EP0727038B1 - Vorrichtungen und Verfahren zur Detektion eines Analyten mittels optischer Interferenz - Google Patents

Vorrichtungen und Verfahren zur Detektion eines Analyten mittels optischer Interferenz Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0727038B1
EP0727038B1 EP93915341A EP93915341A EP0727038B1 EP 0727038 B1 EP0727038 B1 EP 0727038B1 EP 93915341 A EP93915341 A EP 93915341A EP 93915341 A EP93915341 A EP 93915341A EP 0727038 B1 EP0727038 B1 EP 0727038B1
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Prior art keywords
substrate
light
test
analyte
antigen
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EP93915341A
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French (fr)
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EP0727038A4 (de
EP0727038A1 (de
Inventor
Gregory R. Bogart
Garret R. Moddel
Diana M. Maul
Jeffrey B. Etter
Mark Crosby
John B. Miller
James Blessing
Howard Kelley
Torbjorn Sandstrom
Lars Stiblert
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Inverness Medical Biostar Inc
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Thermo Biostar Inc
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Priority to EP05027236A priority Critical patent/EP1635162A3/de
Priority to EP01108521A priority patent/EP1126278B1/de
Publication of EP0727038A1 publication Critical patent/EP0727038A1/de
Publication of EP0727038A4 publication Critical patent/EP0727038A4/de
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00—Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y15/00—Nanotechnology for interacting, sensing or actuating, e.g. quantum dots as markers in protein assays or molecular motors
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/17—Systems in which incident light is modified in accordance with the properties of the material investigated
    • G01N21/21—Polarisation-affecting properties
    • G01N21/211—Ellipsometry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
    • G01N21/75—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated
    • G01N21/77—Systems in which material is subjected to a chemical reaction, the progress or the result of the reaction being investigated by observing the effect on a chemical indicator
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
    • G01N33/54373—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing involving physiochemical end-point determination, e.g. wave-guides, FETS, gratings
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/543—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor with an insoluble carrier for immobilising immunochemicals
    • G01N33/54366—Apparatus specially adapted for solid-phase testing
    • G01N33/54386—Analytical elements

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to devices which produce a detectable attenuation of the spectral characteristic of light impinging on the device by thin film phenomenon.
  • Sandström et al., 24 Applied optics 472, 1985, describe use of an optical substrate of silicon with a layer of silicon monoxide and a layer of silicon dioxide formed as dielectric films. They indicate that a change in film thickness changes the properties of the optical substrate to produce different colors related to the thickness of the film. That is, the thickness of the film is related to the color observed and a film provided on top of an optical substrate may produce a visible color change. They indicate that a mathematical model can be used to quantitate the color change, and that " [c]alculations performed using the computer model show that very little can be gained in optical performance from using a multilayer structure. . .
  • Sandström et al. go on to indicate that slides formed from metal oxides on metal have certain drawbacks, and that the presence of metal ions can also be harmful in many biochemical applications. They indicate that the ideal top dielectric film is a 2-3 nm thickness of silicon dioxide which is formed spontaneously when silicon monoxide layer is deposited in ambient atmosphere, and that a 70-95 nm layer of silicon dioxide on a 40-60 nm layer of silicon monoxide can be used on a glass or plastic substrate. They also describe formation of a wedge of silicon monoxide by selective etching of the silicon monoxide, treatment of the silicon dioxide surface with dichlorodimethylsilane, and application of a biolayer of antigen and antibody.
  • HSA human serum albumin
  • the test instrument comprises a cell for holding a reaction medium and including the sample to be analysed and the substrate which is coated with a bioactive surface, a source of plane polarized light that is incident on the substrate with an angle of incidence in the vincinity of the Brewster angle, a rotatable compensator receiving elliptically polarized light reflected from the substrate to convert the reflected light again into plane polarized light, a rotatable analyzing polarizer and a light detector with a lock-in amplifier.
  • the analyzing polarizer and the compensator Prior to starting reaction, the analyzing polarizer and the compensator are mutually rotated until a minimal output of the detector is received, in order to minimize the background signals of the substrate during measurement, as usual in common ellipsometry.
  • This invention features improved devices and methods for using such devices, the devices and methods as further defined in the claims for detecting the presence or amount of an analyte of interest within a sample.
  • the invention features an instrument configured and arranged - as further described in the claims - to detect the presence or amount of an analyte of interest on the substrate of an optical device.
  • the instrument has a source of linearly polarized, monochromatic light positioned at an angle other than Brewster's angle relative to the substrate, and an analyzer positioned at the angle relative to the substrate at a location suitable for detecting.reflected polarized light from the substrate.
  • the analyzer is configured and arranged to approximately maximize change in the intensity of the light reflected from the substrate that is transmitted through the analyzer when a change in mass occurs at the substrate relative to an unreacted surface.
  • optically active surface is a surface that participates in the generation of an optical effect such that the light impinging upon that surface is in some way altered.
  • Such optically active surfaces may be adapted to respond not only to polychromatic light (e.g. , white light) but also to monochromatic light (e.g. , laser light, which may be inherently polarized).
  • Examples 1 to 25 are of illustrative purpose, whereas examples 26 and 27 refer to an embodiment of the present invention.
  • Example 28 is of explanatory purpose.
  • Figs. 1-12, 17 and 18 are for explanatory purpose.
  • An embodiment of the present invention is shown in Fig. 14A.
  • the embodiments of Figs. 13, 14B, 15 and 16 are not part of the invention.
  • a number of types of optical thin film monitoring technology including ellipsometry, multiple angle reflectometry, interference spectroscopy, profilometry, surface plasmon resonance, evanescent wave, and various other forms or combinations of polarimetry, reflectometry, spectroscopy, and spectrophotometry are useful. They are applicable for the detection or measurement of changes in the thickness, density, or mass of thin films resulting from the concentration-dependent immobilization of analytes on a surface of suitably selected binding material. Such thin film assay technologies directly detect or quantitate the material of interest, and are alternatives to conventional solid phase assays. Thin film engineering problems have obstructed the development of test kits suitable to compete with existing diagnostic or other assay markets.
  • test surface of a device wich combines specific binding layers and optical materials. More specifically, special considerations are required for combination of specific binding material with an anti-reflective or interference film. Each feature is discussed below, but in general, one must evaluate the interrelationships between an optical substrate, an optional optical thin film or interference film or anti-reflective (AR) film, an attachment layer, and the receptive material to be used in the composite test surface, as well as the final assay device requirements. The desired end use, visual/qualitative, instrumented/quantitative, and instrumented/qualitative will determine which feature of each component is selected in the production of a final useful test device of appropriate sensitivity and performance characteristics.
  • AR anti-reflective
  • Fig. 1 there is shown the general phenomenon of light interference that is central to the utility of one embodiment discussed herein.
  • This phenomenon is generally independent of the macroscopic surface characteristics of the test device. For example,' it is important only that the device cause a change in the observed color of light reflected from the surface, and it is not necessary to provide any specific pattern on the surface, such as a diffraction grating or any related pattern.
  • the surface is a planar surface with no specific pattern provided thereon.
  • the surface may be provided in a shape or design that is visually useful to the human eye.
  • An unreacted test surface causes white light incident at the device to be reflected as gold light, whereas a reacted test surface, due to the additional matter from analyte binding will cause the incident white light to be reflected as purple or blue light.
  • the change from gold to purple or blue indicates the interference difference between the reacted and the unreacted test surfaces.
  • Fig. 6 shows in a diagrammatic form the general structure of various types of test surfaces of devices.
  • the surface is provided with a substrate, an attachment layer and a receptive material layer, and may optionally also be provided with amorphous silicon and/or a metal film.
  • an optical thin film or an interference film which, together with the attachment layer and receptive material layer, form a composite interference film.
  • One or more thin films on a surface may attenuate incident light on that surface producing a change in the incident light that may be measured either by reflectance or transmittance. Reflection occurs when light encounters a medium of a different refractive index than the ambient medium.
  • the ambient medium is generally air with a refractive index of 1.0.
  • Transmission is a general term describing the process by which incident light leaves a surface or medium on a side other than the incident surface.
  • the transmittance of a medium is the ratio of the transmitted light to that of the incident light. Both the reflected or transmitted light can be detected by eye, or may be measured with instrumentation. Use of such light attenuation in any specific device as a measure of the amount of an analyte in a sample is possible.
  • the actual structure of the chosen device depends on whether a reflection or transmission mode is desired, and whether the result is to be interpreted by eye or with an instrument.
  • the interference colors observed when viewing oil on water on an asphalt surface is very common, and can be seen in a piece of multilayered mica, a fragment of ice, a stretched plastic bag, or a soap film.
  • the change in color is due to local variations in the thickness of the material.
  • the colors observed with oil on water are particularly intense and easily observed by the eye due to the difference in refractive index between water and oil.
  • the colors are further intensified because the water provides a mirror-like (specular) reflection.
  • the asphalt surface serves to absorb transmitted light, suppressing back reflection, which would tend to dilute the colors observed.
  • Films may be added to the surface of a material to modify the reflectance of one or more wavelengths or band of wavelengths. These types of materials are used to produce sunglasses, camera lenses, and solar windowpanes.
  • the optical substrate When the test surface is designed to produce a color change visible to the eye, the optical substrate must provide a surface that is reflective only at its uppermost surface, and of a known refractive index. Polished, monocrystalline silicon, metals, and some ceramics or dark glasses provide surfaces which may be used directly' in this application. These materials inherently contribute to the generation of the observed signal and may be considered to be optically active.
  • Materials such as glass or plastics may require additional processing before they are useful in this technique.
  • a material such as glass will allow reflection to occur at its upper and back surfaces. To prevent this, and allow such materials to be utilized, an additional film must be applied to the uppermost surface.
  • Amorphous silicon, a thin metal film, or a combination of these materials may be used. In this case the glass serves as a solid support and is not inherently involved in the generation of the observed color, therefore it is considered to be optically passive.
  • the optical substrate materials may produce a specular reflection, or may be treated to, or intrinsically produce, a diffuse reflection which is less angle dependent in viewing the signal, as discussed below.
  • the color produce is not viewed in the reflected light, but is observed as the light is transmitted through a surface.
  • This selective transmission of different wavelengths of light is used to produce sunglasses, camera lenses, windowpanes, and narrowbandpass filters.
  • the materials will selectively reflect and transmit different wavelengths of light.
  • a narrowbandpass filter will reflect a large band of wavelengths of light, and will selectively transmit only a very small band of wavelengths centered around one specific wavelength.
  • the narrowbandpass filter is constructed of an optical glass which is coated on one side with a material which will reflect many wavelengths of light. A change in the thickness of the material which coats the optical glass will change the useful range of the filter centering on a new set of wavelengths.
  • the optical substrate selected must be transmissive to the visible wavelengths of light, thus materials such as monocrystalline silicon, metals, certain plastics and ceramics are not suitable unless they are extremely thin, transparent sections. Glasses and certain transparent plastics are the most useful for this application.
  • the substrate is optically active.
  • the refractive index of the substrate impacts the type of AR film which is selected. A uniform or smooth surface is required for use in this application to prevent loss of signal due to scattering at one or more of the transmitting surfaces.
  • a glass substrate coated with a layer of amorphous silicon may be transmissive to visible light at certain angles, if the amorphous silicon layer is sufficiently thin. This is also true for a very thin layer of metal on a glass substrate.
  • the viewing should be arranged such that the amorphous silicon is the back surface of the test piece (i.e., opposite to the viewing surface).
  • AR or optical thin film component is optional when an instrumented detection is utilized.
  • a reflectometer requires a color change or change in luminosity (intensity) for generation of a signal. This color change may be different from the color change selected for visualization by eye, as the instrument will record changes in intensity and does not require a maximal change in contrast.
  • AR film thickness is preferably adjusted to provide the maximal change in recorded intensity as a function of analyte binding.
  • modifications to the reflectometer will allow it to also measure changes in color/luminosity (intensity) with a specularly reflecting or diffusing reflecting surface.
  • the optical substrate should provide a specular reflection. Reflection should occur only from the uppermost surface.
  • glass serves only as a support in this case and is optically passive or not involved in the generation of the detected signal. Instrumented detection will observe a change in light intensity due to its interaction with the thin films.
  • the light may be elliptically or linearly polarized, polychromatic, monochromatic, and of any wavelength desired.
  • any optical substrate which is transparent to the incident light may be used in this application, whether that light is polychromatic, monochromatic, linearly polarized, or elliptically polarized, and of any wavelength desired.
  • Use of an AR film is optional in this application, but if required for use with a reflectometer, the rules presented for the interpretation by eye also apply here.
  • the refractive index of the optical substrate influences the selection of the AR coating. Design of the reflectometer is easily modified to allow reflection or transmission measurements to be made.
  • an AR film is not required.
  • the only requirement for the substrate in this application is that some component or components of the incident light be transmitted, and that a change in mass or character on the uppermost surface of the test piece modifies the transmitted light in a detectable manner.
  • Materials such as the Irtran series produced by Eastman Kodak may be of use in this application for monitoring changes in the infrared (IR) properties of these films.
  • substrate includes not only a solid surface for holding the layers described below, but also an optically active substrate which may include an optical thin film.
  • an optically active substrate which may include an optical thin film.
  • these two portions of a substrate are discussed separately, but those in the art will recognize that all that is essential is that the layers (to.which the attachment layer and other layers are attached), be optically active to provide a detectable change in the thickness or mass of these layers as described above.
  • the optical substrate is either a solid material, or supports a layer of material which acts optically. These materials must have a known refractive index if it is to be combined with an optical thin film to produce an interference effect. Thus, it may be formed from any desired material which is reflective or made reflective, as discussed below.
  • the substrate can also be transparent (e.g. , glass or plastic) so that transmitted light is analyzed.
  • optical substrate materials and formats can be used to suit the needs of the end user.
  • the optical substrate can be formed of, or have coated on it, a material that provides either diffuse or specular reflection, it may be rigid or flexible, reflective or transmissive, and it may form an optically functional component of the test surface, or it may act as an optically passive support (and be provided with optically active layers).
  • Devices designed for instrumented analysis may not require an anti-reflective (optical thin film) coating on the substrate, while those designed for viewing by eye may require such a coating. Criteria useful for selecting an optical substrate for instrumented applications, or for viewing by eye of a color-signal generating application, are presented below.
  • optical substrate A wide range of rigid materials may form the optical substrate, including glass, fused silica, plastic, ceramic, metal, and semiconductor materials.
  • the substrate may be of any thickness desired.
  • Flexible optical substrates include thin sheets of plastic and like materials. Most substrates require only a standard solvent, plasma etching, or acid cleaning, well known to those skilled in the art, before subsequent layers may be deposited on them.
  • an anti-reflective coating material is required.
  • Polymer films, such as mylar (polyethylene terapthalate) and other materials having a low surface energy may not adhere well to such material and may require additional treatment before this layer can be deposited.
  • these optical substrates may be etched in an oxygen plasma, under conditions standard for oxygen plasma cleaning in semiconductor processing.
  • the surfaces of many solid materials, such as glass, and semiconductor materials, such as silicon, metals, etc., are sufficiently smooth to provide specular reflection if they are polished.
  • the major requirement in selecting an optical substrate is that the reflection occur, or be made to occur, only at the upper surface. This is especially critical for devices which include an interference film and are to be viewed by eye. This is easily accomplished by vapor deposition of a thin metal film on the substrate, and attachment of subsequent layers by techniques known to those skilled in the art.
  • the uppermost surface of a glass substrate may be coated with a layer to prevent unwanted reflections from the lower surface.
  • the substrate may be coated with an opaque material to block transmitted light and allow reflection to occur only from the upper surface.
  • a glass substrate may be coated with a layer of aluminum, chromium, or other transparent conducting oxide, by mounting in a vacuum chamber facing an aluminum-filled tungsten boat. The chamber is evacuated to a pressure of 1 x 10 -5 Torr. Current is passed through the tungsten boat, raising it to a temperature at which the aluminum deposits on the substrate at a rate of 20 ⁇ /second for 100 seconds, coating the glass with an opaque layer of aluminum having a thickness of 2000 ⁇ . Thinner layers of aluminum or chromium may also be used to eliminate any back surface reflections. Non-conducting deposition techniques may be used to deposit the metal film.
  • the aluminum-coated glass may be considered optically passive. Thus, if it is coated with a layer of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), the optical characteristics of the substrate will be derived from the a-Si:H alone.
  • the aluminum-coated glass is required only when the amorphous silicon deposition process requires a conducting surface. Techniques which do not require the use of a conducting surface for the deposition of amorphous silicon are known.
  • the aluminum-coated glass is mounted on one of two opposing electrodes in plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system. The system is evacuated, and the substrates are heated to 250°C.
  • a constant flow of silane (SiH 4 ) gas into the chamber raises the pressure to 0.5 Torr.
  • a plasma is struck by applying 10 mW/cm 2 of RF power to the electrodes.
  • a film of a-Si:H deposits on the substrates, and grows to a thickness of approximately 1000 nm in about 75 minutes.
  • the a-si:H so formed may form the first optically functional layer on the test surface.
  • a glass substrate coated only with a-Si:H (without the aluminum layer) is also useful.
  • Transparent substrates such as glass, fused silica, sapphire, and many plastics may be used in instrument transmission measurements, without additional modification. Color-signal generation visible to the eye is possible with a transmissive substrate where the antireflection properties of the coatings are determined from the transmitted light.
  • the substrates with a sufficiently reflective surface for thin film measurements are formed of metals.
  • these metals include but are not limited to, iron, stainless steel, nickel, cobalt, zinc, gold, copper, aluminum, silver, titanium, etc. and alloys thereof.
  • Metals are particularly useful substrates when an instrument detection method is employed.
  • the main requirement is that the substrate be reflective and planar.
  • the reflectivity of the optical substrate and the optical thin film (see below) used must match for the optimal production of an interference color.
  • devices designed for color production are generally formed from other substrates, or from amorphous silicon-coated metal substrates as discussed above.
  • Fig. 2 there is a diagrammatic representation of a general concept in which rather than providing a specular substrate (in which the surface is mirror-like or almost mirror-like), the surface is manufactured in a manner which will create irregular bumps as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 2 and referenced by the symbol B.
  • These bumps are significantly exaggerated in the figure and are generally of a size between 1 nm and. 100 ⁇ m, most preferably between about 100 nm and 100 ⁇ m.
  • these bumps are not provided in any regular manner, (such as in the form of a diffraction grating), but rather are provided simply to cause a general scattering of light incident upon the surface.
  • Both instrument and eye-visible color signal generation surfaces can be constructed with specular or diffuse reflecting substrates.
  • a surface that provides a diffuse reflection can be obtained in several ways: physical abrasion, chemical abrasion, or coating of a material.
  • Specular substrates may be roughened by physical abrasion using a compound containing grains of silicon carbide to form a diffuse surface.
  • the material may be chemically abraded.
  • a monocrystalline silicon wafer may be etched in an aqueous solution of 30% potassium hydroxide (by weight) at 80°C to form a rough surface composed of pyramid structures.
  • the abrasion process may be followed by an isotropic etch, well known to those skilled in the art, to yield an irregular surface that produces a diffuse reflection.
  • the diffusing properties of the substrate may also be produced by a coating.
  • polystyrene spheres having a diameter of 2 microns may be suspended in a fluid, such as a polyamide-containing solution.
  • a glass slide is vacuum mounted onto a spin coater, and the central portion of the slide covered with the solution.
  • the spin coater is switched on for several seconds at 3000 rpm, causing the spheres in the solution to disperse uniformly over the surface.
  • the fluid is allowed to dry, yielding a surface that produces a diffuse reflection.
  • Embodiments include use of an optical substrate with an irregular surface to produce diffuse light reflection. They also include use of a smooth optical substrate surface covered with, overlaid by, or observed through, a light diffusing or light modifying material such as or textured plastic. Viewing through such a plastic produces a similar effect to that discussed above.
  • the optical substrate is formed from a silicon crystal which is grown and extruded to 4 inches in diameter and then diamond sawed to form a wafer.
  • the wafers are treated with chemical etchants to smooth the surface and reduce flaws.
  • the wafers are lapped or ground with aluminum oxide, titanium oxide, or silicon carbide particles in a talc slurry.
  • the initial grain size is large and successively smaller particle sizes are used to produce an increasingly smoother surface. Both sides of the wafer are subjected to this process.
  • the final lapping process leaves a very diffusely reflective surface. Wafers may be further processed with chemical or plasma etching to modify the diffuse reflecting characteristic of the substrate.
