EP0776835B1 - Device to pick up and empty rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse - Google Patents
Device to pick up and empty rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0776835B1 EP0776835B1 EP95830501A EP95830501A EP0776835B1 EP 0776835 B1 EP0776835 B1 EP 0776835B1 EP 95830501 A EP95830501 A EP 95830501A EP 95830501 A EP95830501 A EP 95830501A EP 0776835 B1 EP0776835 B1 EP 0776835B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- vehicle
- guide structure
- motor
- grasping
- arms
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65F—GATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
- B65F3/00—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse
- B65F3/02—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse with means for discharging refuse receptacles thereinto
- B65F3/04—Linkages, pivoted arms, or pivoted carriers for raising and subsequently tipping receptacles
- B65F3/041—Pivoted arms or pivoted carriers
- B65F3/046—Pivoted arms or pivoted carriers with additional means for assisting the tipping of the receptacle after or during raising
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65F—GATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
- B65F3/00—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse
- B65F3/02—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse with means for discharging refuse receptacles thereinto
- B65F2003/0223—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse with means for discharging refuse receptacles thereinto the discharging means comprising elements for holding the receptacle
- B65F2003/0243—Means for locking the side, e.g. via spigots or trunnion pins
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
- B65F—GATHERING OR REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC OR LIKE REFUSE
- B65F3/00—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse
- B65F3/02—Vehicles particularly adapted for collecting refuse with means for discharging refuse receptacles thereinto
- B65F2003/0286—Means mounted on the vehicle for opening the lid or cover of the receptacle
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a device to pick up and empty rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse, comprising: a bearing framework fastened to a lateral side of said motor-vehicle; a guide structure in engagement with the bearing framework in an oscillatable manner and according to a horizontal rotation axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle; a pair of grasping arms supported in cantilevered fashion from the guide structure and selectively movable close to and away from each other along said guide structure; a lifting unit comprising at least one fluid-operated cylinder linked to the bearing framework and acting on the guide structure to move the grasping arms about said rotation axis, between a grasping position in which said arms project sideways from the vehicle to operatively engage respective attachment elements arranged on respectively opposite side walls of the rubbish skip, and a lifting position in which said arms extend upwardly to bring the rubbish skip above a loading hopper arranged on said motor-vehicle.
- An example of such a device is disclosed in IT 1 194 9
- the device in question is of the type usually mounted to the side of a motor-vehicle to carry out, in a completely automated manner, the cycle of emptyting rubbish skips provided with attachment elements essentially consisting of a pair of pins projecting from the opposite side walls of the skip, at a centered position relative to the vertical centre line of said skip.
- the cited Italian Patent No. 1 194 971 describes a device provided with a pair of grasping arms mounted to a guide structure essentially consisting of two horizontal bars, one of which is disposed rotatably in engagement on a bearing framework located at one side of the motor-vehicle, close to the base of a loading hopper.
- the guide structure is submitted to the simultaneous action of a pair of fluid-operated cylinders, upon command of which the grasping arms are movable to raised and lowered positions by a rotation motion about a horixontal rotation axis coinciding with the longitudinal extension of the bar hinged on the bearing framework. Said arms are also movable in a horizontal direction close to and away from each other, upon command of a double actuator fastened to the guide structure.
- the arms When the device is at rest, the arms extend upwardly from the guide structure, without overcoming the motor-vehicle overall dimensions, in order to prevent the arms from knocking against any object or obstacle when the motor-vehicle is moving.
- the arms In the skip-emptying cycle it is provided that, when the motor-vehicle has been stopped close to the skip, the arms should be lowered, upon command of the fluid-operated cylinders, to a grasping position in which they project sideways from the vehicle, their respective ends being slightly below the attachment pins arranged on the skip.
- the arms previously maintained at their maximum spread-apart position, are then moved close to each other by the double actuator so that each of them approaches the corresponding side wall of the skip, the respective extremity being ready for engagement with the attachment pins.
- the arms are subsequently brought from the grasping position to a lifting position coinciding with said rest position.
- the skip is picked up by the arms and brought above the loading hopper, by a rotation through about 90° around the rotation axis of the guide structure.
- Appropriate overturning means operating at the ends of the grasping arms carries out a further rotation of the skip about the attachment pins so that the content thereof is emptied into the loading hopper.
- grasping arms that during their operating cycle are capable of engaging the skip by a movement from bottom to top. More particularly, the grasping arms hinged on a framework according to respective oblique axes, are movable from a rest position in which they extend downwardly diverging from each other, to a grasping position in which they extend horizontally in cantilevered fashion from the motor-vehicle side, parallelly to each other, in which position they are ready to engage the skip.
