a paper machine, with a fixed suction box and rotating roll casing, characterized in that the fixed suction box (7) on the drive side of the suction roll (3) is guided through the bearing to the outside and the drive is integrated in the bearing. Saugwalze nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Über- bzw. Untersetzung im integrierten Getriebe (27) am Walzenzapfen (24) erfolgt.Suction roll according to claim 1, characterized in that the step-up or step-down takes place in the integrated gear (27) on the roll neck (24). Saugwalze nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß zum Ausgleich des Winkelversatzes der Saugwalze (3) am antriebsseitigen Walzenzapfen (24) ein zusätzliches Stützlager (23) vorgesehen ist.Suction roll according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that an additional support bearing (23) is provided on the drive-side roll neck (24) to compensate for the angular offset of the suction roll (3). Saugwalze nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß für den Durchbiegungsausgleich der Saugwalze (3) eine sphärische Lagerung (26) des Getriebegehäuses (21) vorgesehen ist.Suction roll according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that a spherical bearing (26) of the gear housing (21) is provided for the deflection compensation of the suction roll (3).
EP19970101591 1996-02-19 1997-02-01 Suction roll Expired - Lifetime EP0790350B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT296/96 1996-02-19
AT29696 1996-02-19
AT0029696A AT403592B (en) 1996-02-19 1996-02-19 SUCTION ROLLER

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0790350A1 true EP0790350A1 (en) 1997-08-20
EP0790350B1 EP0790350B1 (en) 2000-05-10

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19970101591 Expired - Lifetime EP0790350B1 (en) 1996-02-19 1997-02-01 Suction roll

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EP (1) EP0790350B1 (en)
AT (1) AT403592B (en)
DE (1) DE59701614D1 (en)
ES (1) ES2146931T3 (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101845767A (en) * 2009-03-23 2010-09-29 安德里特斯公开股份有限公司 The bearing gear unit that is used for paper machine or board machine
CN103103852A (en) * 2012-11-12 2013-05-15 无锡市洪成造纸机械有限公司 Vacuum box body structure for vacuum suction-shifting roller

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1839508A (en) * 1927-05-19 1932-01-05 Beloit Iron Works Lubricating system for driers
GB1059366A (en) * 1964-01-24 1967-02-22 Beloit Corp Adjustable crown roll
GB2046869A (en) * 1979-03-29 1980-11-19 Valmet Oy Roll drive eg in a paper machine
EP0482318A1 (en) * 1990-10-23 1992-04-29 Eduard Küsters Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG Controlled deflection roll

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1839508A (en) * 1927-05-19 1932-01-05 Beloit Iron Works Lubricating system for driers
GB1059366A (en) * 1964-01-24 1967-02-22 Beloit Corp Adjustable crown roll
GB2046869A (en) * 1979-03-29 1980-11-19 Valmet Oy Roll drive eg in a paper machine
EP0482318A1 (en) * 1990-10-23 1992-04-29 Eduard Küsters Maschinenfabrik GmbH & Co. KG Controlled deflection roll

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN101845767A (en) * 2009-03-23 2010-09-29 安德里特斯公开股份有限公司 The bearing gear unit that is used for paper machine or board machine
EP2233637A1 (en) 2009-03-23 2010-09-29 Andritz AG Bearing gear unit for a paper and/or carton machine
CN101845767B (en) * 2009-03-23 2015-04-29 安德里特斯公开股份有限公司 Bearing gear unit for paper maker or carton machine
CN103103852A (en) * 2012-11-12 2013-05-15 无锡市洪成造纸机械有限公司 Vacuum box body structure for vacuum suction-shifting roller

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0790350B1 (en) 2000-05-10
ATA29696A (en) 1997-08-15
AT403592B (en) 1998-03-25
ES2146931T3 (en) 2000-08-16
DE59701614D1 (en) 2000-06-15

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