  • the wafers are cleaned using the following process or a known modification thereof: the wafers are sonically cleaned with a cationic detergent, followed by a rinse with 18 megaohm water. Then they are cleaned with an anionic detergent, followed by a rinse in 18 megaohm water. They are ultrasonically cleaned with an aqueous ammonia solution made of 370 ml of 30% H 2 O 2 , 250 ml of aqueous ammonia and 9 gallons of water, and are rinsed in a cascade of water with the final rinse being with 0.1 micron filtered water. They are then spin-dried and are ready for optical coating.
  • An alternative to this procedure is the "RCA Clean" described in Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces , edited by W.J. Feast and H.S. Munro, John Wiley and Sons, N.Y. N.Y., page 212, 1987.
  • the degree of surface character or the irregularity is discussed in terms of gloss.
  • the diffuse reflective capability of the surface described here refers to the degree to which the reflection is scattered compared to a pure specular reflection. Diffuseness is a function of the surface topography and because the relevant topography is much larger than the interference film or biofilms, the fuzziness is not expected to vary significantly for different specific binding material. For eye-visible color-signal generation the film will affect the lightness or color of the reflected light, but not its diffuse character. Diffuse surfaces which produce color signal are particularly useful with reflectometers.
  • the surface topography, and hence fuzziness or irregularity may be characterized with a surface profilometer, such as the Dek-tak® (Sloan Technology Corp., Santa Barbara, California).
  • the Dek-tak® provides readings on the separation or distance between surface features and an average value for the height of surface features over a defined region of a surface.
  • One useful measure of the surface is the Root Mean Square (RMS) or average surface roughness divided by the average peak spacing, where a peak is defined to be a protrusion with a height of at least 50% of the RMS roughness. Since roughness is a function of the reflectivity versus angle, it may be quantified by measuring the angle dependence of the reflectivity.
  • RMS Root Mean Square
  • the reflected light intensity on a photodiode should be measured as a function of the angle from 0° to 90°.
  • the wafer selected should optimally show a smoothly varying reflectivity over the angular range viewed.
  • the specular reflectance from a roughened surface should be less than 5%, assuming a polished wafer reflects at 100%.
  • Articles having the non-specular, i.e. , irregular, surfaces are characterized by peak values between about 2700 and 3295 with a preferred measurement of approximately 2995. This value represents the RMS roughness divided by the average peak of the textures.
  • a wide range of chemical or plasma etching techniques are suitable for providing the diffuse properties of the substrate.
  • glass can be modified to a diffuse light reflecting surface using a HF etch as in the production of frosted glass.
  • substrate selection will determine the characteristics of the anti-reflective material or materials used in subsequent coating steps. Below is described the selection of anti-reflective materials based on initial substrate selection.
  • test piece configuration may be cut, sawed, scribed, laser scribed, or otherwise manipulated into the desired test piece configuration.
  • Suitable test pieces for a single use assay are 0.5 cm 2 to 1 cm 2 with 0.75 cm 2 being preferred.
  • Test piece sizes are not restricted to the above, as alternative formats may require substantially more or less reactive test surface.
  • the substrate is coated with a thin layer of material such that reflections from the outer surface of the film and the outer surface of the substrate' cancel each other by destructive interference.
  • the optical thin film properties of the coatings suppress the reflection of some wavelengths of light and enhance the reflection of others. This causes the suppressed wavelengths of incident light to enter the substrate, or an opaque coating on the substrate where they are absorbed. Most of the light of other wavelengths, whose reflection is not suppressed, does not enter the coated substrate and is reflected, however, some components may be absorbed. As the optical thickness of the coating changes, the range of wavelengths in the reflected light changes. In transmission mode, the properties of the coatings suppress the reflection of some wavelengths of light and enhance the reflection of others, as in the reflection mode. This causes the suppressed wavelengths of the incident light to enter the substrate and to be transmitted. Light of other wavelengths, whose reflection is not suppressed to as great an extent is reflected, and transmitted to a lesser extent. As the optical thickness of the coating changes, the range of wavelengths in the transmitted light changes.
  • the final assay result may also be measured by instrumentation.
  • the substrate should have a refractive index of the square of the refractive index of the receptor layer (see below), i.e. , (1.5) 2 or 2.25, variations in this number can still provide useful devices of this invention as will be discussed below).
  • the material selected should be mechanically stable to subsequent processes, reflective, and of known refractive index. It is not always possible to match the optical substrate to a particular film. For example, a biological film. In these cases, an intermediate optical thin film must be used to compensate for the lack of a suitable optical substrate.
  • the substrate material is subject to two restrictions: first, it must adhere to the optical thin film material, and second, in the simplest case, the refractive index of the substrate should approximately equal the square of the refractive index of the material directly above it or, on a more complex test surface, the refractive index of the substrate should be selected to.fit generally one of the formulae in Table 3, pp 8-48 to 8-49, of the "Handbook of Optics". For example, use of a silicon wafer with a refractive index of approximately 4.1 allows a test surface to be designed with a wide variety of corresponding optical thin films or anti-reflective materials.
  • the material should be coated to a thickness of a quarterwave for the wavelengths to be attenuated, or variations in the formulae given in Table 3. Those skilled in the art will realize that various other substrate materials are equally suited for use as a test surface if they satisfy the above criteria.
  • the optical thin film coating is deposited onto the surface of the substrate by known coating techniques. For example, by sputtering or by vapor phase deposition in a vacuum chamber. Various other useful coating techniques are known to those skilled in the art. Materials useful as optical thin film coatings are formed of clear material which is significantly transmissive at the thickness utilized, and suppresses some wavelength of reflective light when coated onto the substrate. The film, once deposited onto the optical substrate, is also stable to subsequent processes.
  • this test surface will have fewer optical layers, but more complex test surfaces possessing more layers corresponding to the formulae provided in Table 3 with modifications discussed below.
  • the theoretical calculations are the starting point for material selection. Theoretical considerations may be used to determine which materials are compatible with a pre-selected substrate. The coating thickness may be set at the predetermined quarterwave thickness or to a preselected interference color. However, for the construction of a specific binding material optical film composite a number of adjustments are required to the initial coating. These adjustments are described below.
  • a substrate such as a polished silicon wafer has a refractive index of approximately 4.1.
  • the optical thin film material selected should have an index of refraction of 2.02 (i.e ., the square root of 4.1). Maximal "apparent" color change is achieved for silicon with materials having refractive indices near 2.0, such as silicon nitride (Si 3 N 4 ) or silicon/silicon dioxide composites.
  • silicon nitride One method for the deposition of silicon nitride is a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique similar to that described above for the deposition of a-Si:H. It is recognized that this technique, or modifications of this technique, are suitable for the deposition of a large number of materials. For example, to produce Si 3 N 4 , ammonia (NH 3 ) gas is added to silane gas. Silicon nitride performs well as an optical thin film on substrates of monocrystalline silicon and polycrystalline silicon, or on amorphous silicon and polycrystalline silicon on optically passive substrates.
  • NH 3 ammonia
  • the compatibility of the silicon nitride deposition process with the a-Si:H deposition process produces a very cost-effective combination.
  • the two films may be deposited as follows. Glass substrates are mounted in an evaporation systems where a 2000 ⁇ thick layer of aluminum is deposited on the glass, as described above. Then the substrates are mounted in a plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition system, where a 1 micron thick layer of a-Si:H is deposited, as described above, followed by a silicon nitride layer. In this way an inexpensive reflection-mode test surface is formed on a glass substrate. This approach may be extended to the deposition of these coatings on dielectrics and flexible substrates described in U.S. patent 3,068,510 issued December 18, 1962 to Coleman.
  • the refractive index of the silicon nitride may be controlled in the vapor deposition process.
  • the ratio of gases may be varied, or the deposition rates may be varied, and a variety of other methods known to those skilled in the art may be used to control or select the refractive index of the optical thin film deposited.
  • Multi-layer optical thin film coatings may be deposited by electron beam evaporation.
  • a substrate is mounted in a vacuum deposition chamber, and suspended over two or more crucibles of the various material to be evaporated.
  • Each crucible is then heated by an electron-beam gun, and the rate of evaporation monitored using a crystal thickness monitor.
  • Each crucible is covered by a movable shutter. By alternately opening and closing the shutters, the substrate is exposed sequentially to each vapor stream, until the desired multi-layer stack has been deposited, or a multi-component film is deposited.
  • the described procedure may be generalized to more than two crucibles in order to deposit multiple layers of various optical thin film materials, or multi-component films tailored to a specific refractive index.
  • the test surface when coated at a specific thickness with a silicon nitride film suppresses certain wavelengths in the blue range of visible light and therefore reflects a yellow-gold interference color.
  • a yellow-gold interference color is utilized in the examples below, the interference color of the test surface can be any suitable color in the spectrum of light. The color depends on the substrate material selected, the chemical composition and refractive index of the optical layer/s selected, and the thickness and number of coated layers. These design techniques can also be utilized to produce test surfaces with signals or backgrounds in the ultraviolet or infrared region of the spectrum of light, however, these test surfaces are useful only in instrumented detection of a bound analyte.
  • lithium fluoride may form one component of a multi-layer stack. It has a refractive index of 1.39 for visible light, and thus forms a one-quarter wavelength layer for green light at a thickness of 925 ⁇ . It may be evaporated from a platinum crucible at approximately 900°C.
  • Titanium films are particularly useful for the production of optical films. Such films have advantages since they use materials which are safer to handle and dispose of than other optical materials, such as SiH 4 . The method of application is also more cost effective and rapid with less instrumentation required.
  • Titanium dioxide has a refractive index of approximately 2.2 for visible light, and thus forms a one-quarter wavelength layer for green light at a thickness of 585 ⁇ . Because titanium dioxide decomposes into lower oxides upon heating, the evaporated films are not stoichiometric. To deposit stoichiometric titanium dioxide the electron-beam must be pulsed. The deposition occurs at approximately 2000°C.
  • Organotitanates may be hydrolyzed to titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) under conditions which prevent premature polymerization or condensation of titanates. The latter reactions are base catalyzed.
  • the organotitanate may be mixed with an aqueous solvent system and a surfactant.
  • the solvent/surfactant system selected should tolerate a high solid content, have good leveling or spreading capacity, and be miscible with water. Alcohols and the fluorosurfactants manufactured by 3M (Minnesota) are particularly useful for this method. Hydrolysis of the organotitanate should occur prior to any polymerization or condensation, and the solvent system should be acidic to prevent undesired polymerization reactions.
  • the counter ion supplied by the acid can be used to improve the solubility of the titanium-acetic acid and hydrochloric acid are preferred.
  • a nonaqueous solvent system may be used but the organotitanate must not be pre-hydrolyzed.
  • the solvent must be anhydrous to improve the stability of the coating solution. Suitable solvents include toluene, heptane, and hexane.
  • a surfactant is not required (as in the aqueous solvent system), but may further improve the coating characteristics.
  • a predetermined volume of this solution is applied to an optical substrate using a spin coating technique
  • the solution is applied to the optical substrate by dynamic delivery.
  • the substrate is attached to the spin coater and spun at 4,000 to 5,000 rpm.
  • the solution is applied to the spinning substrate which continues to spin until an even film is obtained.
  • dynamic or static delivery of the solution is possible.
  • static delivery the solution is applied to the substrate and then the spinning is initiated.
  • the spin rate required is dependent on the percent solids in the solution, the volume applied to the substrate, and the substrate size.
  • the thickness of the titanium layer generated is a function of the percent solid, the volume applied, and the spin rate.
  • the titanium dioxide layer may be cured to the substrate by a number of techniques.
  • the refractive index of the titanium dioxide layer is controlled by the temperature of the substrate during curing and to a much lesser degree the length of the curing process.
  • the curing process may use a furnace, an infrared heat lamp, a hot plate, or a microwave oven.
  • Titanium dioxide offers a number of advantages for this application:
  • polysilazanes may be used to produce silicon nitride coatings by spin coating. These protocols may also be adapted for use in this technology.
  • T-resins such as polymethylsilsesquioxane or polyphenylsilsesquioxane (general formula RSiO 1.5 ) may be spin coated to the optical substrate or support to provide a silicon carbide surface with a suitable refractive index for generation of an optical thin film.
  • a model was developed to select an optimal background interference color for any particular combination of substrate, optical thin film (AR film), attachment layer and receptive material. Since the mathematical models developed to date are not effective to provide useful devices of the present invention, these models are used only as a starting point in the device construction. Optimization is necessary to provide a device of this invention.
  • the selected substrate was a silicon wafer and the optical material selected was silicon nitride. The most highly contrasting colors observed were a yellow-gold changing to magenta with an increase in mass on the test surface.
  • a method for selection of the optimal thicknesses of each layer is disclosed for a silicon nitride film on silicon.
  • a silicon substrate is provided either with a specular or non-specular surface.
  • a silicon nitride film is provided on this surface and, as shown in steps 2 and 3, is eroded away in a stepwise fashion by heating and stirring in an appropriate solution.
  • the timing of each step is selected such that the portion which is subjected to erosion for the longest period of time exhibits a pale gold color, while that portion which is not exposed to erosion exhibits a deep blue color.
  • steps 5 and 6 respectively, an attachment layer and a receptive material layer for analytes to be detected are provided on the silicon nitride.
  • step 7 an assay is performed with three portions of the strip being treated in a different manner such that a negative response, a weak response, and a strong response can be recorded. The results are shown in step 7, and the thickness of useful silicon nitride can be determined by those sections providing the strongest weak positive response in the test.
  • a silicon wafer was prepared with a thick coating (800 ⁇ ) of silicon nitride so that the wafer appeared to be a deep blue. Then the optical thin film material was etched off the wafer in a hot, phosphoric acid bath to produce a wedge of interference colors. The optical material was etched such that 300 ⁇ remained at one end of the wedge and 700 ⁇ remained at the other end of the wedge. (At 180°C the silicon nitride was removed at approximately 20 ⁇ per minute.)
  • the etched, wedged test surface was coated with an attachment material, and then a receptive material.
  • the reactive surface was analyzed with a negative, a weak positive, and a strong positive sample.
  • the thickness of the optical material was then measured at the wedge segments which appeared to provide the most distinctive color change, or visual contrast.
  • the optimal film thickness is most readily selected based on the composite test surface analysis. This process maximizes the visual contrast obtained for the specific assays.
  • Silicon nitride is easily etched to produce the wedge of thicknesses needed for this empirical evaluation. Many materials are susceptible to an acid etching or base etching process. Other chemical methods of etching the material are possible. If a desired optical film is not easily removed from a particular optical substrate because the film is too easily destroyed, or the optical substrate is not stable to the required etchant, another method of generating the wedge may be used. For instance, monocrystalline silicon is not stable to prolonged exposure to basic solutions. If an optical film on silicon requires a basic etchant the wedge can not be generated using a chemical approach.
  • the optical film may be deposited on an optical substrate which is introduced stepwise into the coating chamber over a period of time. Each newly exposed section will receive a thinner coating than the previously exposed section.
  • the substrate may be masked and the mask removed stepwise over a period of time.
  • (3) Several different coating runs each producing a different thickness of optical material may be performed.
  • Ion milling may also be used to etch certain materials.
  • the formulae established for the coating of optical thin films are used as a' guideline only for the production of a test surface suited to a specific binding assay.
  • the square root dependence of an optical thin film is used to screen appropriate optical materials. Some deviation from the perfect square root dependence is acceptable.
  • the use of a quarterwave thickness of the optical coating is only an initial guide to coating thickness. Thickness of the optical thin film must thus be empirically derived in consideration of the specific binding materials.
  • the composite specific binding optical thin film does not meet the conditions theoretically required to produce such a film. Neither the thickness nor the refractive index rules are followed. Surprisingly such deviation from these accepted formulae results in a test surface which is very sensitive to mass changes or thickness changes.
  • each layer may be varied as described above to optimize the final test device for any particular attachment layer and receptive material layer.
  • the following is further concerned with materials and methods for producing a layer which attaches the specific binding layer to the optical substrate or optical thin film for producing an attachment layer which optimizes the functional density, stability, and viability of receptive material immobilized on that layer.
  • the attachment materials selected must be compatible with the biological or receptive materials, must physically adhere or covalently attach to the upper test surface (whether an optical thin film is included or not), must preferably not interfere with the desired thin film properties of the test surface, and must be sufficiently durable to withstand subsequent processing steps.
  • the density and stability of immobilized receptive material must be controlled to optimize the performance of an assay test surface.
  • Applicant has determined that one problem in obtaining useful devices was the extremely limited macroscopic and/or microscopic surface area of the test films employed in a thin film assay as compared with the microscopically convoluted surface characteristics of other conventional solid phase assay materials.
  • the optical substrate must be evenly coated with a continuous attachment layer that protects the receptive material from any toxic effects of the reflective substrate while adhering it to the surface.
  • the larger test surfaces generally employed such as microtiter wells, have much greater total surface area and microscopically convoluted surfaces relative to a thin film substrate.
  • the amount of receptive material immobilized compensates for any sparsity in coverage, or any losses in viability (ability to bind analyte) which result from conformational or chemical changes caused by the immobilization process. It also compensates for any receptive material which may be unavailable for binding due to poor orientation.
  • the surface area limitations require the use or development of special materials and procedures designed to maximize the functional density, viability, stability, and accessibility of the receptive material.
  • silica SiO 2
  • solid supports such as glass.
  • Initial activation of silica towards the binding material was accomplished by treatment with a dichlorodimethylsilane.
  • Silanization regardless of the process used to apply the silane, can introduce groups capable of covalently attaching the molecule by chemical means.
  • Fig. 4 there is shown in diagrammatic form the bonding of a more useful silane material which bonds to the silica groups present on a substrate. Only bonding of such silane molecules to the surface provides an available group, such as an amine group for bonding with a receptor molecule.
  • silanization when silicon replaces silica as the solid support or substrate for subsequent attachment, conventional silanization is inadequate.
  • a silane requires the presence of silanol residues in order to attach to the surface.
  • the silanol density With monocrystalline silicon, the silanol density is insufficient to yield the density of functional groups desired for immobilization reactions, thus, less than optimal receptive material will be attached to the test surface, see Fig. 4.
  • Silica and many glasses possess a high silanol content or are easily treated to provide a high silanol content.
  • silicon also introduces surface effects, not observed with silica or glass, which are toxic or detrimental to biomolecules.
  • Such silanization processes also produce hazardous materials which require disposal, and in many cases are tedious and difficult to monitor and control.
  • silanes modified with a polymer are functionally better, e.g. , PEI modified silane or its equivalent (Fig. 5).
  • the attachment layer is spin coated or aerosol spray coated in a uniform manner.
  • the various intermediate materials are coated to the substrate at thicknesses between 5 ⁇ and 500 ⁇ (thicker amounts can be employed).
  • the layer can be formed of any material that performs the following functions and has the following characteristics: creates a favorable environment for the receptive material, permits the receptive material to be bound in active, functional levels (preferably by a cost-effective method), adheres tightly to the optical substrate, and can be coated uniformly.
  • the surface activation technique should provide a covalent modification of the surface for stability while introducing a very dense uniform or conformal film on the surface of the substrate.
  • a strongly adsorbed conformal film without covalent attachment may be adequate, for example, suitable substrates, such as monocrystalline silicon, macroscopically planar, uniform optical glasses, metalized glass and plastic, whether or not coated with an optical layer ( i.e. , SiO, SiO 2 , Si x N y , etc. ) have a deficiency of available reactive groups for covalent attachment, but are useful.
  • the attachment layer should provide an environment which supports the adherence of a specific binding layer by covalent or adsorptive interactions, that is dense and functional. This attachment layer must be of sufficient thickness to separate the specific binding layer from any toxic effects of the initial optical substrate.
  • non-linear branched polymeric siloxanes may meet the requirements of covalent attachment to the substrate and will adhere receptive material in a reactive and stable film.
  • These polymers typically contain 2-3 branch points which may introduce a number of different functionalities (R) to the surface; including aminoalkyl, carboxypropyl, chloropropyl, epoxycyclohexylethyl, mercaptopropyl, phenethyl, phenethylsulfonate, vinyl, methyl and methacryloxy-propyl (produced by Petrarch Systems).
  • T-structured polydimethylsiloxanes with functionality at the branch terminus include carboxy, propyl, and vinyl groups (Petrarch Systems). Typical examples of these materials are provided in U.S. Patents 4,208,506, 3,530,159 and 4,369,268, all hereby incorporated by reference herein.