- the use of these devices enables dead times due to the idle strokes of the arms from the rest to the grasping positions to be greatly reduced.
- the kinematic mechanisms for lifting the skip above the hopper, which make use of vertical guides, and the driving mechanisms for carrying out overturning of the skip have much slower operating speeds than the device of the previously described type.
- the time necessary for completing the skip-emptying cycle is substantially the same as that of the previously described devices having a guide structure hinged according to a horizontal axis.
- the motor-vehicle needs to be positioned in a very precise manner relative to the skip for enabling the grasping arms to be disposed symmetrically to the skip itself.
- the skip is displaced from its original seating upon the action of the arms themselves when they are brought to the grasping position and, when the skip is put down on the ground again, it will occupy this misfit position.
- the main object of the present invention is substantially to solve the problems of the known art, and more particularly to provide a device capable of performing the emptying cycle of a rubbish skip provided with attachment elements of the above type taking shorter times than those required in the known art, while at the same time enabling a closer spacing between two or more consecutive skips.
- a device for picking up and emptying rubbish slips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse in accordance with the present invention has been generally identified by reference numeral 1.
- the device 1 is mounted on a truck 2 or other motor-vehicle used for collecting refuse to be transported to dumps or treatment installations for disposal. More particularly, the device 1 is mounted on the motor-vehicle 2 at a recess 3 formed on one side thereof, and more particularly close to the base of a loading hopper 4 disposed in front of a refuse collector 5 to which, in a known and conventional manner, the rubbish is conveyed and within which it is compacted as it is collected.
- the device 5 is adapted to operate on rubbish skips or bins 6, one of which is shown in Figs. 2 to 5, of the type provided with attachment elements substantially consisting of a pair of pins 7 (only one of which is shown in the drawings) projecting from the opposite side walls 6a of the skip itself, either at a centered or an offset position relative to the vertical centre line of same.
- the skip 6 has a closing cover 8 consisting of two half portions 8a hinged at opposite sides on a bridge element 8b oscillatably linked close to the attachment pin 7 and normally maintained at a centered position with respect to the vertical centre line of the skip upon the action of spring means, not shown as known per se and not of importance to the ends of the invention, housed within box-shaped structures 9 integral with the skip side walls 6a.
- the device 1 comprises a bearing framework 10 having a pair of brackets 11 that, in a preferential solution, are fastened to lateral movement means generally denoted by 12.
- This lateral movement means 12 is comprised of a movable framework 13 that by means of slides 13a known per se and conventional, is slidably connected to the chassis 14 of the motor-vehicle 2.
- a displacement actuator 15 integral with the motor-vehicle chassis 14 is susceptible of selective attuation, in case of need, to horizontally move the whole device 1 transversely of the motor-vehicle 2, in order to enable the skip 6 to be picked up even when the latter is located a certain distance from the motor-vehicle.
- This guide structure 16 comprises a first bar 17 in rotatable engagement, according to said horizontal axis X, with the brackets 11, and a second bar 18 parallel to the first bar 17 and fastened to the latter by terminal junction elements 19 fastened to the respective bar extremities.
- the guide structure 16 slidably carries a pair of grasping arms 20 (only one of which is shown in Figs. 2 to 5) along the bars 17, 18.
- each grasping arm 20 extends in cantilevered fashion from the guide structure 16 over a first stretch 20a and a second stretch 20b defining, on the opposite side from the motor-vehicle 2, an angle " ⁇ " included between 90° and 150°, preferably of 105°, for purposes to be clarified in the following.
- Each of the grasping arms 20 further has a handling member 21 at the respective free end opposite to the guide structure 16.
- Each handling member 21 essentially contemplates the presence of a fitting seat 21a (Fig. 2) arranged to house one of the attachment pins 7 of the skip 6, a closing element 22 for the fitting seat 21a, a locating plate 23 adapted to bear against an abutment element 23a (Figs. 4 and 5) carried at the inside of the bridge element 8b, and an overturning lever 24 arranged to act in thrust relationship on one of the box-shaped structures 9 disposed on the skip side walls 6a.
- said closing element 22, locating plates 23 and overturning lever 24 are oscillatably pivoted on a point close to the respective end of the grasping arm 20.
- the locating plate 23 and overturning lever 24 are driven by a first and a second actuating cylinders 25, 26, respectively, whereas the closing element 22 usually maintained in a closed condition on the respective fitting seat 21a upon the action of a spring 27, is brought to an open condition by the locating plate 23 when the latter is in a rest position.
- the grasping arms 20 are interconnected with each other by a horizontal-movement actuator 28 fastened to the bearing framework 10 and having two drive rods 28a each connected to a corresponding piston located inside the actuator.
