EP0718814B1 - Verfahren und Anordnung zum Detektieren einer Flamme - Google Patents
Verfahren und Anordnung zum Detektieren einer Flamme Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0718814B1 EP0718814B1 EP94120083A EP94120083A EP0718814B1 EP 0718814 B1 EP0718814 B1 EP 0718814B1 EP 94120083 A EP94120083 A EP 94120083A EP 94120083 A EP94120083 A EP 94120083A EP 0718814 B1 EP0718814 B1 EP 0718814B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- frequency
- periodic
- flame
- signals
- radiation
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
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Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B29/00—Checking or monitoring of signalling or alarm systems; Prevention or correction of operating errors, e.g. preventing unauthorised operation
- G08B29/18—Prevention or correction of operating errors
- G08B29/183—Single detectors using dual technologies
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G08—SIGNALLING
- G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
- G08B17/00—Fire alarms; Alarms responsive to explosion
- G08B17/02—Mechanical actuation of the alarm, e.g. by the breaking of a wire
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a method for detecting a flame Analysis of the change in intensity of the radiation emitted by a radiation source, an evaluation of the flicker frequency spectrum of the radiation takes place and outside signals lying in a specific frequency band are evaluated as interference signals become.
- Methods of this type use the typical flickering of the flames in one low frequency vibration range as a feature to distinguish between the radiation and interference radiation emitted by a flame.
- the definition of the frequency band in the simplest case it is carried out by the sensor for the emitted radiation upstream filter or frequency-selective amplifier connected downstream, in both cases a certain pass band of, for example, 5 to 25 Hz is obtained. Even if the frequency band is optimally matched to the flickering of flames malfunctions and false reports are relatively common because it happens again and again that random changes in intensity of the ambient radiation in the pass band lie. Such changes in intensity can be caused, for example, by shadowing or reflections from vibrating or slowly moving objects Reflections of sunlight on water surfaces or from flickering or fluctuating Light sources may be caused.
- the invention is now intended to specify a method of the type specified at the outset be what a clear and secure identification and thus elimination of interference radiation and thus has a high false alarm security, and which is also as universal as possible.
- This object is achieved according to the invention in that when evaluating the Flicker frequency spectrum determines the center and cut-off frequency and according to periodic and non-periodic signals is distinguished, and that periodic signals with a center frequency above a first and non-periodic signals with a Cut-off frequency above a second frequency value are evaluated as interference signals, the first frequency value being determined by the flickering frequency of a stationary flame a size corresponding to the minimum size to be detected is determined and the second frequency value greater than the first is selected.
- each flame can have two states, namely a steady state, which is usually then exists when the flame burns stable and undisturbed (so-called periodic Flame), and a quasi-steady state in which the flame burns unstably (so-called non-periodic flame), and that on the other hand a periodic flame Frequency spectrum with a pronounced frequency peak and a non-periodic Flame has a broadband spectrum with a maximum or limit frequency.
- the invention further relates to a flame detector with means for carrying out the mentioned method, with at least one sensor for the from the radiation source emitted radiation, and with a downstream of the at least one sensor Evaluation electronics.
- the flame detector according to the invention is characterized in that that the evaluation electronics means for analyzing the received radiation and their center and cut-off frequency and to link the radiation received corresponding sensor signals with these frequencies.
- a preferred embodiment of the flame detector according to the invention is thereby characterized in that the said means formed by a microprocessor and that this microprocessor contains a fuzzy controller.
- the fully drawn spectrum with the pronounced peak has a center frequency ⁇ mp and an upper limit frequency ⁇ gp , where: ⁇ gp ⁇ ⁇ mp
- a spectrum of this type is typical of an undisturbed and stable burning, so-called periodic flame, the center frequency ⁇ mp with a flame diameter of 10 cm being below 5 Hz and slowly decreasing with increasing diameter.
- the broadband spectrum indicated by a dashed envelope also has a center frequency and a cutoff frequency, which are denoted by ⁇ mc and ⁇ gc .
- Such a broadband spectrum is typical of a flame in an unstable or non-steady state; Such a flame is referred to below as non-periodic.