  • a second group of materials which demonstrate utility in the production of these test surfaces are copolymeric, conformal, surface activator or film forming latexes which commonly consist of a styrene/polybutadiene mixtures. Although these preparations perform as particles while in solution, they do not retain their particulate nature at a surface or upon drying. These materials are designed to strongly adhere to surface micro-structures. TC7 and TC3 particles distributed by Seradyn and the Surface Activators (amide or carboxylic acid) distributed by Bangs Laboratories or Rhone-Poulenc are particularly well suited to this application. Any similar film forming latex or styrene/butadiene/other copolymer may be used.
  • dendrimers Another class of compounds which has utility in the production of this type of test surface is dendrimers, or star polymers, or molecular self-assembling polymers. These polymers strongly adhere to a surface once dried. These materials are generated in a cyclic fashion, each cycle producing a new generation of material. Any generation of material may be used in this application, however, generation 5 (shown diagrammatically in Fig. 17) has been demonstrated to provide the best reactivity. These materials are produced and composed of the materials listed in U.S. Patents #4,507,466; #4,588,120; #4,568,737; and #4,587,329. Representative of a ternary dendrimer is the polyamidoamine shown in Figure 17. In this figure, Y represents a divalent amide moiety.
  • Such as -CH 2 CH 2 CONHCH 2 CH 2 - and YN is a repeating unit.
  • the terminal groups may be amines as shown in Figure 17 but may be any active group which will serve as a dendritic branch for subsequent generations.
  • Other suitable divalent moieties include alkylene, alkylene oxide, alkyleneamine and the like with the terminal being an amine, carboxy, aziridinyl, oxazolinyl, haloalkyl, oxirane, hydroxy, carboxylic esters, or isocyanato group.
  • the siloxanes point to a general class of materials that are useful in this application.
  • the siloxanes are not water soluble, and do not hydrolyze upon contact with an aqueous coating solution or sample. Because of the branched structure and the polymeric features, rather than forming a single isolated island as a silane will (Fig. 4), the polymeric structure forms a continuous film (Fig. 5) on the test surface.
  • the highly cross-linked structure of a siloxane increases the total surface coverage.
  • the refractive index of the siloxane film can be controlled or varied with the functional group incorporated into the side chains of the siloxane and thus caused to interact with the other layers to produce an appropriate interference film.
  • siloxanes covalently modify the substrate, but this is not an essential feature, as other materials which adhere to the surface without any subsequent delamination and are stable to mechanical manipulation are useful. Methods of coating polymers to substrates are known to those skilled in the art of semiconductor fabrication.
  • attachment layer may be any suitable material which convey a desired property.
  • This layer could improve receptor material orientation, for example, use of Protein A or Protein G for orienting antibodies.
  • Other materials which can be used include avidin-biotin, synthetic or recombinant Protein A/Protein G fragments or peptides or combined A/G peptides, etc.
  • the immobilization chemistry for attaching the receptive material to the attachment layer is selected based on the properties of both the attachment layer and the receptive material.
  • the receptive material can be covalently or passively attached to this material.
  • an additional step to activate the attachment layer may be required.
  • a variety of activation and linking procedures can be employed, for example, photo-activated biotin can be employed to adhere the receptive material. Usually, it is sufficient to passively adsorb the receptive material to the attachment layer, thus avoiding the time and expense of immobilization chemistry procedures.
  • the receptive material is defined as one part of a specific binding pair and includes, but is not limited to: antigen/antibody, enzyme/substrate, oligonucleotide/DNA, chelator/metal, enzyme/inhibitor, bacteria/receptor, virus/receptor, hormone/receptor, DNA/RNA, or RNA/RNA, oligonucleotide/RNA, and binding of these species to any other species, as well as the interaction of these species with inorganic species.
  • the receptive material that is bound to the attachment layer is characterized by an ability to specifically bind the analyte or analytes of interest.
  • the variety of materials that can be used as receptive material are limited only by the types of material which will combine selectively (with respect to any chosen sample) with a secondary partner.
  • Subclasses of materials which can be included in the overall class of receptive materials includes toxins, antibodies, antigens, hormone receptors, parasites, cells, haptens, metabolites, allergens, nucleic acids, nuclear materials, autoantibodies, blood proteins, cellular debris, enzymes, tissue proteins, enzyme substrates, co-enzymes, neuron transmitters, viruses, viral particles, microorganisms, proteins, polysaccharides, chelators, drugs, and any other member of a specific binding pair. This list only incorporates some of the many different materials that can be coated onto the attachment layer to produce a thin film assay system.
  • the receptive material is designed to bind specifically with the analyte of interest.
  • the matrix containing the analyte of interest may be a fluid, a solid, a gas, or a bodily fluid such as mucous, saliva, urine, fecal material, tissue, marrow, cerebral spinal fluid, serum, plasma, whole blood, sputum, buffered solutions, extracted solutions, semen, vaginal secretions, pericardial, gastric, peritoneal, pleural, or other washes and the like.
  • the analyte of interest may be an antigen, an antibody, an enzyme, a DNA fragment, an intact gene, a RNA fragment, a small molecule, a metal, a toxin, an environmental agent, a nucleic acid, a cytoplasmic component, pili or flagella component, protein, polysaccharide, drug, or any other material, such as those listed in Table A.
  • receptive material for the bacteria listed in Table A may specifically bind a surface membrane component - protein or lipid, a polysaccharide, a nucleic acid, or an enzyme.
  • the analyte which is specific to the bacteria may be a polysaccharide, an enzyme, a nucleic acid, a membrane component, or an antibody produced by the host in response to the bacteria.
  • the presence of the analyte may indicate an infectious disease (bacterial or viral), cancer or other metabolic disorder or condition.
  • the presence of the analyte may be an indication of food poisoning or other toxic exposure.
  • the analyte may indicate drug abuse or may monitor levels of therapeutic agents.
  • an immunoassay One of the most commonly encountered assay protocols for which this technology, can be utilized is an immunoassay.
  • the discussion presented for construction of a receptive material layer below specifically addresses immunoassays. However, the general considerations apply to nucleic acid probes, enzyme/substrate, and other ligand/receptor assay formats.
  • an antibody may serve as the receptive material or it may be the analyte of interest.
  • the receptive material for example an antibody, must form a stable, dense, reactive layer on the attachment layer of the test device.
  • the antibody must be specific to the antigen of interest; and the antibody (receptive material) must bind the antigen (analyte) with sufficient avidity that the antigen is retained at the test surface.
  • the analyte may not simply bind the receptive material, but may cause a detectable modification of the receptive material to occur. This interaction could cause an increase in mass at the test surface or a decrease in the amount of receptive material on the test surface.
  • An example of the latter is the interaction of a degradative enzyme or material with a specific, immobilized substrate, see Example 13.
  • the specific mechanism through which binding, hybridization, or interaction of the analyte with the receptive material occurs is not important to this invention, but may impact the reaction conditions used in the final assay protocol.
  • the receptive material may be passively adhered to the attachment layer. If required the free functional groups introduced onto the test surface by the attachment layer may be used for covalent attachment of receptive material to the test surface. Chemistries available for attachment of receptive materials are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • Test surfaces may be coated with receptive material by: total immersion in a solution for a pre-determined period of time; application of solution in discrete arrays or patterns; spraying, ink jet, or other imprinting methods; or by spin coating from an appropriate solvent system.
  • the technique selected should minimize the amount of receptive material required for coating a large number of test surfaces and maintain the stability/functionality of receptive material during application.
  • the technique must also apply or adhere the receptive material to the attachment layer in a very uniform and reproducible fashion.
  • composition of the coating solution will depend on the method of application and type of receptive material to be utilized. If a spin coating technique is used a surfactant may improve the uniformity of the receptive material across the optical substrate or support.
  • the coating solution will be a buffered aqueous solution at a pH, composition, and ionic strength that promotes passive adhesion of the receptive material to the attachment layer. The exact conditions selected will depend on the type of receptive material used for the assay under development. Once coating conditions are established for a particular type of receptive material, e.g. , polyclonal antibodies, these conditions are suitable for all assays based on such receptive material. However, chemically distinct receptive materials, for example polyclonal antibodies and nucleic acids, may not coat equally well to the attachment layer under similar buffer and application conditions.
  • the receptive material is an antibody suitable adhesion
  • the attachment layer is a T-structured siloxane.
  • the T-structured siloxanes provide a very uniform hydrophobic surface for antibody interaction, see Example 6.
  • the film forming latexes generally provide a better attachment for antigens than do the siloxanes.
  • Antibody interaction with the immobilized antigen is improved on a siloxane modified surface, while enzymatic reaction with a substrate is improved on a latex modified surface relative to a siloxane modified surface.
  • the materials and methods described above allow the construction of a specific binding test surface.
  • the test surface is composed of an optical substrate or support, an optional optical thin film, an attachment layer, and finally a layer of receptive material.
  • the composite interference film is actually designed to include the optical thin film, the attachment layer and the receptive material.
  • the initial interference color selected must be maintained when the attachment layer and receptive material are coated onto the optical thin film, see Fig. 3.
  • a small spot of a preparation containing the analyte of interest may be applied to the surface. This is incubated for a few minutes, rinsed, and then dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the procedural control may be applied in any pattern desired.
  • the receptive material may be applied in a pattern.
  • the device will provide a symbol detectable by eye in response to polychromatic light when the optical thin film is applied to the optical substrate.
  • the coating solution containing receptive material may be applied to the surface which is covered with a mask.
  • the mask will allow the receptive material to be immobilized on the attachment layer only in the sections which are exposed to the coating solution.
  • a surface which is uniformly coated with receptive material may be covered with a mask and the receptive material may be selectively inactivated.
  • There are a number of techniques which are suitable for the inactivation of receptive material One of the simplest techniques for biological materials is to expose section of the receptive material to UV irradiation for a sufficient period of time to inactive the material.
  • the mask may be designed in any pattern which will assist the end-user in interpretation of the results.
  • receptive material may be applied in the pattern by these techniques, incubated for a period of time, and then rinsed from the surface. Exposed sections of attachment material may be coated with an inert material similar to the receptive material.
  • a particularly useful combination of interference colors relies on a yellow/gold interference color for the test surface background or starting point. Once an increase in mass occurs at the surface, mass being a direct function of thickness and concentration, the reacted zone changes interference color to a purple/blue color. As described above, the optical thin film can be adjusted and optimized to compensate for the layers required in the construction of the biological test surface to maintain the desired starting interference color.
  • Thin film detection methods which provide direct determination of specific binding pairs offer significant advantages relative to radioactive or enzymatic means, including fluorescent, luminescent, calorimetric, or other tag-dependent detection schemes.
  • Thin film systems can be applied in the detection of small molecules. Such analytes, however, fail to produce sufficient thickness or optical density for direct eye or instrumented detection. Applicant has discovered that a means for mass enhancement is necessary.
  • Thin film detection systems perform optimally when the integrity of the film is maintained. Thus, any method designed for amplification in such a system should provide an increase in thickness or mass and maintain the film integrity, as well as meet any limitations imposed by the detection systems, and should be of the simplest possible construction.
  • silica particles provide a refractive index which is sufficiently close to the biological layers that they increase the apparent thickness of the biological layers in a concentration dependent manner. These particles being rigid in nature do not, however, maintain the integrity of the films. Thus, light scattering occurs.
  • the amplification technique may be directly related to the concentration of the analyte of interest or may be inversely proportional to the concentration of the analyte of interest as in a competitive or inhibition assay format.
  • the binding of a mass enhancement or amplification reagent must be a specific function of the analyte binding to the test surface and may be considered as part of a signal generating reagent.
  • the signal may be amplified by contacting the receptive material with analyte labeled with a latex particle or other means which will enhance the thickness of the receptor analyte layers when the two are bound together.
  • the analyte may be labeled with an enzyme, through a secondary binding agent, such that, while the receptor-analyte-enzyme combination may not be detectable, by provision of a substrate for that enzyme, a product is deposited on the test device and can be detected by eye. Applicant has found that it is advantageous to ensure that the surface of the device is charged so that deposition of the product from the substrate is aided.
  • the mass enhancement reagent must be capable of passive or covalent attachment to a secondary receptive material.
  • An example of passive attachment to a mass enhancing reagent is the adsorption of antibodies onto surface activator particles.
  • An example of the covalent attachment of a mass enhancing reagent to the secondary receptive material is the conjugation of horseradish peroxidase (HRP, or another enzyme) to an antibody.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • the mass enhancement reagent should form a stable product or adduct with the secondary receptive material.
  • the coupling protocol selected should not leave or introduce non-specific binding effects at the test surface.
  • the mass enhancement reagent may also be capable of direct, specific interaction with the analyte.
  • methods are featured for the amplification of signals in assay systems which rely on a thin film detection method.
  • Such methods include, but are not limited to, ellipsometry, interference effects, profilometry, scanning tunneling microscopy, atomic force microscopy, interferometry, light scattering, total internal reflection, or reflectometric techniques.
  • the materials selected for use in these types of systems preferably maintain some degree of particulate character in solution, and upon contact with a surface or support form a stable thin film.
  • the film is preferably conformal to the test surface to maintain the desired smoothness or texture of the substrate. The characteristic texture of the surface will be dependent on the detection method employed.
  • the material selected must also be capable of adhering, through covalent or passive interaction, a receptive material or one member of a specific binding pair.
  • a secondary receptive material or binding reagent preferably is adhered to the signal amplifying material or particle in a manner which preserves the reactivity and stability of that secondary receptive material.
  • the secondary receptive material applied to the particle may be identical to, or matched to the receptive material immobilized on the test surface.
  • the combination of a secondary receptive material or binding reagent and additional material, whether a particle, an enzyme, or etc., forms a mass enhancement or signal generating reagent.
  • an optical assay that requires amplification consists of a substrate whose properties and characteristics are determined by the type of detection method used, an optional secondary optical material, an attachment layer, a layer of receptive material, and the mass enhancement reagent.
  • a general assay protocol requires that the sample suspected of containing the analyte of interest be processed through any treatment necessary, such as extraction of a cellular antigen, and then be mixed with the secondary or amplification reagent. An aliquot of this mixture is applied to the receptive material coated substrate. After an appropriate incubation period, the unbound material is separated from the reacted film by either a physical rinse/dry protocol or with a device contained rinse/dry step. The signal is then interpreted by eye or instrumentally.
  • the introduction of the secondary or amplification reagent can be achieved by addition of a reagent to the sample, as a lyophilized material in the sample collection or application device, or embedded in an assay device.
  • Useful polymers are conformal (film forming) and do not introduce a particulate character to the surface.
  • a wide variety of styrene-butadiene copolymers have found utility in agglutination assays, immunoassays, and chromatography applications.
  • the latexes commonly used are highly cross-linked, rigid copolymers. The most common use of latex particles in these applications is as the solid support for capture and separation of the desired analyte.
  • Styrene-butadiene copolymers with low cross-linking have been designated surface activators or film forming latex particles. These preparations behave as particles in solution but upon contact with a surface dry to a conformal film.
  • These film forming styrene-butadiene copolymers may contain a wide variety of functional binding groups.
  • Rigid polystyrene particles also have been used for signal generation by incorporation of a dye. These particles are simply an alternate method for the introduction of a tag or label for signal generation.
  • Use of colored or dyed latexes for agglutination assays and for membrane based assays have been extensively utilized (for a review see L.B. Bangs, American Clinical Laboratory News, May 1990). As in previous cases, the primary requirement for these particles is that they maintain their structure for visualization in agglutination assays and do not distort to block the pores of the membrane-based tests. While covalent attachment provides specific advantages with certain interacting species, passive adsorption of the receptive material to the latex is frequently adequate.
  • suitable amplifying film-forming latex particles requires the selection of a film-forming particle or surface activator compatible with the secondary reactive species and of sufficient size to increase the apparent thickness or density of the captured analyte.
  • the secondary reactive species may be immobilized on the surface activator particles by incubation at the appropriate temperature for a period of time.
  • the temperature selected will be influenced by the chemistry utilized to attach the secondary reactive species to the particle, the nature of the reactive species, and the composition of the particle. In addition to the temperature, length of incubation, and chemistry of immobilization, the buffer composition (pH and ionic strength), and the amount of secondary reactive material must also be optimized to the particular application.
  • the specific examples (14 and 15) given below are intended to be illustrative of the type of method(s) used for the production of the film-forming amplification reagent.
  • the conditions described are not intended as a limitation in the preparation of such amplification reagents.
  • the styrene/butadiene/vinyl copolymers are the preferred film forming latex compositions. However, any styrene/butadiene copolymer which maintains the film forming property is acceptable.
  • the functional group may be of any chemical composition which will support the adhesion or interaction of a secondary binding reagent, where the secondary binding reagent will specifically bind with the analyte of interest.
  • More conventional latex particles (referred to as S/B/V-CONH 2 , S/B/V-COOH, S/V-CONH 2 , S/R-NH 2 , S/HYDRAZIDE, S/V-COOH, S/B-COOH, S/B-CONH2, PS, S/VBC, S/A/V-COOH, PMMA-COOH, S/A-OH, S/R-OH, and S/R-SHO) have demonstrated some utility, but tend to produce a more diffuse signal than the film forming latexes.
  • Enzymes which are useful in the present invention include glucose oxidase, galactosidase peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase and the like. However, any process which provides a specific component which can be attached to a receptive material and can catalyze conversion of a substrate to a precipitated film product is suitable to this technology.
  • An insoluble reaction product results when immobilized antibody-antigen-antibody-HRP complex is present on the test surface.
  • the product is precipitated by the action of a precipitating agent such as combination of alginic acid, dextran sulfate, methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer, or carrageenan and the like, and with the product formed by the interaction of TMB (3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-benzidine) with an oxygen free radical.
  • a precipitating agent such as combination of alginic acid, dextran sulfate, methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer, or carrageenan and the like
  • TMB 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-benzidine
  • This particular substrate will form an insoluble product whenever a free radical contacts the TMB.
  • Other substances such as chloro-naphthol, diaminobenzidene tetrahydrochloride, aminoethyl-carbazole, orthophenylenediamine and the like can also be used. These are used in concentrations from about 10 to about 100
  • Fig. 6 there is a graphic representation of a cross-section of the multilayer device having a substrate upon whose upper surface, various layers are coated.
  • these layers include a layer of silicon nitride immediately adjacent to the upper optical substrate layer, an attachment layer such as a polymeric siloxane, and the receptive material, which for a bacterial antigen assay is an antibody.
  • Fig. 7 when the analyte is present, a complex with the enzyme-labeled antibody and analyte is simultaneously formed on the test surface. It is over this mass that the substrate is added to cause the product precipitate described to form.
  • the analyte of interest may be combined with the mass enhancing reagent and the immobilized receptive material either in a simultaneous or sequential addition process. Either mechanism results in the formation of an analyte/mass enhancement reagent complex which is immobilized on the test surface.
  • the mass enhancement reagent may be mixed directly with the sample. This mixture may then be applied to the reactive test surface and incubated for the required period. This is a simultaneous assay format.
  • nucleic acids are known to tightly bind or intercalate a number of materials, such as metals, and certain dyes. These materials would serve to introduce mass into a specifically immobilized nucleic acid.
  • the increase of the product layer may be determined by various means including a visual means or by the use of instrumentation, such as ellipsometry and where light intensity differentials are caused by the increased thickness.
  • instrumentation such as ellipsometry and where light intensity differentials are caused by the increased thickness.
  • the receptive material enzyme complex is thus capable of direct interaction with the analyte of interest and more particularly is evidence of an analyte, such as an antigen. This change is detectable by measuring the optical thickness and does not necessarily depend on any light reflectivity of the substrate material.
  • One such instrument is the Sagax Ellipsometer, described in U.S. Patents 4,332,476, 4,655,595, 4,647,207, and 4,558,012, which disclosures are incorporated in full and made a part hereof.
  • the simplest assay format is a single use, single sample device.
  • a more complicated device allows for a single sample to be screened for the presence of multiple analytes.
  • Additional devices allow multiple samples to be screened for a single analyte or batch testing.
  • the single use device provides an easy to use format which is adaptable to a wide range of assays, such as infectious disease testing, pregnancy or fertility testing, etc. Protocols for using these single test devices are very simple.
  • the sealed device is opened exposing the reactive test surface.
  • Sample is applied to the test surface and incubated for a short period of time, for example, 2 minutes.
  • the sample may or may not require pre-treatment, such as antigen extraction from bacteria, etc. Addition of a secondary reagent to the sample prior to application to the test surface may also be required. Once the incubation period is complete, the unreacted sample is removed with a water rinse. The device is blotted to dry the test surface.
  • the assay is complete or the assay may require additional incubation/wash/dry cycles.