- the above pistons define three pressurization chambers within the double actuator 28, two of said chambers located at the actuator ends being brought into fluid communication with each other.
- the device 1 further comprises a lifting unit comprising at least one fluid-operated cylinder 29 linked to the bearing framework 10 and acting on the guide structure 16 to move the grasping arms 20 about the horizontal rotation axis X.
- a lifting unit comprising at least one fluid-operated cylinder 29 linked to the bearing framework 10 and acting on the guide structure 16 to move the grasping arms 20 about the horizontal rotation axis X.
- two of said fluid-operated cylinders 29 are provided, each engaged with one of the brackets 11 of the bearing framework 10.
- Denoted by 30 in Figs. 2 to 5 is the pivot point of the fluid-operated cylinder 29 on the respective bracket 11.
- the action of the fluid-operated cylinder 29 on the guide structure 16 enables the grasping arms 20 to be moved from a grasping position in which, as shown in Fig. 3, said arms project laterally from the motor-vehicle 2 to operatively engage the attachment pins 7 carried by the skip 6, to a lifting position in which, as shown in Fig. 5, the arms extend upwardly to bring the skip 6 above the loading hopper 4.
- the fluid-operated cylinders 29 directly act on the guide structure 16, as it happens in the known art, the operating displacement of the grasping arms 20 would be substantially restricted to the two above described positions.
- kinematic amplification means be interposed between the fluid-operated cylinders 29 and guide structure 16.
- This means enables an additional stroke to be transmitted to the grasping arms 20, which stroke extends between said grasping position and a rest position in which, as shown in Fig. 2, the arms 20 extend downardly and are contained within the maximum permissible overall dimensions of the motor-vehicle 2.
- the maximum permissible overall dimensions can be defined as the vertical plane, parallel to the longitudinal extension of the motor-vehicle, identified by the dimension of the maximum permissible side bulkiness, in terms of law, for the motor-vehicle on which the device 1 is installed.
- the kinematic amplification means 31 is such conceived that, following operation of the fluid-operated cylinders 29, an angular displacement greater than 180° about the horizontal rotation axis X is transmitted to the guide structure 16 and, as a result, to the grasping arms 20.
- the overall angular displacement performed by the grasping arms 20 is approximately 190°.
- the kinematic amplification means 31 preferabile comprises at least one lever 32 pivoted on the bearing framework 10 according to an axis parallel to the horizontal rotation axis X, and at least one connecting rod 33 in operative engagement between the lever 32 and the guide structure 16.
- the presence of two levers 32 is provided and they are each pivoted on one of the brackets 11 adjacent to the first bar 17; also provided are two corresponding connecting rods 33 each of them having one end hinged on lever 32 on the opposite side from the hinging point of said lever on the bracket 11 and the other end hinged on an interconnecting arm 34 extending between the first and second bars 17, 18 of the guide structure 16.
- each of the fluid-operated cylinders 29 acts oh the corresponding lever 32, adjacent to the end of the connecting rod 33.
- the device 1 While the motor-vehicle is normally running, the device 1 is kept to the rest position shown in Fig. 2.
- the grasping arms 20 have such an outline that each of them in this rest position has its respective first and second stretches 20a, 20b extending obliquely inwardly and outwardly of the motor-vehicle 2, respectively.
- the whole device 1 is contained within the maximum permissible overall dimensions of motor-vehicle 2, so that said motor-vehicle can circulate without some of its components running the risk of knocking against objects or other obstacles.
- the fluid-operated actuators 29 are activated to be moved over a starting portion of their stroke, so as to bring the grasping arms 20 from the rest position to the grasping position shown in Fig. 3.
- the displacement actuator 15 is activated to move the device 1 to an appropriate distance from the front wall of the skip 6 so that the fitting seats 21a are substantially aligned under the attachment pins 7.
- the horizontal-movement actuator 28 upon the action of which, in a manner known per se, the grasping arms 20 are moved close to the respective side walls 6a of the skip 6 without causing any displacement of the skip itself.
- the fluid-operated cylinders 29 are activated again, which will cause lifting of the arms 20 from the grasping position and consequent introduction of the attachment pins 7 into the fitting seats 21a.
- the first actuating cylinder 25 of each handling member 21 is activated, which will cause positioning of the locating plate 23 against the abutment element 23a and consequent movement of the closing element 22 to the closing position, upon the action of the corresponding spring 27.
- the skip 6 is picked up from the ground and brought above the hopper 4 as soon as the grasping arms 20 reach the lifting position, as shown in Fig. 5.