  • the test device and protocol are well suited to physician office, clinical laboratory, home or field testing environments.
  • a protective shell is preferably provided around the device, e.g. , composed of polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene, or the like, which is readily formed into a molded or injection molded devices. Multi-analyte or multi-sample devices may be made of similar materials using similar processes.
  • a single use device may be packaged in any size of molded device, but in this example has a length of 1.74 inches and a width of 2.22 inches and a depth of 0.375 inches for the closed device.
  • the device is constructed of a base which will hold the test surface and an absorbent pad for retaining the wash solution and excess sample.
  • the device lid is designed to hold a blotter pad which will remove excess moisture from the test surface.
  • a thin sheet of plastic is attached to each portion of the device by a living hinge. The base and the lid of the device are joined by a living hinge.
  • any clasp or hinge combination which will allow multiple opening/closing cycles is acceptable.
  • the absorbent pad and blotter are placed in the device these covers are closed to secure the materials.
  • These plastic covers provide protection to the end-user by preventing exposure to the wash solution and excess sample contained within the absorbent materials.
  • the lid of the device may be designed with or without a clasp but it is preferred that a tight seal be obtained.
  • the device should be easily disposed of or of a convenient size for storage. All components of the device, except the reactive test surface, may be sterilized if required.
  • the upper blotter pad has several unique requirements.
  • the composite blotter material must be set in the lid of the device directly over the test surface. When the lid is closed and the rinsed test surface is contacted by the blotter pad, the test surface must compress into the blotter pad sufficiently to preferentially blot solution vertically away from the test surface.
  • the blotter pad may be mounted on a small plastic slide such that fresh, dry material is presented to the test surface for additional wash/dry steps.
  • the initial material in the blotter is selected to rapidly wick water vertically from the surface, i.e. , the paper has a high rate of absorption, while the subsequent materials have high absorptive capacity and will remove solution horizontally from the test surface.
  • the blotter material next to the surface must not shed or scratch the optical test surface. Whatman' s Grade lChr paper serves this function very well but alternate materials are acceptable'. Any highly absorbent material may be used as the additional layers in the blotter pad. Two additional pads in combination with the Grade 1Chr layer have been found to be optimal for a two stage drying process. The layers may be free or laminated together.
  • the slide supporting the blotting material has a handle for positioning fresh blotter over the test surface. This handle fits into openings in the protective shield over the base of the device to prevent the blotter from moving when it is contacting the test surface.
  • the reactive test surface is mounted on a pyramidal shaped pedestal which extends above the base of the device. Rinse solution flows over the test surface and down the faces of the pedestal where it is trapped in the adsorbent pad.
  • the pedestal also positions the test surface so that it is compressed into the blotting material when the lid is closed.
  • the test surface mounted on to the pedestal may range in size from 0.5 cm 2 to 1.0 cm 2 with 0.75 cm 2 being preferred.
  • the only limitation on the size of the test surface for an eye-visible assay is that some unreacted test surface be visible for contrasting to the reacted zone. As the interference color change or other signal produced for a positive response is permanent, the test device may be sealed and stored as a permanent record.
  • device 20 is formed of a readily moldable hard plastic material (with a clip 22) to prevent damage to the test surface present within the device, and to ensure appropriate alignment of components of the device.
  • the lower surface of the device is indented at indent 24 such that the test surface is raised relative to other internal components (as shown in Fig. 8F), in which a test surface 26 is raised on a pyramidal structure 28.
  • a hinge 30 is provided on the edge opposite clip 22 to allow raising and lowering of the upper half 32 of the device relative to the lower half 34.
  • test surface 26 is provided in lower half 34 of the device raised on a pyramid 28 as discussed above, such that liquid placed on surface 26 may flow from that surface and down pyramid 28 into an enclosed area beneath plate 36 which has an upper surface located at the same height as the containing wall 38.
  • Plate 36 is attached by a hinge 40 to one side 42 of lower half 34. Within plate 36 are provided two apertures 42 and 44.
  • Upper half 32 of the device is provided with a second plate 46 which is also attached by a hinge 48 to upper half 32 along one edge 50.
  • Two apertures 47 and 48 are provided within plate 46.
  • Beneath plate 46 is filter paper 52 along with a movable plate having a handle 56 which can be moved, as shown by arrow 58, from a position on the right hand side of aperture 48(1) to a left hand position within that aperture (II). Such movement causes movement of filter paper 52.
  • Beneath plate 36 is a thick filter pad (absorbent) 60 designed to absorb liquid passing from pyramid 28.
  • An aperture 62 is provided within plate 36 to allow plate 36 to fit over pyramid 28.
  • Beneath plate 46 is provided filter papers 52, 54 and 64. Filter papers 52, 54 and 64 are caused to move from the left to the right relative to hinge 48 by movement of handle 56 from position I to II in Fig. 8E as noted above.
  • Apertures 42 and 44 are provided within plate 36 to cooperate with handle 56 when it is in both position I and position II so that device 10 can be closed during use of the device.
  • the exposed level of filter paper 52 is such that when the device is closed the surface of filter paper 52 contacts the surface of test device 26, and absorbs liquid on that surface. Movement of handle 56 (and the attached plate 66) causes a new portion of filter paper 52 to be available for contact with test surface 26 when the device is closed again.
  • This device can be manufactured using standard procedures. Specifically, once the plastic molding has been formed, filter papers 52, 54 and 64 can be placed within the upper portion of the device and plate 46 secured over those papers to hold them within upper portion 32. Similarly, filter paper 60 can be secured within lower portion 34 by securing plate 36. Both plates 36 and 46 are provided with a plurality of small extrusions along their edges (not shown) which are adapted to mate with a lip portion 68 and 70, respectively, to hold those plates in place. Also provided is a shelf 72 within upper portion 32 to allow plate 46 to rest on the shelf, and to allow movement of filter papers 52, 54 and 64 within the inner.space 74. No such shelf is necessary in lower portion 34 since the filter material is relatively thick, and no movement of that filter is required. Test surface 26 is readily attached to pyramid 28 by adhesive, or other means.
  • step 1 a sample is obtained and treated in an appropriate manner to prepare for application to the test surface. Such application is performed with the device open.
  • step 2 the sample is allowed to incubate so that any analyte present in the sample can react with the receptor layer.
  • step 3 the sample is washed from the test surface and the excess liquid allowed to flow into the filter below the pyramid holding the test device.
  • step 4 the device is closed and latched so that the filter may blot the test surface.
  • step 5 an appropriate substrate is added, allowed to incubate and then again rinsed as above. At this point, the upper filter material is moved from position I to II, and the device again closed to allow the test surface to be dried. At this point, the device is again opened and the result can be read.
  • a device which will examine a single sample for multiple analytes incorporates many of the features of the single use device.
  • the device's first position exposes a number of test surfaces, each uniformly coated with a different receptive material.
  • the device has the test protocol imprinted on the upper surface to assist the end user. Any number of test surfaces may be mounted into the device, but five independent assays are very easily accommodated.
  • Sample is applied to each of the test surfaces and incubated. Following the incubation period the test surfaces are rinsed with water. The test surfaces are mounted over a sloping trough which will drain the rinse solution and excess sample into an adsorbent pad in the bottom of the device.
  • the lid is lifted and advanced to a second position. This brings a blotter pad into contact with each test surface to dry them as described in the single use device.
  • the lid is lifted and the test surfaces are exposed once again.
  • the device is easily extended to accommodate the required number of steps. This type of device would be particularly useful for screening patients for drugs of abuse, allergy screening, meningitis screening, sexually transmitted diseases, TORCH panels, and the like.
  • the test protocol is fairly simple and would be well suited to physician office, clinical or reference laboratory testing. Field use would be possible when urine or whole blood is the sample to be screened.
  • each reactive test surface was presented in the device as a separate 0.75 cm 2 test piece uniformly coated with receptive material. It is possible to apply each receptive material in discrete lines or spots across the surface of a test piece. The test device would then approach the size of a single use device.
  • the living hinged lid would contain ports which are positioned precisely above each test surface mounted on a pedestal.
  • the wash solution and excess sample could be collected in an absorbent pad surrounding each pedestal or could flow through a porous solid pedestal support to a reservoir below.
  • the optical substrate or support may be cut to any size desired, thus, the reactive test piece may be any size required.
  • a uniformly coated test.surface could be of sufficient size that a standard microtiter well format could be designed.
  • the wells provide a reservoir for sample application without cross contamination and exploit existing EIA assay automation technologies.
  • the test device could be a simple plate, of any size, spotted with receptive material at pre-set x,y coordinates such that sample application is driven off of these coordinates. Cross-contamination between samples could be controlled by hydrophobic wells surrounding the reactive zones, other types of physical barriers, or by microspot sampling techniques.
  • Batch testing surfaces may be dried using a blotter design, a heat lamp or other such device, or may include a forced air or nitrogen drying method. Sample residue and contaminated rinse solution could be drained into a reservoir where it is treated prior to disposal. Or the excess sample and rinse solution could be drawn into a sealed section of the test device.
  • Batch or multi-sample devices may be designed in qualitative, semi-quantitative, or quantitative testing formats.
  • Surfaces for batch testing may be any size. The size will be determined by the number of controls and samples' to be performed in a single assay. Automated sample handling devices and sample application devices will impact test surface size. Automated sample handling and batch testing applications include screening blood for blood banks, as well as those for clinical and reference laboratories. These laboratories may require high volume, limited testing menus; high volume, large testing menus; or low volume, large testing menus. The flexibility in test surface design allows all of these requirements to be met with a single optical detection method. Additional sample handling and test device manipulation may be required to increase the volume of samples or the number of tests performed.
  • a multi-test device This specific example is designed to test for the presence of E. coli, Streptococcus B, Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenza and N. meningitidis.
  • this device is constructed with a plurality of test devices, namely five test devices, 100, 102, 104, 106 and 108.
  • the device has an upper slidable cover 110; a lower shelf portion 112 which includes a large thick filter material 114 which is removable from section 112 by use of a wire loop 116.
  • Upper cover is provided with three series of five apertures 120, 122 and 124 and with a large rectangular aperture 126.
  • On its under surface are provided two absorbent wipes 128 and 130 formed of a filter material, and adhesively bonded to the lower surface of cover 110.
  • General indicia may also be provided on the surface of cover as shown at 146, 148 and 150.
  • a series of three cylindrical extensions extending approximately 4 mm from the inner surface of cover 110, labeled 132, 134, 136, 138, 140 and 142.
  • the cylindrical extensions are adapted to mate with spaces 152 provided in the lower portion of portion 112 such that each row of apertures in the upper cover can be specifically positioned over the test devices or other indicia in lower portion 112, as desired. This movement is shown generally in Fig. 9B by arrows 154 and 156.
  • Lower portion 112 is further provided with an aperture 158 located to allow excess liquid on test surfaces 100, 102, 104, 106 and 108 to drain within portion 112 and to be absorbed by filter 114.
  • Lower portion 112 is further provided with a series of instructions shown as 160 which are revealed in turn as cover 110 is moved in a stepwise fashion as dictated by the mating of cylindrical extensions 132, 134, 136, 138, 140 and 142 relative to spaces 152 along slidable portion 164 so that the user of the device has an indication of what step is needed to perform an assay.
  • the upper and lower portions are constructed such that the filter paper 128, 130 is caused to contact the surface of each test device at an appropriate time in the assay procedure.
  • a sample is collected and appropriate reagents mixed with it.
  • the sample is then applied to each test device and that device is moved one notch (i.e ., one cylindrical extension is moved along arrow 156 to the next available space 152) so that the test surface is available for such application.
  • the surface is again moved such that first filter material 130 is in contact with the test surfaces.
  • the test surfaces are washed and that wash solution allowed to drain through aperture 158 to filter 114.
  • the device After blotting, the device is again moved one notch to allow access to the test surfaces and substrate is applied. Once more, after appropriate incubation time, these surfaces are washed, with the wash solution draining to filter 114. The upper surface is then moved one more notch so that filter 128 contacts the test surfaces. One more movement of the two surfaces relative to one another allows reading of the results.
  • aperture 126 indicates the step that must be taken by the user, and thus prevents incorrect use of the device.
  • Fig. 12 is a diagrammatic representation of a three batch sampling concepts.
  • the first device (upper part of Fig. 12) includes an optically active, analyte reactive test surface #1 prepared as previously described.
  • the test surface #1 is fused or glued to a plastic device #2 which will create individual sample wells #3.
  • the final device will be configured and handled in precisely the same fashion as a 96 well microtiter plate. This configuration of the test surface #1 could be easily adapted to any commercially available microtiter based, handling system.
  • the second configuration for batch testing is a device very similar to the single use device and would be particularly useful in quick panel screening assays (see middle of Fig. 12).
  • the device in configured to include a lid #1 which is hingedly attached by a hinge #7 to a bottom container #5.
  • Bottom container #5 holds an absorbent #6 material to contain the excess sample and wash solution.
  • Lid #1 contains a blotter #2 which is used to dry test surface #4 in the assay protocol.
  • the test surfaces are mounted on a pedestal #3 to facilitate the washing process.
  • Protective coverings #8 and #9 hold blotter #2 and absorbent #6 in place within the device.
  • the third concept is an optically active, analyte reactive test surface #1 which contains reactive areas represented by #2 (see bottom of Fig. 12).
  • the reactive area #2 may be created by spot coating, by selective inactivation of the receptive layer, or physical barriers between reactive areas.
  • the samples are applied to the reactive areas (#2) and then the rinse solution and excess sample flows out through the drainage port #3.
  • test surfaces can be made as a series of longitudinal strips with filter material on either or both longitudinal edges, and arranged to fit within a 96-well configuration.
  • an instrument can be used to detect analyte binding.
  • One such instrument is the Sagax Ellipsometer (see, U.S. Patents 4,332,476, 4,655,595, 4,647,207 and 4,558,012, which disclosures are incorporated in full herein and made a part hereof).
  • Alternate instruments suited to this technology include traditional null ellipsometers, thin film analyzers (see Fig. 14), profilometers, polarimeter, etc. If the interference film is included in the test surface construction, then a simple reflectometer (see Fig. 14) is adequate for quantitation.
  • FIG. 13 there is shown a prior art method for detecting interaction of a light with a test surface.
  • two polarizers were provided to allow such detection.
  • #1 corresponds to the white light source used in this prior art instrument.
  • a standard halogen lamp is used to generate the polychromatic light.
  • the light is incident on the polarizer at position #2, and is then linearly polarized.
  • the linearly polarized light then impinges on the reference surface #3 which is at 70° with respect to the test surface #4.
  • the linearly polarized light is reflected from the reference surface (#3) as elliptically polarized light.
  • the light then impinges the test surface (#4) and is reflected to the second polarizer at position #5.
  • test surface (#4) inverts the s- and p-components of the elliptically polarized light.
  • the polarizers at position #2 and #5 are matched and #5 is rotated 90° relative to #2.
  • Light which is reflected from the test surface #4 which matches that reflected from the reference surface #3, will pass through polarizer #5 and be completely extinguished at the detector (#6). If there are any differences in the surface properties of surfaces #4 and #3, then some residual ellipticity will cause an increase in intensity to be measured at the detector #6.
  • Such an instrument which is useful for analysis of thin films and changes in film characteristics is the Comparison Ellipsometer described in U.S. Patents 4,332,476, 4,655,595 and 4,647,207.
  • the optical pathway of such instruments is shown in Fig. 13, as discussed above.
  • This instrument can use a reference surface with a wedge of thicknesses across the surface. If thickness values are scribed onto the wedge, the thickness of a test surface may be determined relative to the wedge. The test surface thickness equals the wedge thickness at the point where light is extinguished at the detector.
  • the instrument operates on the basis of comparing the degree of elliptical polarization, caused by the reflection of plane polarized polychromatic light, between two surfaces.
  • Incident polychromatic light is collimated and plane polarized.
  • the polarized light is reflected at an oblique angle from the reference surface, which is a reflective substrate with similar or identical optical characteristics to that of the test piece.
  • the reflected light is then elliptically polarized as a result of reflection.
  • the elliptically polarized light then reflects from the test surface.
  • the test surface and reference surface are arranged perpendicular to one another such that after reflection from the test surface, the light is once again plane polarized where the test and reference surfaces are optically identical.
  • the light retains some elliptical character.
  • the ellipticity is a function of the refractive index and the thickness differences.
  • a second polarizer is then used to filter the light, and removes the plane polarized light corresponding to identical films.
  • An increase in ellipticity will result in greater light transmission through the second polarizer.
  • a change in thickness or refractive index is transformed into a change in light intensity which may then be measured using conventional techniques.
  • the Comparison Ellipsometer is designed to allow broad field measurements. This feature allows simultaneous measurement of the entire reaction zone. Therefore, measurement errors do not arise because of nonhomogeneous binding or reaction patterns.
  • a more useful reference surface is one which is uniform.
  • the reference surface must also contain the optical thin film coating. This additional coating is not required for the instrumented analysis.
  • the reference standard should be approximately 50 to 100 ⁇ thinner than the test surface, substrate, attachment layer, and receptive material. If these two surfaces are too closely matched, then a small change in thickness or mass will result in only a small increase in intensity relative to the original background intensity. The change in intensity for small thickness changes is dramatically increased when the background intensity is above a certain minimum or is sufficiently bright.
  • FIG. 14 there are shown two devices in which a thin film can be analyzed either with a single photodiode, an array, or a CCD detector array, or with a reflectometer a photomultiplier detector.
  • the detector may be mounted where the eyepiece is located in the original instrument. It may also be mounted at 90° to the side of the light path by incorporation of a partially silvered mirror or beamsplitter set at 45° to reflect a portion of light to a detector, and the rest to the eyepiece for visual alignment of samples. If the mirror is inserted into the optical path, the spot intensity reaching the detector will be only a fraction of the light available. If the detector is directly in the optical pathway without a mirror, 100% of the sample intensity reaches the detector. When a beamsplitter and eyepiece are included in the apparatus, if care is not taken, stray light can be introduced which degrades the optical signal incident on the detector.
  • a photodiode array may be programmed to dedicate individual photodiodes to measure the intensity of reaction zones or spots, while other photodiode arrays measure the background, or control zones. Simultaneous measurement of the spot intensity and the background intensity allows each reading to be accurately corrected for test surface background.
  • a linear array may only measure along one, pre-set axis of the sample spot depending on the size and resolution available in the arrays.
  • the matrix array could measure the entire reacted spot plus background.
  • the instrument may also be modified to include a variable magnification function or a zoom to allow different spots to fill the photodiode without capturing any background signal.
  • FIG. 14a The thin film analyzer of the present invention uses a monochromatic light source #1. If the light is not sufficiently linearly polarized, then a polarizer at position #2 is used to polarize the light. Polarizer #2 must be positioned to allow the maximum intensity of light to pass through to the test surface #3. By off-setting the initial polarizer a component of light polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence, in addition to the light polarized parallel to that plane, is allowed to interact with the surface. Light impinges the test surface #3 at an angle which is sufficiently removed from Brewster's angle, between 50 and 75 degrees off the normal.
  • the polarizer/detector is set at the same angle from the normal as the incident light source relative to the test surface.
  • the polarizer is set from 2° to 15° above the setting which aligns the polarizers for total extinction of light. Incident angles of 30° to 40° off the normal provide adequate resolution of very dilute samples, but may not provide sufficient range for all applications.
  • the second polarizer, or analyzer polarizer cannot adequately minimize the background signal when the light is incident on the surface at angles greater than 65°. However, the dynamic range is sufficient to allow for electronic reduction in the background signal.
  • the light is reflected from the test surface #3 through the polarizer/analyzer combination at position #4 prior to being measured at the detector #5.
  • the detector may be a single photodiode or a photodiode array.
  • a blank test surface is placed in the sample position and used to align the second polarizer.
  • the second polarizer should be positioned at an angle with respect to the first polarizer such that it is a few degrees off the minimum (maximum extinction of light through to the detector).
  • the background of the test surface produces a low detectable signal, but the change in light intensity is now a function of the change in thickness. See Example 26.
  • the reflectometer (Fig. 14b) is a very simple instrument which allows measurement of a color change or a change in intensity.
  • a standard halogen light source is used at position #1 . This will provide polychromatic light.
  • the light source #1 is positioned relative to the test surface #2 such that the maximum intensity of the incident light impinges the test surface #2.
  • the detector #3 may be a photomultiplier and the like. The angle with which the light impinges the test surface #2 determines the angle at which the detector #3 is placed relative to that surface #2.
  • a semi-reflective mirror was introduced between the zoom and the ocular at 45°.