- each handling member 21 is driven to cause the skip to be turned upside down, by means of the overturning lever 24, so that the content of said skip is emptied into the loading hopper 4, while the cover 8 is kept stationary by the locating plates 23.
- the skip 6 is laid on the ground again, a reverse operating sequence being carried out with respect to the described one.
- the present invention achieves the intended purposes.
- the interposition of the kinematic amplification means 31 between the fluid-operated cylinders 29 and the guide structure 16, acting on the skips provided with the attachment elements of the type described with reference to the device in question makes it possible to carry out an operating cycle in a substantially halved period of time with respect to the time hitherto required.
- the grasping arms act on the skip starting from a rest position in which they are faced downwardly, which will eliminate the long idle descending and ascending strokes carried out by known devices before picking up the skip and after putting it down on the ground, respectively.
- the device in question is capable of picking up the skip without displacing it sideways and to put it down againg exactly on the same point it occupied before being picked up.
- the invention therefore is free from the drawbacks described with reference to the known devices the grasping arms of which, in a rest position, are turned downwardly but are mutually spread apart.
- the device in question performs the skip lifting without causing the same to move backward too much from the ground-resting area, thereby reducing the risk of possible interferences with obstacles lying behind the skip.
Description
- Fig. 1 is a side view of a refuse-collecting motor-vehicle equipped with the picking-up and emptying device according to the present invention, arranged to a rest position;
- Fig. 2 is a fragmentary, diagrammatic sectional side view of the device in question at a rest position;
- Fig. 3 is a side sectional view of the device during an operating step at which the device is about to engage a rubbish skip at attachment pins arranged on the skip itself;
- Fig. 4 is a side view of the device during the skip-lifting step;
- Fig. 5 shows the device in a lifting position, the skip being arranged over the motor-vehicle's loading hopper, for emptying of the refuse.
Claims (9)
- A device to pick up and empty rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse, comprising:a bearing framework (10) fastened to a lateral side of said motor-vehicle (2);a guide structure (16) in engagement with the bearing framework (10) in an oscillatable manner and according to a horizontal rotation axis (X) parallel to the longitudinal axis of the vehicle;a pair of grasping arms (20) supported in cantilevered fashion from the guide structure (16) and selectively movable close to and away from each other along said guide structure;a lifting unit comprising at least one fluid-operated cylinder (29) linked to the bearing framework (10) and acting on the guide structure (16) to move the grasping arms (20) about said rotation axis (X), between a grasping position in which said arms (20) project sideways from the vehicle (2) to operatively engage respective attachment elements (7) arranged on respectively opposite side walls (6a) of the rubbish skip (6), and a lifting position in which said arms (20) extend upwardly to bring the rubbish skip (6) above a loading hopper (4) arranged on said motor-vehicle (2), characterized in that said grasping arms are adapted to adopt a rest position in which they extend downwardly so that they are contained whithin the maximum permissible overall dimentions of the motor-vehicle, and in that said lifting unit comprises kinematic amplification means (31) operatively interposed between said fluid-operated cylinder (29) and guide structure (16) to move the grasping arms (20) from said rest position to said grasping position and further to said lifting position.
- A device according to claim 1, characterized in that, upon the action of the fluid-operated cylinder (29), said kinematic amplification means (31) transmits to the guide structure (16) and consequently the grasping arms (20), a rotation greater than 180° about said horizontal rotation axis (X).
- A device according to claim 1, characterized in that said kinematic amplification means (31) comprises at least one lever (32) pivoted on the bearing framework (10) and at least one connecting rod (33) in operative engagement between said lever (32) and guide structure (16), said fluid-operated cylinder (29) acting on the guide structure (16) by means of said lever (32) and connecting rod (33).
- A device according to claim 3, characterized in that it comprises two of said levers (32) and two of said connecting rods (33), operatively connected to two of said fluid-operated cylinders (29).
- A device according to claim 1, characterized in that movement of the grasping arms (20) between the rest position and grasping position takes place during a starting step of the stroke of the fluid-operated cylinder (29).
- A device according to claim 1, characterized in that, with reference to said rest position, each of the grasping arms has one stretch (20a) extending obliquely from said guide structure towards the inside of the motor-vehicle (2), followed by a second stretch (20b) extending obliquely towards the outside of the vehicle (2) and carrying a handling member (21) at its end.
- A device according to claim 6, characterized in that said first and second stretches (20a, 20b) form an angle (α) included between 90° and 150° on the opposite side with respect to the motor-vehicle (2).
- A device according to claim 1, characterized in that said guide structure (16) comprises a first bar (17) in engagement with the bearing framework (10) according to said horizontal rotation axis (X) and a second bar (18) fastened parallelly to the first bar (17).