  • a reticle of an ellipse within the ocular, suitably positioned in the middle of the field and in focus was set a reticle of an ellipse. The reticle was selected to match an average sample spot size.
  • the distance from the center of the mirror to the reticle is the same as from the center of the mirror to the mask.
  • the mirror was mounted by adjusting screws so that the image seen within the reticle would be identical to the image appearing within the mask.
  • a photosensitive cell arranged to only read the light which passes through the mask and therefore from the selected image.
  • the semi-reflective mirror is of a thickness such that a secondary image appears from the second surface. This is eliminated by using a suitably coated thin mylar membrane as the beamsplitter.
  • a constant light source white light or monochromatic, is provided by using a power supply that has feedback capabilities.
  • a photoresistor is mounted inside the original instrument's lamp house/heat sink which monitors the light output of the lamp. If the light output changes a corresponding resistance change occurs, thereby affecting the current/voltage sent to the lamp.
  • the power supply is set to deliver +15 V DC to the lamp while the photoresistor is disconnected. When the photoresistor is connected, it maintains the light output at the level that is produced with a +15V source.
  • a constant light source is required if the instrument is to be used for quantitation.
  • the instrument may also be modified with a BNC port that will enable the output of the photodiode detector amplifier to output to an A/D converter board in a computer or other dedicated device.
  • the dedicated device or computer reads the input signal, designates/names and stores the input, manipulates the named input, i.e., conducts statistical analyses, etc., and prints the input data and any other desired calculations derived from the input.
  • Fig. 15 is a diagrammatic representation of a modification of the prior art instrument shown in Fig. 13.
  • a constant power source is used at position #1.
  • the power source supplies both the white light source #2 and the detector #12.
  • the white light source is a standard halogen lamp and provides polychromatic light.
  • the light passes through a polarizer at position #3 and is linearly polarized.
  • Polarizer #6 is matched and crossed relative to the polarizer at position #3.
  • the reference surface #4 and the test surface. #5 are as previously discussed. In this instrument, when light passes through polarizer #6 it then impinges a beam splitter at position #7.
  • This beam splitter splits the light such that a portion is received at the detector #12 and a portion is received at a CCD camera at position #11.
  • CCD #11 allows the user to locate and position the test surface #5 in the center of the instrument's field of view.
  • the light which is split to the detector impinges a mask at position #9.
  • the mask is matched to the reticle at position #10 such that when the sample spot on the test surface #5 is precisely centered in the reticle #10, the light which passes through the mask #9 to the detector #12 is reflected only from the sample spot.
  • a zoom at position #8 assists in the positioning of the sample spot relative to the reticle.
  • the optical path used for the comparison instruments described above are larger than desired for a number of applications. It is possible to reduce the optical path with the following modifications. Because light emitted from a laser source (gas laser or laserdiode), is already collimated and polarized, the collimating lens system can be simplified or eliminated. A linear polarizer is placed very close to the light source. This polarizer may not be necessary because the laser is often polarized.
  • the reference surface is placed at 60°-70° relative to the sample surface. The planes of incidences of the reference and sample surfaces are orthogonal to each other.
  • the analyzer polarizer is oriented so that maximum extinction occurs for two identical surfaces placed at the reference and sample positions.
  • Polarizers are placed with their faces perpendicular to the light beam. Any suitably small detector and electronics may be used for signal collection, handling, and storage. For high accuracy, polarizers should supply greater than 10 5 extinction, see Figure 16. Polarizers are built into the face of the light source and detector and are not labeled on the figure.
  • the thin analyzer eliminates the reference surface requirements of the previous instrument and is easier to reduce in size.
  • the comparison based instruments require that a specific reference surface be designed for each type of test surface to be used. This limits the range of optical substrates and optical thin films which are compatible'with a given instrument, unless means for changing the reference surface is provided.
  • This new instrument easily accommodates any combination of thin film and optical substrate using a simple adjustment of the analyzer.
  • the instrument may provide better thickness resolution.
  • This instrument and the modified Comparison Ellipsometer may be powered with a 9V battery or other rechargeable power supply. This prototype supplies an increase in numerical aperture, image brightness and focus. This allows a much higher level of magnification to be used which is important for work with smaller spot sizes. Samples may also be applied much closer to one another than is possible with the Comparison Ellipsometer.
  • Fig. 16 is a diagrammatic representation of an improvement in the prior art instrument of Fig. 13.
  • a monochromatic light source #1 is used.
  • a compact laser is used.
  • a polarizer is positioned immediately adjacent the light source at position #1.
  • the lens system used in the prior art instrument to supply visual inspection of the test surface #4 in Fig. 13 is eliminated which allows a decrease in the total optical pathway to be achieved.
  • the test surface rests and is positioned with the sample platform at position #2. Light impinges the reference surface #3 and is elliptically polarized as discussed for the prior art instrument of Fig. 13. The light reflects from the reference surface #3 to the test surface positioned on the sample platform #2.
  • a small electronics control unit (#4) is incorporated to supply a constant power source and to control the detector #5.
  • a single photolode is used as the detector #5.
  • the dial at position #6 is used to move the sample platform #2 and controls the position of the test surface.
  • the sample platform #2 has pre-determined stops which will align a sample spot with the detector #5.
  • the sample spot is positioned and the detector #5 masked such that only signal from the sample spot is measured by the detector.
  • a second polarizer is placed immediately in front of the detector #5.
  • optically active substrates, or solid supports can address is a reflective fluorescence method.
  • the fluorescence may be generated in an immunoassay, an enzyme assay, a nucleic acid assay in a homogeneous, heterogeneous, competitive, or direct format. Signal generation is not dependent on the film thickness in this method, however, the method does double the pathlength of the exciting incident light as well as improves the collection efficiency at the detector.
  • the optically active substrate, or solid support may be any polished reflective material, such as a silicon wafer.
  • the exciting light passes once through the sample, see Figure 17.
  • excitation of the fluorescent species occurs at the point of incidence and at the reflection point.
  • emission fluorescence
  • emission is detected 90 degrees off the axis of excitation, even though fluorescent radiation is emitted in all directions, primarily to simplify the detector design.
  • excitation energy should not be allowed to strike the detector.
  • Gratings are frequently used with the excitation source, and the maximum fluorescence may not be shifted far enough to be distinguished from the excitation wavelength. This is required to reduce the effects from the high intensity excitation source and scattering from the solution and the cell walls.
  • the detector and the incident light are at equal angles from the normal.
  • British patent GB 2 065 298 A describes a fluorescent assay which uses a reflective metal substrate generated by an evaporation process.
  • the capture layer uses a specifically reactive biological particle for the binding of analyte and then a third biological species which is bound to the fluorescent label.
  • the metal substrate is positioned to redirect the exciting particle toward a trap (multiple reflections) and away from the detector.
  • This patent positions the photon counting system a distance from the substrate to allow the exciting particles to be reflected by the metal surface toward a dark enclosure.
  • the enclosure will absorb all the photons that hit it which reduces the noise at the detector, while more induced signal from the substrate will travel to the photon counting system due to the reflection.
  • the analyte is reacted in a humid incubation.
  • the attachment layer may be selected from any of the following chemicals: dendrimers, star polymers, molecular self-assembling polymers, polymeric siloxanes, and film forming latexes.
  • the method for production of these surfaces is described in Example 5.
  • the reflective substrate or support may be selected from monocrystalline silicon, glass/amorphous silicon composite, a metal, a ceramic, polycrystalline silicon, a plastic/amorphous silicon composite, and composites of these materials. Methods for the production of these materials is described above. This method doubles the excitation pathlength without doubling the volume of sample.
  • a material anti-reflective to the exciting light eliminates the noise frequently associated with fluorescent methods but still allows excitation because extinction occurs at the air/film interface only.
  • Suitable materials include silicon nitride, silicon/silicon dioxide composites, silicon oxynitride, titanium dioxide, titanates, diamond, oxides of zirconium, and silicon carbide.
  • the material and the thickness of the material are selected to suppress light of the exciting wavelength.
  • the exciting wavelength selected is dependent on the specific dye (fluorophore) or label used. These materials are produced as described above. Steeper angles of incident excitation help reduce the amount of exciting light which reaches the detector.
  • Fluorescent molecules such as xanthene dyes which includes fluoresceins, rhodamines, and rosamines are suited to this application.
  • amino and carboxylic acid or isothiocyanate substitutes of these dyes are also suitable.
  • Napthylamines such as 1-dimethylaminonapthyl - 5 - sulfonate, 1 - anilino - 8 - napthalene sulfonate, and 2 - p - toluidinyl- 6 - napthelene sulfonate are also useful. Conjugation protocols for these compounds to biological molecules are well known to those skilled in the art.
  • the label may be attached to a secondary antibody, to an enzyme substrate, to a nucleic acid probe, or any' suitably selective and specific receptive material for the analyte of interest.
  • the optically active or reflective support with or without the optical coating or AR film, would be coated with a suitable polymer.
  • the polymer layer would then be coated with a receptive material specific to the analyte of interest, i.e., an antibody.
  • the biologically reactive, reflective substrate would be contacted with a sample suspected of containing the analyte of interest and incubated for a period of time sufficient to bind the analyte to the surface.
  • the analyte may be mixed with the secondary receptive material labeled with the fluorescent material simultaneous with contact to the surface or sequentially. In either case, the label is then immobilized to the surface through the analyte bridge.
  • the immobilized label is exposed to the exciting light source and the detector will measure the level of fluorescence.
  • the amount of fluorescence may be measured directly, inversely, or indirectly related to the concentration of the analyte of interest. Similar schemes for detection of enzyme activity or nucleic acids maybe readily derised by those skilled in the art.
  • the light source and the detector can be selected from any combination of standard fluorescent optical components.
  • GBS Group B Streptococcus
  • Streptococcus agalactiae is the leading cause of neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality.
  • Neonatal infections include sepsis and meningitis, while post-partum the organism causes endometritis, chorioamnionitis, and sepsis.
  • the early-onset disease occurs between birth and the following week. The disease is characterized by respiratory distress, sepsis, and shock. There are between 1.9 to 3.7 cases per 1, 000 live births in the U.S. alone, with a mortality rate of 26% to 50%, and 30% of the infected infants developing meningitis. Of the latter group, 50% will suffer permanent neurological damage.
  • Infection with GBS accounts for approximately 2,000 neonatal deaths per year and is estimated to cost the U.S. alone over $500 million per year in health care. Direct correlation of maternal cervical/vaginal carriage of GBS and infant infection has been demonstrated.
  • GBS also causes a late onset disease that occurs within the first 3 months following birth.
  • the illnesses in these cases are characterized by central nervous system disorders, meningitis, and bacteremia. There is an approximately 20% mortality rate for infants with these diseases.
  • Maternal colonization is primarily cervical/vaginal and anorectal. Between 5% and 30% of pregnant women will be colonized with GBS. Maternal colonization may account for preterm delivery, prolonged labor, premature membrane rupture, intrapartum fever, low birth weights, as well as the early-onset diseases. Treatment of the mother, pre-delivery, greatly improves the neonatal outcome and can eliminate the vertical transmission of GBS. However, diagnosis of maternal GBS colonization and subsequent-treatment may not eliminate vertical transmission if the diagnosis/therapeutic program is to early in the pregnancy due to frequent recolonization of the mother. Early diagnosis does identify neonates that may be at risk for GBS infection. But there is a documented need for the rapid, sensitive and accurate diagnosis of GBS at the time of delivery. If such a diagnostic tool were available, prophylactic treatment of the mother could begin at'the onset of delivery and for the infant at birth. This has been demonstrated to singificantly reduce the risk to the neonate.
  • GBS consists of 5 serotypes. These are designated Ia, Ib, Ic, II, and III. All 5 serotypes have been implicated in clinical infections. All 5 serotypes contain a group specific polysaccharide which is unique, in addition, they also contain antigens which uniquely identify the serotype. As the group specific polysaccharide identifies all the serotypes, this antigen has been the focus of immunological methods for the identification of GBS. The "gold standard" for GBS diagnosis remains culture identification. This process can require between 24 and 72 hours for accurate identification of GBS. High risk pregnancies frequently complete delivery long before the culture results are available.
  • WO 9219969 describes an assay for GBS where the solid support is coated with a monoclonal antibody which specifically interacts with one epitope of the group B specific polysaccharide, the trirhamanose epitope.
  • a polyclonal antibody specific to a mono-rhamnose epitope is conjugated to a signal generating label.
  • the analytical sensitivity of the method is set at 3 x 10 4 cells. Sensitivity is only obtained through the stringent selectivity of the capture agent. The method concentrates only on the dominant epitopes of GBS.
  • the "antigen capture agent has an affinity for specifically binding to trirhamnose epitope of GBS polysaccharide antigen" and this antigen capture agent is further characterized as " being able to interact with the trirhamnose epitope in an exclusive or at least dominant fashion such that any interaction between this capture agent and other components of group B streptococcus polysaccharide antigen is at the very least low or negligible ( i.e. , the interaction with the trirhamnose epitope is specific enough for the purposes of detection and/or diagnosis of GBS polysaccharide antigen or GBS infection)".
  • the assay requires that the swab be placed in a receptacle coated with the antigen capture agent.
  • the receptacle has a very high area/volume ratio. Antigen is extracted from the swab using an acid extraction protocol requiring 5 to 20 minutes. Buffer containing Tris and Tween is then added and the swab removed. An antigen marker agent is added and the mixture incubated for an additional 10 to 15 minutes. The receptacle is then thoroughly washed, and a substrate added for 10 to 20 minutes. The reaction is then stopped and the result read by spectrophotometry.
  • the method for detection of GBS described in the current application achieves the sensitivity required in under 30 minutes.
  • the test result is easy to interpret and is suited to bedside or delivery room use.
  • the optical test surface of this invention provides improved sensitivity due to the unique attachment layer and works well with any group specific polyclonal or monoclonal antibody.
  • the antibodies do not need to exhibit different epitope specificity to achieve the clinical sensitivity needed.
  • Antibody preparations which are a combination of varying specificities and affinities for the GBS antigen work well on both sides of a sandwich format. However, antibodies with differing epitope specificities are useful in the current invention.
  • Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular organism which must be cultured in living cells, i.e. , tissue culture. Chlamydia has 15 serovars and primarily causes human ocular and genital diseases such as trachoma, conjunctivitis, lymphogranuloma, venereum, non-gonococcal urethritis, and proctitis. There are approximately 3-4 million cases of Chlamydia in the U.S. annually. Only very specialized laboratories can successfully culture Chlamydia but the yields are low and contamination problems are high. Storage conditions effect the viability of the organism for culture.
  • the recommended culture protocol involves inoculating cycloheximide treated McCoy cells, a blind passage, and fluorescent staining of the inclusion bodies. Vortexing and sonication of the sample prior to inoculation increases the positive culture yield. Sampling should include cells and mucus surrounding the sampling site.
  • Gram negative bacteria also produce organism specific lipopolysaccharides (LPS) similar to the one produced by Chlamydia. Detection and identification of the organism may be made based on the immunological reactions of this antigen. Organism specific polysaccharides may also be useful. Gram negative bacteria include but are not limited to Chlamydia psittaci, E.
  • coli Pseudomonas fluorescence, Azotobacter vinelandii, Aerobacter aerogenes, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Treponema pallidus; Micrococcus pyogenes, Shigella, Hydrogenomonas species, Salmonella, Hemophilus influenza, Campylobacter, Heliobacter , and Legionella .
  • U.S. Patent 4,497,899 describes an assay based on the non-specific adsorption of antigen to a bare solid support such as silica, silicone, glass, metals, or plastic beads. There is no chemical or immunological binding of the antigen to the solid support.
  • the assay protocol involves mixing the beads with sample which has been lysed to liberate the antigen. Following adsorption of the antigen to the beads, the beads are rinsed and transferred to a new carrier. An antibody specific to the Chlamydia antigen is added and incubated for a period of time, and then the beads are rinsed. Another antibody specific to the anti-Chlamydia antibody which is conjugated to the signal generating label is then mixed with the bead and incubated, followed by a rinse step, and then incubation with the substrate.
  • U.S. Patent 4,497,900 describes an assay for Neisseria gonorrhoea using a bare solid support for non-specific antigen adsorption.
  • the solid support is a bare, untreated, uncoated support preferably of a hydrocarbon polymer, polystyrene, silica, silicone, glass, or metals.
  • U.S. Patent 4,959,303 describes a method for the detection of gram negative bacteria.
  • the solid support used is free of any specific binding proteins, and is essentially protein free.
  • the solid support is a bare, hydrophobic support which may possess a positive charge.
  • the assay protocol requires that the antigen be mixed with an anti-Chlamydia antibody which is non-specifically captured on the surface.
  • An antibody specific to the anti-Chlamydia antibody and is conjugated to the signal generator is then added, followed by substrate, and then detection.
  • the support maybe any bibulous, non-porous water insoluble material.
  • U.S. Patent 5,030,561 modifies the above approaches by using an amidine modified latex particle or polystyrene as the solid support.
  • the antigen adheres to the support non-specifically and the particles are used for separation of the solid phase from the liquid phase through filtration.
  • the membranes used in the filtration process must be washed with surfactant and casein prior to their use in the assay. Substrate visualization occurs at the membrane.
  • U:S. Patent 5,047,325 details a method for the detection of Chlamydial and Gonococcal antigens using a bare or coated solid support which is positively charged.
  • Suitable solid supports include glass, cellulose, and certain polymers.
  • the positive charge is preferably a quaternary salt which will maintain its charge over a wide pH range.
  • the support provides an additional source of non-specific antibody capture which must be eliminated by washing the surface with a cationic surfactant. Samples must be pre-filtered to remove cell-debris.
  • U.S. Patent 5,075,220 uses a polymeric support with cationic surface groups to assist in an ionic interaction of the LPS antigen with the solid support.
  • the support should be free of any antibody or other biological compound prior to reaction with the antigen.
  • Chlamydia assay uses a solid support coated with a polymeric siloxane which creates a hydrophobic surface capable of non-specifically capturing LPS or similar antigens.
  • This approach will work for identification of any LPS source.
  • a low amount of non-specific biological material either antibody or other protein, is coated onto the hydrophobic surface prior to antigen capture.
  • This additional coating process may also be of use in assays which use EIA, FIA, or RIA detection techniques.
  • the non-specific biological layer promotes uniform adhesion of the precipitating substrate system. Any system which relies on the combination of a solid support, particularly a hydrophobic support, with a precipitating substrate system could benefit from this observation.
  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus a myxovirus
  • RSV Respiratory Syncytial Virus
  • a myxovirus is associated with severe lower respiratory tract illness in infants and children.
  • RSV usually causes a mild, afebrile, upper respiratory tract infection.
  • the organism In the first six months of childhood, the organism is responsible for 32 to 75% of all bronchiolitis and 3 to 39 % of pneumonia. These illnesses are often life threatening.
  • the organism has also been associated with other types of acute febrile respiratory diseases, such as bronchitis and pharyngitis.
  • the organism may be detected in nasal/pharyngeal secretions by culturing the sample prior to any freezing or exposure to elevated temperatures.
  • the sample is used to inoculate HeLa or Hep2 cells and requires 3 to 14 days to obtain a result.
  • RSV outbreaks occur in late fall/early winter and late winter/early spring and last 3 to 5 months per episode.
  • An early viral diagnosis allows physicians to infer patient prognosis and confirms the etiology of respiratory diseases.
  • Three types of diagnostics have been used for confirmation of viral illness. First, culture isolation followed by a confirmation protocol. Second, serological assays for the detection of host response to the viral infection, and third, direct viral antigen detection.
  • Culture methods for RSV involve collection of a specimen and mixing the specimen with glass beads. Tracheal secretions and bronchoalveolar lavage specimens are routinely used. The beads are used to disrupt the specimen cells by sonication or vortexing to disperse the virus into the transport media. An aliquot of this is used to inoculate the cell cultures. Confirmation tests used include complement fixation and neutralization.
  • Serological assays rely on host response to the virus, i.e., rely on IgG production. However, the IgG may not be produced for two or more weeks and may persist for months to years following infection which complicates diagnosis.
  • Direct antigen detection methods are more diagnostic of active infection, but for RSV are significantly less sensitive than culture/confirmation techniques. Direct detection methods have included immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, ELISA, and culture.
  • the Human Immunodeficiency Virus has several characteristic markers including gp41, gp160, gp120, p66, p24, and p18.
  • the p24 peptide is one of 4 nucleocapsid proteins comprising the core of HIV-I and has a molecular weight of 24,000 daltons.
  • the selective infectivity of the HIV virus is accounted for by the gp120 antigen, while gp41 is required for viral entry into the host cell.
  • Current screening assays rely on detection of host response, i.e., antibody production, to one or more of these markers. Existing immunoassay methods do not provide sufficient sensitivity for direct antigen detection.
  • the CDC recommends at least 2 positive bands including p24, gp41, and gp160/120, while the FDA recommends that p24, p31, gp41, and/or gp120/160 be positive to report a positive result.
  • the current application provides a suitable optical platform for the detection of host response to one or more of the HIV specific antigens.
  • Antigens may be presented on the surface in combination or individually.
  • Hepatitis C was designated non - A, non - B. Recently, a non - A, non - B like hepatitis has been postulated. Hepatitis A and E are transmitted by the fecal/oral route and cause acute infections. Hepatitis B, C, and D are transmitted by the parenteral route and cause both acute and chronic infections. HCV is responsible for most post-transfusion hepatitis. Many HBV infected individuals are asymptomatic and are infective. HBV infection has been linked with liver cirrhosis and cancer. A review of the serological diagnosis of hepatitis is presented in Postgraduate Medicine, volume 92, pp. 55 - 68, 1992.
  • Each form of hepatitis possesses (Ags) antigens unique to that form of the virus; HAV has the HAVAg; HBV has surface antigen (HBsAg), core antigen (HBcAg), and an internal component of the nucleocapsid (HBeAg); HCV has C100, 5-1-1, C22-3 (core), C33c (core), with the N-terminal of the core peptide being the major antigenic region of the core antigen; HDV has the delta antigen and will frequently test positive for HBsAg.; and HEV has not been well characterized.
  • the form of hepatitis may be determined based on antigen detection or host antibody response.
  • IgM anti-HAV indicates an acute infection
  • IgG anti-HAV indicates previous infection
  • the current application provides a useful platform detection technology for diagnosis of hepatitis.
  • a combination of antigens can be immobilized on the test surface to detect host response to those antigens.
  • the surface panel can detect a combination of antigens specific to one hepatitis virus, e.g. , HBV, where the surface can be coated with one or more of the following: surface antigen, core antigen, or the e antigen. Or the panel can be coated with one or more antigens which discriminate between HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV using a single sample.
  • Such a screening test can be developed in either the visual, qualitative format or in a fully automated, instrumented format.
  • Antibody detection can be specifically tailored for IgG, IgM, or both.
  • test devices can be optimized. They also provide examples of particularly useful combinations of each surface layer described above for use with instruments or eye-read results. Those in the art will recognize that these procedures can be used to optimize equivalent test devices.
  • Silicon wafers lapped with varying particle sizes to produce varying levels of diffuse refection were coated with silicon nitride to a thickness of 500 ⁇ and refractive index of 2.0 to produce an AR wafer. This produces a gold interference color.
  • the wafers were initially inspected for the amount of reflectivity observed, or for the remaining specular characteristics. These wafers were then coated with an aminosilane as described below, and then antibody coated with an anti-Strep A polyclonal antibody.
  • Test surfaces were chemically activated by application of N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane by the following procedure:
  • the wafers were then reacted with samples containing varying levels of Strep Group A antigen and a latex secondary reagent, described in Examples 14 and 15, by incubation for 2 minutes at room temperature.
  • the slides were rinsed with deionized water and dried under a stream of nitrogen. No difference was observed in the amount of silane incorporated or antibody attached.
  • a four inch diameter sodium borosilicate glass was coated with a thin film, 10-50 ⁇ , of aluminum (chromium can also be used) to effectively increase the reflectivity of the glass and block back surface reflections.
  • This material was then coated with amorphous silicon by a thermal deposition process, as described above, and then with a layer of silicon nitride, approximately 500 ⁇ 3% ⁇ in thickness.
  • the surface was prepared for antibody coating as described in Example 11 below.
  • a polyclonal antibody to Streptococcus Group A (GAS) was used to coat the surface.
  • GAS Streptococcus Group A
  • 100 ⁇ l samples of diluted or undiluted GAS antigen was mixed with 50 ⁇ l anti-GAS surface activator particle, and assayed as described in Example 11.
  • a comparison of this surface to a silicon nitride coating on a silicon wafer using the GAS model assay was conducted. The results are shown in Table 3 and demonstrate that glass provides as useful a substrate as does silicon.
  • An optical substrate for this example monocrystalline silicon, was coated with a thicker layer (for example 750 to 800 ⁇ ) of material such as silicon nitride which approximates the square root dependence required for an AR film. Thickness was then selectively removed by a chemical etching technique, described above, creating approximately 50 ⁇ steps across the substrate. This process produces a wedge of interference colors across the surface of the substrate (see Figure 3). The substrate was then coated with the attachment layer and receptive material. Assays were performed using negative, low positive, and intermediate positive samples.
  • attachment layer Any combination of attachment layer, receptive material, and assay protocol may be used in this analysis.
  • the specific example used a wedge of silicon nitride on silicon which was coated with T-structure siloxane, as described in Example 5 below.
  • the siloxane coated AR film was coated with a polyclonal anti-Strep A antibody as described in Example 11.
  • the assay protocol followed was as described in Example 19. Samples were placed in the center of each wedge (different thickness). After completion of this assay the entire substrate was examined for the selection of the wedge or wedges which provide: 1) the cleanest negative response - the least detectable non-specific binding, 2) the best sensitivity, and 3) the best visual contrast.
  • the organotitanates may be purchased from Dupont, of particular utility is Tyzor TPT (tetra isopropyltitanate) but tetra n-butyltitanate may be substituted.
  • Tyzor TPT tetra isopropyltitanate
  • tetra n-butyltitanate may be substituted.
  • One ml of TPT was mixed with three mls of glacial acetic acid, 3 mls alcohol, 3 mls deionized water, and 10 ⁇ l of 3M's FC171 fluorosurfactant.
  • Isopropanol, t-amyl alcohol, ethanol or acetone may be used with water for this application. Ethanol should be avoided as it leads to precipitation of the titanium.
  • the film thickness should be 495 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ⁇ .
  • the film was cured to the substrate by heating it to 250°C for two hours or microwaving at 400 watts of power for two minutes.
  • the optical substrate used in this example was a monocrystalline silicon wafer. The acceptable temperature limits will also be dependent on the type of optical substrate used. Plastic will not tolerate the 250°C cure, but glass will.
  • the curing conditions selected here generate a film with a refractive index of 2.0 ( ⁇ 3%) which is adequate for this application.
  • Caution must be used to ensure that the optical substrate is clean, i.e ., particle free, and that the coating solution is particle free. Particulates introduce coating defects in the film during the spin coating application process.
  • Attachment layer materials are used throughout. Attachment layer materials:
  • PEI Petrarch; Bristol, PA
  • a 1:500 dilution of the stock silane was made in methanol.
  • a 300 microliter sample of this solution was placed on a 100 mm virgin test silicon wafer by micro-pipette, although automated aerosol or spray delivery systems are equally useful, while the wafer was spinning at 7,000 rpm on a photoresist spin-coater.
  • Spin coating can rapidly process a large number of substrates and is readily automated. While spin coating is detailed here, it is not the intention to limit this invention to this type of attachment layer production. Alternate solution based or vacuum based (where appropriate) depositions could be easily designed by those skilled in the art.
  • PEI coated substrates were cured at 100°C under 0.1 mm Hg for 60 minutes.
  • a final attachment layer of 80 ⁇ as measured by conventional ellipsometry is generally preferred, but other thicknesses have been utilized.
  • a PEI coated substrate may be further processed by treatment with DMDCS. This creates branch points along the linear PEI chain and causes the surface to perform more as a T-polymer coated surface.
  • a 100 milliliter stock of 2% DMDCS was prepared in 1,1,1-trichloroethane (v/v).
  • the PEI coated substrate was submerged in the solution for 60 minutes at 25°C.
  • the substrate was removed from the DMDCS coating solution and rinsed with 95% ethanol and finally dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • a final attachment layer of 200 ⁇ as measured by conventional ellipsometry is generally preferred, however other thicknesses are possible.
  • Approximately 0.05 g of a polystyrene was dissolved in 2 milliliters of toluene. A solution was applied by the spin coating technique described above. Substrates were cured for 60 minutes at 25°C prior to utilization. A final attachment layer of 200 ⁇ is generally preferred, however other thicknesses are possible.
  • a 1:4 dilution of the 5th generation Starburst (0.5% solids) was prepared in methanol. A 200 microliter sample of this solution was applied to the substrate using the spin coating method at a spin rate of 3500 rpm. This attachment layer was cured for 120 minutes at 25°C. A final layer of 40 ⁇ is generally preferred, however other thicknesses are possible.
  • a 1:300 (v/v) dilution of the T-polymer was prepared in 2-methyl-2-butanol.
  • the attachment layer was applied to the substrate by the spin coating method and was cured for 24 hours at 140°C prior to use.
  • a final layer of 100-160 ⁇ is generally preferred.
  • the 30% stock solution was diluted to a 0.5% solid in methanol.
  • a 300 microliter sample is applied to the substrate using the spin coating technique and is cured at 37°C for 120 minutes prior to use.
  • a final thickness of this material is preferred to be 240 ⁇ .
  • a 1:100 (v/v) stock solution of the siloxane in toluene was prepared and applied utilizing the spin coating technique and curing protocol described for the T-polymer.
  • a preferred final thickness is 200 ⁇ .
  • a 1:300 (v/v) stock solution of the siloxane was prepared in toluene.
  • the coating and curing protocol were as described for PEI.
  • a preferred final thickness is 200 ⁇ .
  • a 1:100 (v/v) solution of silane was prepared in toluene.
  • a 200 microliter sample was used in the spin coating protocol.
  • the wafer was cured for 2 hours under 0.1 mm Hg at 140°C.
  • a preferred final thickness is 30 ⁇ .
  • a 27.5 microliter volume of the stock silane was mixed with 3275 microliters of toluene.
  • the spin coating volume was 300 microliters of this mixture and wafers were cured for 60 minutes at 120°C.
  • a preferred final thickness is 100 ⁇ .
  • a system was designed for the analysis of attachment layer material efficiency in attaching an antibody as receptive material to a monocrystalline silicon substrate. This procedure can be used for optimization of other systems'of this invention. Achieving a dense, reactive layer of antibody has been demonstrated to be more difficult than other layers of receptive materials due to more stringent orientation requirements.
  • An ELISA system was designed for evaluation of an attachment layer. A monoclonal anti-horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was bound to an attachment layer as the test receptive material, then varying levels of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) were placed on the surface to produce a standard curve. Microtiter wells were antibody coated under the same conditions as a control.
  • HRP horseradish peroxidase
  • All surfaces were antibody coated from a solution of 0.05 M PBS, pH 7.4 containing 20 ⁇ g/ml of the monoclonal anti-HRP (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) for 16 hours at 25°C.
  • the coated substrates were submerged in the coating solution.
  • Peroxidase (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) concentrations were allowed to react with the test surface or the microtiter wells for 30 minutes at 37°C and then unbound peroxidase was removed by rinsing with deionized water.
  • TMB Kirkegaard and Perry substrate was then added to all test surfaces and allowed to react for 2 minutes at 25°C for color development.
  • Fluid from each spot on the test surface was transferred to an uncoated microtiter well containing stopping reagent and the optical density at 450 nm recorded. Stopping reagent was added directly to the microtiter wells of the comparison plate and it was similarly read.
  • varying attachment layers were coated by immersion in a solution of 20 ⁇ g/ml of rabbit IgG (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) in 0.05 M PBS, pH 7.4 for 16 hours at 25°C.
  • Different levels of HRP labeled goat anti-(whole molecule) rabbit IgG antibody (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) were allowed to incubate with the test surface for 15 minutes at 37°C. Unbound material was removed by rinsing with deionized water.
  • the TMB substrate solution was applied to the surface and allowed to react for 2 minutes at 25°C, and then the solution transferred to an uncoated microtiter well, containing stopping solution.
  • DNP is a small molecule, not atypical of the molecular range exhibited by therapeutic drugs, drugs of abuse, pesticide residues, or organic residues. It is often desirable to assay small molecules such as these using a competitive assay format.
  • This example describes the method and results of an assay quantitating the concentration of DNP in the sample.
  • the surface was coated with either the hapten or a carrier which was conjugated with the hapten.
  • the hapten may be directly immobilized to the surface if appropriate chemistries are available, or passively attached to the surface. The same options apply to the hapten/carrier conjugate.
  • Test samples were mixed with a material which will react not only with the free hapten in the test sample, but also with the immobilized hapten.
  • One of the most commonly used reactive materials is an antibody specific to the hapten. Any highly specific binding reagent could be substituted for the antibody. The extent of capture of this reagent is inversely proportional to the concentration of free hapten in the original test sample.
  • the test may be designed to produce quantitative or qualitative results.
  • a 4-inch monocrystalline silicon wafer with an index of refraction of 4.02 at a specified wavelength was coated with silicon oxynitride.
  • the refractive index of this coating of silicon oxynitride was 1.98 with a thickness of approximately 540 ⁇ .
  • the wafer was then chemically activated by application of approximately 50 ⁇ 2 ⁇ of (N-trimethoxysilylpropyl) polyethyleneimine (Petrach Systems, Bristol, PA) using standard wafer spin coating techniques designed for application of photoresist.
  • the wafer was cured in an oven at 140°C for a period of 2 ⁇ 0.1 hours.
  • TNBS trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid
  • the change in thickness on the surface caused by TNBS binding is approximately 20 ⁇ . This was sufficient to produce a visually discernable color change in the area where the TNBS bound.
  • a 4-inch monocrystalline silicon wafer was coated with an AR film of 525 ⁇ 3% ⁇ silicon nitride (refractive index 1.97 ⁇ 0.05).
  • the deep gold colored wafer was coated with approximately 100 ⁇ 2 ⁇ of aminoalkyl-(t-structured)-polysiloxane (Petrarch Systems, Bristol, PA). The gold colored wafer was cured for two hours at 140°C. The wafer takes on a very slight purple tint.
  • the siloxane coated wafer was placed in a phosphate buffer containing acid soluble collagen.
  • the collagen solution was prepared in the following manner. Acid soluble collagen type I from calf skin (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, MO) was dissolved in 1 molar acetic acid adjusted to pH 4 at a concentration of 5 mg/ml. Then, a 0.1 molar phosphate buffered saline, pH 6.8, containing 20 ug/ml of the acid dissolved collagen was prepared. This solution was used to coat the wafer for a period of two hours at room temperature. Thirty mls of solution were placed in a Falcon Tissue Culture Dish and the wafer submerged in the solution.
  • the wafer was rinsed with water and dried with a stream of pressurized air.
  • the wafer had a dark purple/blue color.
  • Solutions of collagenase enzyme (Boehringer-Mannheim) in a 0.1 molar Tris-Hcl buffer, pH 7.2, containing 50 mM calcium ion were prepared with 0 to 1 units of activity per ml of solution to evaluate the collagen coated wafer.
  • One unit is equal to the amount of enzyme that hydrolyses 1 ⁇ mole of FALGPA per minute at 25°C. In this system the enzyme will degrade the collagen on the wafer surface and cause a thickness decrease. The thickness decrease is opposite of the other examples described in this application, which involve color change due to thickness increases.
  • a silicon substrate was prepared by processing diamond sawed wafers from a monocrystalline silicon ingot in a series of steps known to those skilled in the art as lapping. Sawed wafers were lapped with an abrasive material, etched to a more uniform surface profile with acid or caustic solutions, then further lapped to a progressively finer level of surface roughness. For this application, an abrasive preparation of 12-21 micron aluminum oxide particles with a mean size of 15 microns was used to produce a diffusely reflective substrate. For this particular study, the substrate prepared as described above was coated with silicon nitride to a final thickness of 550 ⁇ . While this is the combination of materials described, any AR material at varying thicknesses may be used within this invention. The test surface was then treated with a number of the attachment layer materials as described in Example 5.
  • test surfaces were coated in solution with 20 ⁇ g/ml of a rabbit anti-Streptococcus Group A (Strep A) antibody in 0.1 M HEPES, pH 6.0 for 60 minutes at 25°C.
  • the test surfaces were reacted by placing a 10 microliter spot of a control solution either free of or containing Strep A antigen and a latex mass enhancing reagent (see, Example 14) and incubating for 2 minutes at room temperature. Test surfaces were then rinsed with deionized water and dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the negative control was prepared by mixing 1 part 2 M NaNO 2 with 1 part 2 M acetic acid and neutralizing with 0.66 N NaOH.
  • the positive control a commercially available buffer-based preparation of extracted antigen from cultured Strep A cells was diluted in the extraction media prior to use. Samples were mixed 1:2 with a secondary latex reagent prior to application to the test surface. Results in Table 8 are reported as the highest dilution of positive control capable of being visualized above a negative control.
  • the monocrystalline silicon substrate used in this example is a polished wafer surface.
  • the attachment layers were applied as in Example 5 and antibody was applied as in Example 11.
  • the assay was conducted as described in Example 11.
  • the positive control used contained a dilution of the Strep Group A antigen. Once dried, the reacted test surfaces were examined with the Sagax Comparison Ellipsometer and the photometric analysis of the reflected light intensity was recorded in terms of a millivolt reading (see, Table 9).
  • a TC7A test surface was prepared as in Example 5, the monocrystalline silicon wafer was coated directly.
  • the test surface was submerged in a solution of 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 9.0, containing 4.9 ug/ml of human collagen Type 1 (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO).
  • the test surface was coated for 60 minutes at 25°C.
  • Test surfaces were rinsed with deionized water and dried under a stream of nitrogen prior to use.
  • a 143 ⁇ layer of immobilized collagen was produced.
  • Varying dilutions of collagenase (Boehringer-Mannheim, Indianapolis, IN) were prepared in a buffer containing 0.005 M CaCl 2 and 0.1 M Tris-HCl, pH 7.6. Five microliter spots of the varying concentrations of collagenase were applied to the test surface and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.
  • Reacted surfaces were rinsed with deionized water and dried under a stream of nitrogen. Reacted surfaces were examined with the Sagax Comparison Ellipsometer and reflected light intensity recorded.
  • the receptive material layer is degraded by the collagenase and holes are produced in the receptive material to give a progressively more negative signal as a function of increasing activity or concentration of collagenase.
  • Collagenase activity is reported in units x 10 3 /ml. Activity was measured as light intensity in millivolts (see, Table 10).
  • This example demonstrates use of mass-labelled antibody and selection of an appropriate mass-providing reagent. Such selection can be used for determination of optimum mass labels for other systems of this invention.
  • TC3, TC3X, TC7, and TC7X are similar film-forming particles which were purchased from Seradyn, Inc, Indianapolis, In. All of the TC designated preparations were carboxylic acid containing styrene-butadiene copolymers. Of these preparations only the TC7 particles were extensively examined. The TC3 preparations produce a very opalescent film and were not used.
  • Seradyn particles examined were TC-7A Product Number CML, Lot Number 1K30; TC-7X Lot Number 1M92, TC-7 Lot Number 1V18 (F040690), TC-3X Lot Number 1R35, and TC-3 Lot Number 1J44.
  • the surface activator preparations offer more flexibility in the chemistries of immobilization as both carboxylate and amide particles are available.
  • the amide particles are readily converted to the hydrazide particle as described in U.S. Patent 4,421,896.
  • Wafers were submerged in the antibody solution for 60 minutes at 25°C, removed, rinsed with deionized water, and dried under a stream of nitrogen. A thickness or optical density change is directly observed by examining a reacted wafer with the Sagax Comparison Ellipsometer.
  • Table 11 summarizes the results obtained with variously coated film-forming particles. Table 11 indicates the antibody concentration, particle concentration, and the addition of any blocking materials if necessary.
  • the antibody used for coating of the film-forming particles was the same as that used as the receptive material on the ellipsometric wafer.
  • Antibody was coated to the surface of the particle by incubation of the mixtures at 25°C for 16 hours. TC7 preparations were examined as dilutions of the stock solutions, dialyzed against water and treated with a mixed bed resin prior to reaction with antibody.
  • the Strep A antigen preparation used for the production of the positive control was commercially available. This antigen was diluted into a mixture of one part 2 M NaNO 2 , one part 2 M Acetic Acid, and one part 0.66 N NaOH to a 1:600 dilution level. The same preparation minus the antigen was used as the negative control.