- A device according to claim 8, characterized in that it further comprises at least one interconnecting arm (34) extending between said first and second guide bars (17, 18) and operatively connected to said fluid-operated cylinder (29) via the kinematic amplification means (31).
Priority Applications (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AT95830501T ATE165787T1 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1995-12-01 | DEVICE FOR RECEIVING AND EMPTYING GARBAGE CONTAINS IN A GARBAGE COLLECTION VEHICLE |
DE69502404T DE69502404T2 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1995-12-01 | Device for picking up and emptying waste containers in a refuse collection vehicle |
ES95830501T ES2118525T3 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1995-12-01 | DEVICE TO GRIP AND EMPTY GARBAGE BINS ON A MOTOR VEHICLE DESIGNED TO COLLECT WASTE. |
EP95830501A EP0776835B1 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1995-12-01 | Device to pick up and empty rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse |
DK95830501T DK0776835T3 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1995-12-01 | Device for collecting and emptying waste bins on a motor vehicle intended to collect waste |
ARP960105446A AR004828A1 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1996-11-29 | DEVICE FOR COLLECTING AND EMPTYING WASTE CONTAINERS IN A MOTORIZED WASTE COLLECTION VEHICLE. |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP95830501A EP0776835B1 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1995-12-01 | Device to pick up and empty rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0776835A1 EP0776835A1 (en) | 1997-06-04 |
EP0776835B1 true EP0776835B1 (en) | 1998-05-06 |
Family
ID=8222070
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP95830501A Expired - Lifetime EP0776835B1 (en) | 1995-12-01 | 1995-12-01 | Device to pick up and empty rubbish skips onto a motor-vehicle designed to collect refuse |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0776835B1 (en) |
AR (1) | AR004828A1 (en) |
AT (1) | ATE165787T1 (en) |
DE (1) | DE69502404T2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK0776835T3 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2118525T3 (en) |
Families Citing this family (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE60100192T2 (en) | 2001-09-26 | 2003-10-23 | Omb Brescia Spa | Device for the secure gripping of waste collection containers |
DE102004001637B4 (en) * | 2004-01-10 | 2007-02-01 | Hüffermann Entsorgungssysteme GmbH | disposal vehicle |
CN101032804B (en) * | 2006-03-06 | 2010-04-21 | 无锡开源机床集团有限公司 | Overturning structure of roller bearing box used for roll grinder |
ITMI20130846A1 (en) * | 2013-05-24 | 2014-11-25 | Omb Internat S R L | UNDERGROUND CONTAINER SOCKET AND TILTING SYSTEM |
ES2560978B1 (en) * | 2015-10-08 | 2016-11-30 | Fm5 Industrial Developments, S.A. | System for handling garbage containers in side-loading vehicles |
CN112144454B (en) * | 2020-09-24 | 2021-12-17 | 天津职业技术师范大学(中国职业培训指导教师进修中心) | Mechanical system based on automatic mobile robot of picking up of garden rubbish |
CN114408420B (en) * | 2022-01-17 | 2023-03-14 | 重庆科技学院 | Channel type front garbage hopper and working method thereof |
Family Cites Families (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT1194971B (en) * | 1981-05-27 | 1988-09-28 | Vib Srl | Vehicle with container side handling equipment |
US4422814A (en) * | 1981-06-02 | 1983-12-27 | Applied Products, Inc. | Ground level dump unit |
FR2589132A1 (en) * | 1985-10-25 | 1987-04-30 | Bismuth Laurent | Container lifter |
US5026241A (en) * | 1990-03-12 | 1991-06-25 | Barker Products | Apparatus and method for dumping a waste receptacle |
FR2695919B1 (en) * | 1992-09-18 | 1994-11-04 | Maurice Gruelles | Device for simultaneously tilting and blocking bins for collecting rubbish. |
-
1995
- 1995-12-01 DK DK95830501T patent/DK0776835T3/en active
- 1995-12-01 EP EP95830501A patent/EP0776835B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-01 AT AT95830501T patent/ATE165787T1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-01 ES ES95830501T patent/ES2118525T3/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-01 DE DE69502404T patent/DE69502404T2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-11-29 AR ARP960105446A patent/AR004828A1/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
AR004828A1 (en) | 1999-03-10 |
DK0776835T3 (en) | 1999-02-15 |
ES2118525T3 (en) | 1998-09-16 |
DE69502404T2 (en) | 1998-10-01 |
DE69502404D1 (en) | 1998-06-10 |
ATE165787T1 (en) | 1998-05-15 |
EP0776835A1 (en) | 1997-06-04 |
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