  • the amplifying reagent was mixed in varying ratios, as designated in Table 11, with the positive and negative controls and five microliters were applied to the surface of the antibody coated wafer. The samples were incubated for 2 minutes at 25°C, rinsed, and then dried under a stream of nitrogen. Reacted wafers were examined with the modified Sagax Ellipsometer and the thickness was recorded as a change in intensity, measured in millivolts.
  • the amplifying film-forming particles were prepared as in Example 14, and the assay was conducted as described there.
  • the substrate employed was a monocrystalline silicon wafer which was lapped with 12-20 micron aluminum oxide particles, mean particle size 15 microns, to create a rough textured surface using a process well known to those skilled in the semi-conductor industry.
  • This substrate was coated with a thin film of silicon nitride.
  • a silicon nitride film of 350 to 550 ⁇ is standard for this application, however, any film thickness can be utilized.
  • the T-polymer treatment of the optical slide was as described in Examples 5 and 14.
  • Horseradish peroxidase (Sigma grade VI) was chemically coupled to immunoglobulins purified by caprylic acid precipitation from pooled high titer sera from rabbits previously injected with suspensions of cells from cultures of Neisseria meningi tidis A, C, Y, W 135 .
  • the coupling was done using the reagent S-acetyl thioacetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and methods described in Analytical Biochemistry 132 (1983) 68-73.
  • the resultant conjugate contained peroxidase (104 ⁇ M) and immunoglobulin (351 ⁇ M) in a buffer of MOPS, 50 mM, pH 7.0.
  • the peroxidase-immunoglobulin conjugate was diluted in MOPS buffer together with casein (5 mg/ml) and mixed with an equal volume of a dilution of a cell-free filtrate from a culture of Neisseria meningitidis organisms.
  • the mixture (25 ⁇ l) was pipetted to the surface of a silicon wafer coated with layers of silicon nitride, t-polymer siloxane, and purified immunoglobulin from the same rabbit antibody preparation to Neisseria meningitidis .
  • Antibody was coated to the T-polymer/silicon wafer from a solution containing 10 ⁇ g/ml of antibody in 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0. The wafer remained in the antibody for 1 hour at ambient temperature, was rinsed with deionized water, and dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • TMBlue precipitating substrate (TMBlue is a commercially available product, trademarked by Transgenic Sciences, Inc. and disclosed in U.S. Patent 5,013,646) was applied to the same area of the wafer and allowed to stand for 5 minutes. The wafer was washed and.dried. A purple spot was visible where the reaction had occurred. This resulting precipitate was then read by eye and ellipsometer to confirm the presence of N. meningitidis.
  • a test kit can be formed based on the above assay.
  • This kit contains all the components necessary to perform up to 50 optical immunoassay rapid tests.
  • the kit features a solid support test station which is designed to facilitate the proper washing and drying steps required.
  • a slide which may include from one to five (or more) unreacted test surfaces specific for the conjugated analyte of interest, is placed on the test station. Upon completion of the first reaction, the slide is tilted forward away from the operator. The test surface(s) is vigorously rinsed with wash solution which drains from the tilted surface into the reservoir below.
  • the reservoir contains a solid absorbent block of cellulose acetate treated with a biocide.
  • the slide is then returned to a level position, and a piece of absorbent paper is placed directly onto the test surface. Several seconds contact time is allowed for full wicking.
  • the absorbent papers are provided as pads of individual tear-off sheets conveniently located on the front of the test kit, but the wash/dry process can be effected by alternate means, such as capillary action.
  • a solution of an enzyme-labeled substance, an enzyme-labeled antibody which is specific to an analyte of interest (such as an antigen) is provided, suitably buffered and diluted.
  • precipitating means such as a container of commercially available TMBlue liquid, is provided in a convenient volume so that one to three drops or more can be applied dropwise to cause the enzymatically produced mass change to precipitate before washing.
  • the second incubation is started by adding substrate to the surface and the wash/dry process is repeated to complete the test.
  • silicon wafers Two different types were used; one a gold colored silicon nitride-coated wafer and the other was a silver-colored silicon wafer without a nitride coating.
  • One possibility is that the visual color which is observed with the peroxidase/precipitating substrate system on the silicon nitride is strictly due to the absorbance of the dye precipitated on the surface. If this is the case and the precipitated dye is not behaving as a thin film, then the silver-colored silicon wafer will produce a visual signal which is the deep blue of the TMBlue only.
  • T-polymer coated wafers were treated with antibodies for five separate tests; N. meningitidis A, C, Y, W 135 ; N. meningitidis B; Streptococcus B; H. influenza B; and Streptococcus pneumoniae.
  • the first reagent produced for each test was wafers, gold and silver, coated with the attachment layer (T-polymeric siloxane) as previously described. All five antibodies were coated to these types of wafers at a 10 ⁇ g/ml concentration of antibody in 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0 by immersing wafers in the appropriate solution for one hour at ambient temperature. Wafers were rinsed, dried, and blocked as described in Example 1.
  • the second reagent required utilized the same five antibody preparations for the production of antibody-horseradish peroxidase conjugates using the method described above.
  • the stock conjugate preparations are used to produce working conjugate by dilution in 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0, containing 5 mg/ml casein, to a final conjugate ratio of 1:100.
  • One part of the working conjugate solution is mixed with one part of a standard antigen preparation, and a 20 ⁇ l sample applied to' the appropriate antibody coated wafers.
  • the precipitate removed with the adhesive was a pale grey/blue with no red component.
  • the observed interference effect exhibits a bright purple/blue color with a strong red component. This re-enforces the idea that thin film formation is responsible for the generation of the observed color effect.
  • Table 14 represents the results obtained from a comparison of the mass enhanced assay to the latex agglutination assays manufactured by Wellcome Diagnostics for a whole range of bacterial antigen assays. Sensitivity Comparison of OIA with Latex Agglutination Organism Source of Antigen Latex 1 + Reaction OIA OIA/Latex N. meningitidis A,C,Y,W 135 Cell supernate 4K 20K 5 N. meningitidis B Kit positive diluted in 8 32 4 Cerebral Spinal Fluid Kit positive diluted in buffer 20 160 8 Cell supernate 25K 200K 8 H.
  • Table 15a and 15b are a comparison of the catalytic mass enhanced method and an Enzyme-Linked Immunoadsorbant Assay (ELISA).
  • the data demonstrate an enhanced performance of the enzyme amplified assay for Meningitidis A, C, Y, W 135 relative to the ELISA, using TMB as a substrate. Production of the ELISA test surface and the optical test surface are described below.
  • the method of this invention utilizes a polished silicon wafer for solid phase adsorption of the antibody while ELISA utilizes a clear polystyrene microtiter plate.
  • the substrates used to develop the reaction for this catalytic method produce an insoluble product that deposits on the surface of the polished silicon wafer, while the substrate for ELISA produces a colored solution in the wells of the microtiter plate. It is because of this important difference that the results obtained with this catalytic method are more sensitive.
  • the ELISA depends on a visible color to be produced from the chromogen, while the device of this application depends only on a thin layer of chromogen to be deposited on the device.
  • one surface is a polished silicon wafer (OIA) and the other surface, a clear polystyrene, microtiter plate (ELISA). Both surfaces received a 10 ⁇ g/ml antibody solution for 1 hour at room temperature, a deionized water rinse, and a 0.5 mg/ml casein blocking solution for 10 minutes at room temperature, and a final deionized water rinse.
  • OIA polished silicon wafer
  • ELISA microtiter plate
  • antigen dilutions where: 1:5,000; 1:10,000; 1:20,000; 1:40,000; 1:80,000; and 1:160,000; and the conjugate solution was a 1:100 dilution of HRP labeled antibody containing 5 mg/ml casein and 50 mM MOPSO, pH 7.0.
  • One part of each antigen dilution was combined with one part conjugate solution immediately before use and applied to each surface. This was allowed to react for 2 minutes at room temperature, then each surface was rinsed with deionized water. Substrate was then added to each surface. The silicon wafer received TMBlue and the ELISA plate received TMB. This was allowed to react for 5 minutes at room temperature.
  • OIA could be read out to a 1:40,000 antigen dilution as compared to ELISA (unstopped) which could be read to only a 1:10,000-1:20,000 dilution, while ELISA (stopped) could only be read to a 1:5,000-1:10,000 dilution by eye.
  • Test surfaces and conjugated antibody preparations were produced as described in Example 16 for each of the following organisms, N. meningitidis, H. influenza Group B, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus Group B, and E. coli K1.
  • the test device was designed to accommodate these five test surfaces which were mounted onto the elevated platforms within the device (see, Figs. 9 and 11).
  • a fixed volume of individual conjugate preparation for each of the following organisms, N. meningitidis, H. influenza Group B, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus Group B, and E. coli K1 was prepared.
  • CSF samples were prepared with known levels and known combinations of antigens derived from the test organisms, as described in Example 16. Samples were incubated for 2 minutes, after which the test wafers were washed with deionized water and blotted dry. Substrate (TMB precipitating reagent) was added to each surface and incubated for 5 minutes. The wafers were washed with deionized water, blotted dry, and read. In this manner, a single sample was easily analyzed for the presence of one or more analytes. This poly-specific reagent maintained the specificity observed with the mono-specific reagents. No false positive responses were observed, and positive responses were comparable to the signal produced in a mono-specific test procedure.
  • Monocrystalline silicon wafers 100 mm in diameter, polished on one side, 20 mil ⁇ 2 mil were purchased from a semi-conductor supplier.
  • the wafers were coated with 495 ⁇ ⁇ 15 ⁇ silicon nitride or titanium dioxide using processes described above. Each wafer was sawed to a depth of 3.5 mils generating a pattern of 0.75 cm 2 sections. This allows the wafers to remain intact for subsequent processing.
  • the wafers were then coated with the T-polymer siloxane as described in Example 5. A final polymer thickness of 100 ⁇ ⁇ 5 ⁇ is used. Polymer coated wafers are cured for 24 ⁇ 2 hours at 145°C ⁇ 5°C.
  • Polymer coated wafers were submerged in a solution containing 5 ⁇ g/ml of an affinity purified rabbit anti-Strep A antibody in 0.1 M HEPES (N-[2-Hydroxyethyl] piperazine-N'-[2-ethanesulfonic acid]) at pH 8.0. Wafers were coated with the antibody solution for 16-20 hours at 2°C - 8°C. The wafers were rinsed with deionized water and then dried under a stream of nitrogen. A procedural control was applied to the center of each 0.75 cm 2 using an x,y translational stage. A 1-2 ⁇ l spot was applied and incubated for 3 minutes at ambient temperature (20°C). The concentration of antigen used was empirically determined to provide an intermediate color change.
  • Antigen was mixed in deionized water.
  • the antigen solution was rinsed from the surface with deionized water and then dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the wafers were then submerged in a solution containing 0.5% of degraded gelatin in 50 mM MOPS (3-[N-Morpholino]propanesulfonic acid), pH 7.0 for 20 minutes at ambient temperature.
  • MOPS 3-[N-Morpholino]propanesulfonic acid
  • the wafers were removed from the solution and dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the gelatin layer serves to stabilize the antibody coating, and aids in storage of the device.
  • the wafers are purple in color.
  • the gelatin layer was fully hydrated by exposure of the wafers to steam for 30 seconds.
  • the wafers were then air dried.
  • the wafers will return to the original gold color.
  • the wafers were then broken into individual 0.75 cm 2 test pieces.
  • the molded test device has the pre-cut absorbent pad placed in the bottom and the protective cover snapped into place.
  • the upper laminate of blotting materials was placed in the lid of the device and the protective cover-snapped-into place.
  • a small drop of epoxy is applied to the raised pedestal in the center of the device and a test surface applied. The glue was allowed to set, and then the device is closed and placed in the kit.
  • the conjugate preparation was diluted in a solution containing 50 mM MOPSO (3-[N-Morpholino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid), pH 7.0, 20 mg/ml of standard alkaline treated casein, 0.3% (v/v) Tween 20, and 0.5% (v/v) Proclin 300 (Rohm and Haas). Conjugate solution was dispensed into Wheaton Natural polyethylene dropper bottles. Delivered drop size was approximately 30 ⁇ l. All other reagents were also dispensed into the Wheaton Natural dropper bottles.
  • Extraction tubes were prepared by dispensing 100 ⁇ l of a solution containing 2.3 M NaNO 2 and 0.01% isopropanol into polyethylene tubes and allowing the solution to dry onto the tube. This may be accomplished by drying at ambient temperature, under circulating air, or at 45°C.
  • test procedure for use of this device was as follows.
  • Solid blue/purple colored reaction circle of any intensity appears in the center of the device surface.
  • a Procedure control is present on each test surface. It appears as a small blue/purple dot in the center of the test surface upon completion of each positive or negative test. A negative test result will show only the procedure control. A positive test result will show the procedure control within the reaction circle. With very strong positive results, the procedure control may be less apparent within the reaction circle.
  • test device may be considered a permanent record. If a test device is to be saved for reference, the blotting material in the lid should be removed and disposed of in a biohazard container, and the device should be closed for storage.
  • Strep A OIA The analytical sensitivity of Strep A OIA was compared with commercially available Strep.
  • a kits using a cell suspension of a known density and extracting an aliquot of this suspension according to each kit's assay protocol.
  • Cell suspensions were made sterile normal saline and serially diluted with the normal saline. Results from the study demonstrate at least a 10-100 fold greater sensitivity in the OIA device of this invention compared to at least six commercially available test kits.
  • Table 17 compares the clinical sensitivity of the Strep A OIA to the product insert claims of several commercially available rapid Strep A assays. The majority of these rapid assays discard all samples with Strep A colony counts of less than 20, however, in the numbers presented for the Strep A OIA assays none of the samples were discounted. Strep A OIA demonstrates a significant improvement in sensitivity relative to these rapid tests.
  • Swabs were collected from patients presenting symptoms of pharyngitis using a single swab and standard specimen collection techniques. Four independent laboratories were used in the study. Immediately after the specimen was collected, the swab was returned to the transport tube and the capsule containing transport media crushed. Each site inoculated a 5% Sheep blood agar (SBA) plate with a specimen and plates were then incubated at 35°C - 37°C. Two of four sites incubated the plates under anaerobic conditions for 24 to_48 hours and two sites incubated the plates in an enriched CO 2 environment. Each site reported results as negative or positive with positives confirmed by a serotyping method.
  • SBA Sheep blood agar
  • the swab was returned to the transport tubes and assayed following the Strep A OIA test procedure.
  • Three drops of acid generating solution were added to extraction tubes and mixed well to dissolve a dried reagent.
  • the swabs were placed in the extraction tube, thoroughly saturated with extraction reagents, and allowed to incubate for 2 minutes in the solution.
  • Three drops of neutralizing solution were added to the extraction tubes and the swabs were used to mix the reagents.
  • the extracted swabs were expressed against the side of the tube, then discarded. This extraction technique is common to most rapid GAS tests and liberates GAS antigen from the bacterium.
  • Strep A OIA results were evaluated relative to both SBA culture and enhanced culture methods.
  • the Strep A OIA yielded a sensitivity of 92.9%, a specificity of 94.8%, and an accuracy of 94.6% relative to the SBA culture, for the frequency and population tested.
  • Strep A OIA appears to lack specificity relative to the SBA culture methods.
  • the actual limitation lies in the SBA culture technique as 26 of the apparent Strep A OIA false positives were, in fact, true positives.
  • the sensitivity of the Strep A OIA relative to culture appears to be reduced because of 4 SBA positive results which were Strep A OIA negative. These results were later determined to be culture non-isolates by the enhanced culture method.
  • Strep A OIA detected 91 out of 92 enhanced culture positives yielding a sensitivity of 98.9%. It is important to note that the performance results include all data collected, irrespective of colony count.
  • the comparison ellipsometer was modified as previously described above.
  • the eyepiece was connected to a CCD camera to allow samples to be centered in the elliptical reticle.
  • the zoom was adjusted so that the sample spot is completely enclosed in the ellipse.
  • test strip used in the assay was 1 cm wide and 4-5 cm in length. These dimensions are easy to handle manually. Any dimension of test piece may be used with the proper design of sample positioning devices. Samples were applied as 20 ⁇ l drops evenly spaced along the length of the slide. One section was left for measurement of the test surface background. Samples were assayed as described in the previous examples.
  • the test strip was placed on the instrument's sample platform and the background section of the surface was centered in the ellipse.
  • the sample platform has x,y positioning capabilities. Once the test surface was positioned, the background reading was taken at the photodiode. An LED displays the background intensity of the background section in volts. Computer software may also be designed to record the background intensity. After this measurement was complete, the platform was advanced to record a reading from a negative sample. The voltage was recorded directly, or may be recorded as sample minus background. The platform was advanced until all samples were measured.
  • the instrumented read out may provide a qualitative answer of yes or no relative to a pre-set signal.
  • the assay would include a negative control and a low positive, or cut-off concentration and objectively evaluate samples relative to this threshold value.
  • test surface or test device will allow measurement of a negative control and one or more known positive controls. Samples values will be compared to this curve for quantitation. Positive controls may cover several broad ranges if a semi-quantitative answer is adequate for the application being considered.
  • This instrument has a smaller optical path due to the use of a light source that is collimated, a smaller reference surface, a smaller sample platform, polarizers positioned immediately next to the light source and the detector, and eliminating the lens system required for visual examination of the surface.
  • the reading protocol for this particular instrument accommodates five separate samples or four controls and one sample or two controls and three samples, etc.
  • the sample slide is connected to a rotating post which controls the slides position. Alignment is not achieved by visual placement, but by sample placement on the test surface and the platform advancement. Any arrangement of the test surface may be used by modifying the x,y positioning platform. This allows the use of a test surface which can examine a large number of samples.
  • This instrument uses a photodiode detector which is masked to match a fixed sample size and the slide positioning and sample application allows the sample spot to fill the mask. Readings are made from an LED display in the cover of the instrument. Readings are in millivolts.
  • EXAMPLE 22 Group B Streptococcus.
  • An optically active test surface was produced by immobilizing either a polyclonal or monoclonal anti-GBS antibody on the previously described siloxane coated surface.
  • the antibodies were group specific, but may be to any of the group specific epitopes found on the GBS porysacchride.
  • the polyclonal preparations used were a protein G purified IgG fraction that was adsorbed to whole cells.
  • the coating antibody concentration was in the range of 150 to 500 ⁇ g of antibody per 100 mm wafer, and was coated at 2 - 8 degrees C for 12 to 16 hours.
  • the 100 mm wafer may or may not possess a 495 ⁇ silicon nitride.
  • a monoclonal antibody was found to coat best at 200 - 300 ⁇ g/ wafer in a buffer containing 50 mM Sodium Acetate at pH 5.0.
  • a polyclonal antibody was found to coat the surface equally well but in a buffer containing 0.1 M HEPES, pH 8.0. Buffers covering the pH range of 5.0 to 9.0 have been demonstrated to provide an effective antibody coating.
  • an overcoat of 0.5% degraded gelatin in 50 Mm MOPS, Ph 7.0 is applied as previously described. Antibody coated test surfaces were placed in single test devices prior to use.
  • a group specific polyclonal antibody preparation was conjugated to HRP using the Nakane periodate method. Conjugation of the antibody to HRP at high Ph, greater than 9.75, resulted in an increase in non-specific binding. Optimal conjugating Ph was established at 9.0 to 9.75.
  • the GBS group specific antigen was extracted from the organism using an acid extraction protocol. A mixture of 0.25 M acetic acid and 2.3 M sodium nitrite was used to generate hyponitrous acid. The acetic acid was found to effectively extract the GBS antigen in the range of 0.1 M to 1.0 M. Antigen was extracted from the organism for 2 minutes. For all results described here, ATCC strain number 12386 was used. The solution was neutralized using an buffer containing 1.5 M MOPSO, Ph 7.3, 0.2 % Tween20, 0.5% Proclin300, and 20 Mm EGTA by adding an equal volume of the neutralizing buffer. A final Ph range of 6.0 to 7.5 is desired.
  • the extracted antigen was mixed 5:1 (sample: conjugate) with a 1:150 dilution of the conjugate preparation containing 50 Mm MOPSO, Ph 7.0, 20 mg/ml alkaline treated casein, 0.3% Tween20, and 0.5% Proclin300.
  • a sample:conjugate ratio of between 3:1 and 10:1 was acceptable.
  • the sample/conjugate mixture was incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature, then 20 ⁇ l of the mixture applied to the test device and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.
  • the devices were used as previously described for washing and drying the test surface. After the test surface was dried, a drop of TMB precipitating substrate was applied to the device and incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature. After the wash/dry protocol was completed, the test result was interpreted.
  • the wash dry protocol is accomplished by rinsing the test surface under a stream of deionized water and drying under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the initial incubation of sample/conjugate was not required but was observed to increase the sensitivity of the assay. Assay sensitivity could be further increased with additional incubation time.
  • the current GBS assay demonstrated excellent tolerance to changes in the final extraction Ph.
  • the visualization of a low positive was not effected by a change in Ph over the range 6.75 to 8.0, see Table 19.
  • a visual scale was established for scoring results, wherein a 1+ or 2+ was a very weak purple spot on a gold background. A value of 10+ is a very strong blue result.
  • An optically active test surface with or without the 495 ⁇ silicon nitride coating, was coated with the polymeric siloxane, T-polymer, as previously described. These polymeric coated supports were further coated with a solution of between 1 and 10 ⁇ g/ml of bovine serum albumin (BSA) in 100 Mm sodium carbonate, Ph 9.6, at 2 - 8 degrees C for 12 to 16 hours. Subsequently, the test surface was coated with 0.5% degraded gelatin in 50 Mm MOPS, Ph 7.0, at room temperature for 20 minutes and then dried under a stream of nitrogen. Coated test surfaces were mounted into the single use test devices previously described.
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • the Chlamydia specific LPS antigen was extracted from the synthetic fiber swab used for sample collection by immersing the swab in a solution (approximately 120 ⁇ l) of 0.01 M PBS with 0.1% (w/v) chenodeoxycholic acid (CDOC), sodium salt, which had been alkalized with 10 ⁇ l in 1 ml of buffer of 1.0 N NaOH to a final Ph of 11.5. Initially the CDOC was solubilized in absolute methanol at 0.2 g/ml. The swab was ideally vortexed in this solution for approximately 10 seconds and then incubated for 5 minutes at room temperature.
  • CDOC chenodeoxycholic acid
  • the swab was then expressed of residual solution by squeezing the flexible extraction tube (polypropylene).
  • An equal volume of 100 Mm Na 2 HPO 4 with 0.1% CDOC at Ph 7.0 was added to adjust the final pH to between 7.0 to 7.5.
  • a mass enhancement reagent was prepared by conjugating an anti-Chlamydial LPS antibody to HRP using the method of Nakane.
  • the stock conjugate was diluted 1:75 to 1:200 in a diluent containing 50 mM MOPSO, pH 7.0, with 20 mg/ml of alkaline treated casein, 0.3% tween20, and 0.5% Proclin500.
  • an antigen preparation was serially diluted from 1:100 to 1:320 in 0.01M PBS, pH 7.4. Three fold serial dilutions were performed. Five ⁇ l of these dilutions were added to 500 ⁇ l of 0.1% chenodeoxycholic acid in 0.01M PBS with 10 mM NaOH (final pH was 11.5). These were vortexed and allowed to sit for 5 minutes at room temperature. Five hundred ⁇ l of 100 mM phosphate buffer (mono and di basic mix) was added to neutralize the extraction buffer and 15 ⁇ l of this added to the wafer surface.. This was incubated on the surface for 10 minutes at room temperature.
  • PBD coated optical test surface was coated with 20 ⁇ g/ml of a synthetic peptide corresponding to GP41 of the HIV virus which was conjugated to bovine serum albumin (BSA).
  • BSA bovine serum albumin
  • This antigen preparation was diluted in 10 mM Potassium Phosphate, 0.85% NaCl, at pH 7.0, and the test surface was coated with the antigen for 2 to 3 hours at room temperature with agitation.
  • the test surface was removed from the coating solution, rinsed with deionized water, and dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the gp41 protein is very hydrophobic and binds well to the hydrophobic PBD surface.
  • the average value reported for a seronegative serum was 5.85 ⁇ 2.1 grayscale units making any value of 12.15 grayscale units (negative + 3 standard deviations) a positive response.
  • the varying level of grayscale reported for the seropositive samples reflects varying antibody titers.
  • a recombinant antigen preparation which was a fusion of gp41 and p24 of the HIV virus was also evaluated as a coating material for the optical test surfaces of this invention.
  • a 100 mm diameter silicon wafer was coated with PEI as previously described.
  • This optical test surface was submerged in a coating solution containing 2.5 ⁇ g/ml of the fusion protein in 50 mM sodium carbonate, pH 8.0 and incubated for 3 hours at room temperature. The optical test surface was then rinsed with deionized water and dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the optical test surface was tested for response to serum controls: negative, low, medium, and a high positive anti-HIV. Five microliters of each serum sample was applied to the surface and incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature.
  • Optically active test surfaces were coated with the polymeric siloxane as previously described. These surfaces were placed in a 10 ⁇ g/ml polyclonal anti-RSV antibody solution. A number of buffers were examined in the antibody coating step, including HEPES, pH 8.0; Acetate, pH 5.0; Carbonate, pH 9.5; Borate, pH 8.0; and Phosphate, pH 7.4. All buffers were 0.1 M in concentration. The 0.1 M sodium carbonate, pH 9.5 was found to be optimal. Surface preparations were analyzed using a sequential assay. A 20 ⁇ l aliquot of positive control was applied to the surface and incubated for 10 minutes at room temperature. Surfaces were rinsed with deionized water and dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • Antibody-HRP conjugate (20 ⁇ l) was applied to the test surface, incubated 10 minutes, washed, dried, and then 20 ⁇ l of precipitating substrate applied for 10 minutes, followed by a wash/dry step. Antibody was coated for 12 to 16 hours at 2 - 8 degree C. The surface was rinsed and incubated for 20 minutes at room temperature in a solution containing 0.5% degraded gelatin, 50 mM MOPS, pH 7.0 and then dried under a stream of nitrogen.
  • the mass enhancement reagent was prepared by the Nakane method.
  • a monoclonal antibody to the nuclear peptide of RSV was conjugatd to HRP.
  • the stock conjugate was diluted 1:30 to 1:250 in a solution containing 50 mM MOPSO, pH 7.0, and 20 mg/ml alkaline treated casein, 0.3% Tween20, and 0.5% Proclin300.
  • An alternate assay protocol involved thoroughly mixing 30 ⁇ l of a nasal washing with 30 ⁇ l of 10% Tween20 in PBS and 30 ⁇ l of a 1:40 dilution of the conjugate. A 30 ⁇ l aliquot of this sample was applied to the test surface and incubated for 12 minutes at room temperature. The rinse and drying protocols described for the single use test device were used. TMB precipitating substrate was applied to the surface, incubated for 8 minutes at room temperature, rinsed, and dried prior to interpretation.
  • UV inactivated antigen preparation from the Long Strain of RSV was purchased and contained a total of 2 x 10 5 PFU. This antigen preparation was diluted in buffer, 1:1, and assayed as described above. 15 ⁇ l of each sample was applied to the surface and represented 7.5% of the total antigen available.
  • RSV Standard Curve Antigen Conc Ellipsometric Intensity (mV) 0 0.0079 1 x 10 5 1.0221 1 x 10 4 0.3124 2 x 10 3 0.0466
  • Lundstrom, et al., US 4,521,522 describe an instrument in which an incoming light beam passes through a polarizer and is reflected off the film at Brewster's angle for the substance to be measured.
  • the incident radiation is polarized parallel to the plane and angle of incidence.
  • the instrument requires the use of only one polarizer, however, when a second polarizer is used it must be set to exactly 90° relative to the first polarizer.
  • a single polarizer is all that is required as there is no change in the polarization of the incident light upon reflection. For this polarization there is no change in the polarization for any incidence angle, demonstrated by the fact that the polarizer may be situated in either the incident or reflected beams. Only that part of both the light incident on the sample and the reflected light which is polarized parallel to the plane of incidence is measured.
  • the method is based on the minimum in reflectance observed at this angle when light polarized parallel to the plane of incidence is incident on the interface between dielectric media. This phenomena is only observed at Brewster's angle. A substrate with a high refractive index is required. A metal, which is highly reflective, but has a low refractive index has too shallow a reflection minimum for this technique.
  • the above method requires a layer of oxide over the substrate to shift the minimum reading to an acceptable position in the reflection curve observed for polarized light, allowing a small thickness change to produce a larger change in the reflected light intensity.
  • an attachment layer is included, it is included for optimization of the substrate relative to the reflectance minimum, and not to increase performance of the receptive material.
  • the current invention maximizes a change in polarization rotation upon reflection with added mass, and is not associated with a minimum in reflectivity.
  • the rotation of polarization upon reflection observed with the current invention is entirely absent for pure parallel polarized light.
  • An additional advantage of the current invention is that nearly any substrate and dielectric thin film may be used, since it does not rely on the Brewster angle. Also the angle of incident light is not critical and does not have to be changed with the type of substrate material.
  • the current invention uses a monochromatic, collimated, light source such as a laser. It also includes a polarizer between the light source and the test surface oriented such that both p- and s-polarized components are incident on the surface. If the light source is sufficiently well polarized this polarizer is unnecessary.
  • the light reflected from the surface passes through a second polarizer (the analyzer) and enters a photodiode.
  • the fraction of s-polarized light is selected to maximize the signal change as a function of thickness while maintaining a low background light intensity.
  • the light becomes elliptically polarized upon reflection, with the ellipticity and angle of rotation of polarization depending in a very sensitive manner on the optical properties of the surface.
  • the light is then reflected off a reference surface which cancels that ellipticity in regions where the reference surface is optically identical to the sample surface.
  • the current invention does not require a reference surface because it is not designed to establish the exact physical thickness or refractive index of a given material. Instead, the intensity of the light passed through the analyzer provides a measure of the polarization rotation concomitant with the ellipticity, and hence a relative measure of optical properties of the surface. Thus, it provides a simple means to measure the change in the thickness and refractive index of the surface materials.
  • the measurement protocol is essentially unmodified from the instrument above using x, y positioning platforms to determine where readings are made.
  • the analyzing polarizer must be rotated to a pre-selected value for the background prior to making an initial reading.
  • the preferred embodiment includes a polarizer near the analyzer., Light is transmitted through the analyzer to a detector. Readings may be recorded in volts or millivolts. Readings may be displayed on an LED or other display device or captured by a data processing package.
  • the impact of thin films on the lightness and wavelength dependence of light reflected from silicon was modeled with a computer simulation.
  • the response of a thin film with a refractive index of 1.459 was modeled using a silicon surface and varying the thickness from 0 to 12 nm.
  • the wavelength ranges examined were 400 - 420 nm, 540 - 560 nm, and 680 - 700 nm.
  • An increase in lightness from the minimum lightness to the maximum lightness represents an increase in light intensity as a function of an increase in thickness.
  • the lightness is a logarithm function of light intensity. From this data, the maximum sensitivity change as a function of thickness was achieved with a 540 - 560 nm light source.
  • a standard antigen dilution curve was generated using the 9 minute assay protocol described in example 28. Intensities from the antigen dilution curve were measured, using the photodiode modified Comparison Ellipsometer, as a function of incident light wavelength. As the Thin Film Analyzer is a simplification of the Comparison Ellipsometer similar results are anticipated. Varying wavelengths of incident light were achieved by filtering white light through a narrow bandpass filter to select specific wavelengths. All filters were Corin P70 series filters.
  • Incident Light Antigen Dilution mV Response White 0 310 1:9600 317 1:4800 319 1:2400 371 1:1600 483 1:1000 780 1:400 1128 550 nm 0 28 1:9600 29 1:4800 30 1:2400 36 1:1600 56 1:1000 93 1:400 176 600 nm 0 33 1:9600 33 1:4800 34 1:2400 42 1:1600 66 1:1000 113 1:400 221 450 nm 0 9 1:9600 9 1:4800 9 1:2400 11 1:1600 17 1:1000 27 1:400 50
  • the thin film analyzer shown in Fig. 14a was used with a 672 nm diode light source and the dual polarizer set-up diagrammed.
  • the laser diode and photodiode were both mounted to accurately assess the angle of incidence and detection relative to a normal angle of incidence.
  • Strep A antigen dilution curves were used to examine the angle dependence of the analyzer.
  • the detector used with the thin film analyzer prematurely saturates, actual dynamic range is 3500+ mV.
  • the antigen curves were also examined with a small comparison ellipsometer also equipped with a 672 nm laser diode source.
  • the thin film analyzer demonstrates excellent sensitivity, and the dynamic range observed is suitable for assays with a limited range requirement.
  • the angles between 50° and 60° meet both the requirements of sensitivity and dynamic range. Background cannot be sufficiently minimized with a single polarizer for angles above 65°. This background could be reduced by electronic means. The dynamic range at these angles is sufficient to allow such correction mechanisms.
  • a Strep A assay protocol was developed which further enhances the readability of low positive samples.
  • the sample (Strep A antigen) was mixed with conjugate and incubated 3 minutes at room temperature. An aliquot (20 ⁇ l) of this mixture was applied to the surface and incubated for 3 minutes.
  • the rinse/dry protocol was performed as described above, either in the single use device or under a stream of nitrogen. Substrate was applied and incubated for 3 minutes, followed by the rinse/dry protocol. Results for an antigen dilution curve prepared with test surfaces with and without (visual - versus - non-visual) silicon nitride. Visual results were scored for increasing hues of purple from pale purple to dark blue.
  • test kit the immunoassay device and the underlying coating and detection methods described herein are not intended to be limited by the assay format described or by the volumes, the concentrations or specific ingredients given for the various reagents, controls, and calibrators. It should be understood that similar chemical or other functional equivalents of the components used in the layer, layer coatings, or in any of the various reagents, additives, controls, and calibrators can be utilized within the scope of this invention.
  • substrate formats or materials utilized in the preceding examples it is possible to utilize a diversity of combinations of substrate formats and substrate materials which are functionally equivalent substitutes capable of having AR material bound to their surface, or are capable of being activated to allow attachment of the receptive material.

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Claims (14)

  1. Vorrichtung zum Detektieren der Präsenz oder der Menge von einem Analyten auf einer Testoberfläche von einem Substrat, welche an der Generierung von einem optischen Effekt teilnimmt, wobei der Analyt mit der Substratoberfläche reagiert, aufweisend:
    eine Quelle (#1 in Figur 14A) von linear polarisiertem, monochromatischem einfallendem Licht, welches mit einem Einfallswinkel bezüglich der Senkrechten auf die Oberfläche, welcher anders ist als der Brewster-Winkel, auf die Substratoberfläche auftrifft, wobei das einfallende Licht linear polarisiertes Licht mit einer ersten Komponente, welche parallel zu der Einfallsebene polarisiert ist, und einer zweiten Komponente ist, welche senkrecht zu der Einfallsebene polarisiert ist;
    einen Analysier-Polarisator (#4 in Figur 14A), aufweisend eine optische Achse, welche in einem Reflektionswinkel, welcher dem Einfallswinkel entspricht, positioniert ist, wodurch elliptisch polarisiertes Licht, welches von der Oberfläche reflektiert wird, von dem Analysier-Polarisator empfangen wird; und
    einen Detektor (#5 in Figur 14A), welcher positioniert ist, um Licht von dem Analysier-Polarisator zu empfangen, wobei der Rotationswinkel von dem Analysier-Polarisator 2° bis 15° oberhalb der Einstellung ist, welche den Polarisator auf totale Extinktion des Lichtes ausrichtet, welches von einer leeren Testoberfläche durch den Analysier-Polarisator hindurch reflektiert wird.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Einfallswinkel von dem einfallenden Licht in dem Bereich von 30° bis 70° ist, ausgehend von der Senkrechten bezüglich der Substratoberfläche.
  3. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Winkel von dem Detektor in dem Bereich von 30° bis 70° ist, ausgehend von der Senkrechten bezüglich der Substratoberfläche.
  4. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Wellenlänge von dem monochromatischen Licht 672 nm ist.
  5. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei die Wellenlänge von dem einfallenden Licht eine einzige Wellenlänge innerhalb des Bereichs von 540-650 nm ist.
  6. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Licht von der Lichtquelle polychromatisch ist und gefiltert wird, um monochromatisches Licht bereitzustellen.
  7. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Detektor eine einzige Photodiode oder eine Anordnung von Photodioden ist.
  8. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Licht von der Lichtquelle schon an sich linear polarisiert ist.
  9. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei das Licht von der Lichtquelle durch den Durchgang durch ein Polarisationsmittel linear polarisiert ist.
  10. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Winkel von dem einfallenden Licht und von dem Licht, welches den Detektor passiert, ungefähr gleich sind.
  11. Verfahren zum Analysieren einer Testoberfläche von einem Substrat mittels einer Vorrichtung zum Detektieren der Präsenz oder der Menge von einem Analyten auf der Testoberfläche, welche an der Generierung von einem optischen Effekt teilnimmt, wobei der Analyt auf der Testoberfläche mit der Substratoberfläche reagiert, aufweisend die Schritte von:
    Konfigurieren und Anordnen der Vorrichtung, derart, dass diese aufweist:
    eine Quelle (#1 in Figur 14A) von linear polarisiertem, monochromatischem einfallendem Licht, welches in einem Einfallswinkel bezüglich der Senkrechten auf die Oberfläche, welcher anders ist als der Brewster-Winkel, auf die Substratoberfläche auftrifft, wobei das einfallende Licht linear polarisiertes Licht mit einer ersten Komponente, welche parallel zu der Einfallsebene polarisiert ist, und einer zweiten Komponente, welche senkrecht zu der Einfallsebene polarisiert ist, ist;
    einen Analysier-Polarisator (#4 in Figur 14A), aufweisend eine optische Achse, welche in einem Reflektionswinkel positioniert ist, welcher dem Einfallswinkel entspricht, wodurch elliptisch polarisiertes Licht, welches von der Oberfläche reflektiert wird, von dem Analysier-Polarisator empfangen wird; und
    einen Detektor (#5 in Figur 14A), welcher positioniert ist, um Licht von dem Analysier-Polarisator zu empfangen,
    wobei der Rotationswinkel von dem Analysier-Polarisator
       2° bis 15° oberhalb der Einstellung ist, welche den Polarisator auf totale Extinktion von dem Licht ausrichtet, welches von der leeren Testoberfläche durch den Polarisator hindurch reflektiert wird.
  12. Verfahren nach Anspruch 11, ferner aufweisend:
    Kontaktieren des Substrats mit einer Probe, welche potentiell den Analyten aufweist, unter Bedingungen, bei welchen Licht, welches von dem Substrat zu dem Analysator reflektiert wird, bezogen auf eine nicht reagierte Oberfläche in seiner Intensität verändert wird, wenn der Analyt in einer Menge von 50 fg oder 1x103 Organismen auf dem Substrat präsent ist, und wobei die Änderung der Lichtintensität in weniger als einer Stunde nach Kontakt des Analyten mit dem Substrat erkennbar wird.
  13. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, wobei der Analyt aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, welche aus rheumatoiden Faktoren, für Birkenpollen spezifischen IgE-Antikörpern, carcinoembryonalen Antigenen, einem Streptococcus-Antigen der Gruppe A, viralen Antigenen, Antigenen, welche mit Autoimmunkrankheiten in Zusammenhang stehen, Allergenen, einem Tumor oder einem infektiösen Mikroorganismus, einem Streptococcus-Antigen der Gruppe B, einem HIV I oder HIV II Antigen oder einer Wirtsantwort auf diese Viren, RSV spezifischen Antigenen oder einer Wirtsantwort auf diesen Virus, Hepatitis spezifischen Antigenen oder einer Wirtsantwort auf diesen Organismus besteht.
  14. Verfahren nach Anspruch 12, wobei die Probe aus der Gruppe ausgewählt ist, welche aus Urin, Serum, Plasma, Spinalflüssigkeit, Sputum, Vollblut, Speichel, Urogenitalsekreten, Fäkalextrakten, Herzbeutel-Auswaschungen, Magen-Auswaschungen, Bauchfell-Auswaschungen, Pleural-Auswaschungen, Kolonikal-Auswaschungen, Nasen/Rachen-Auswaschungen, Atemaustragungen und Scheidensekreten besteht.
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CA2141324A1 (en) 1994-02-17
JPH07509565A (ja) 1995-10-19
EP0727038A4 (de) 1998-03-18
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JP2002122601A (ja) 2002-04-26
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EP1126278A3 (de) 2001-10-17
EP1126278A2 (de) 2001-08-22
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AU4536093A (en) 1994-03-03
EP1635162A3 (de) 2010-02-24
EP0727038A1 (de) 1996-08-21
JP3673489B2 (ja) 2005-07-20
JP4060053B2 (ja) 2008-03-12
JP3507048B2 (ja) 2004-03-15
WO1994003774A1 (en) 1994-02-17
JP3787143B2 (ja) 2006-06-21
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