- the cutoff frequency ⁇ gc of the broadband spectrum is higher than the center frequency ⁇ mp of the periodic flame. So the following applies: ⁇ gc > ⁇ mp
- the occurrence of the cut-off frequency ⁇ gc in a non-periodic flame can be explained as follows: If a flame burns undisturbed and is in the steady state, then the convection cells forming this flame are also stationary in number and size, and the flame has a constant flickering frequency ⁇ 1 , where ⁇ 1 ⁇ ⁇ mp ⁇ ⁇ gp . If, however, the flame is exposed to external influences such as wind, the convection cells can divide or they can form aggregates of several cells, both processes being subject to a limit.
- K denotes a factor, g the gravitational pull and D the size of the flame, expressed by the diameter of the bowl-shaped container in which a liquid burns with a flame of the relevant size.
- Formula 5 gives a value of 4.7 Hz for a shell diameter of 0.1 m for ⁇ o . If you measure the flicker frequency, you get lower values.
- the minimum diameter of the fire or fire to be detected is first determined. If this is to be 10 cm, for example, then the frequency ⁇ mp ⁇ ⁇ gp of a periodic flame is below 5 Hz and the cut-off frequency ⁇ gc of the same size non-periodic flame will certainly not be above 15 Hz. Then two limit values G 1 and G 2 are set for periodic and non-periodic interference signals; the limit value G 1 for periodic interference signals preferably according to Formula 2 with G 1 > ⁇ mp , i.e. at about 5 Hz, and the limit value G 2 for non-periodic interference signals according to Formula 3 with G 2 > 3 ⁇ mp, for example at about 15 Hz.
- the signal generated by the sensor of the detector is examined for its periodicity and assigned to one of the two classes periodically or non-periodically and compared with the relevant limit value G 1 or G 2 and evaluated as an interference signal when the limit value is exceeded.
- the signal is examined for periodicity or non-periodicity, for example, by forming the difference between the cutoff frequency minus the center frequency and dividing this difference by the cutoff frequency. If the quotient is in the order of one, then it is a non-periodic signal; if it is well below one, then it is a periodic signal.
- fuzzy logic This type of signal evaluation would largely suppress potential Interference signals and thus a high level of false alarm security are guaranteed. You can do that False alarm security and reliability further improve if you evaluate the signal using fuzzy logic.
- fuzzy logic The basics of fuzzy logic will be as known (see for example the book “Fuzzy Set Theory and its Applications "by H.-J. Zimmermann, Kluver Academic Publishers, 1991 or the European patent application EP-A-646901 by Cerberus AG) which was published on April 5, 1995 and has a priority date of October 4, 1993. It is only here recalls that the central concept of fuzzy logic is the fuzzy sets or unsharp ones Are sets, with the membership of elements in a fuzzy set by the so-called membership or membership function is defined. While at sharp sets mean one belonging and zero not belonging in the fuzzy sets as values for the membership function are not just zero and one, but any values in between allowed.
- each input variable which is one of the signals mentioned above, at least one so-called membership function depicted as a matrix.
- the x scaling this function has an equivalent in the respective signal, and the y scaling corresponds to the truth content or the degree of approximation to the respective Statement and can take any value from 0 to 1.
- the determination of the frequencies ⁇ m and ⁇ g can be done with a fast Fourier transform (FFT) or with simpler and / or faster methods such as zero crossing (determination of the zero crossings) or determination of the distance between the peaks or wavelet analysis or spectral analysis (see also M. Kunt: Traitement Numérique des Signaux, Presses Polytechniques Romandes).
- FFT fast Fourier transform
- simpler and / or faster methods such as zero crossing (determination of the zero crossings) or determination of the distance between the peaks or wavelet analysis or spectral analysis
- Flame detectors are known to detect the flame radiation of possible fire locations, this flame radiation, which is heat and thus infrared radiation, reaches the detector through direct or indirect radiation.
- the detectors usually contain two pyroelectric sensors that are sensitive to two different wavelengths.
- the first sensor reacts to the infrared active flame gases in the characteristic CO 2 spectral range from 4.1 to 4.7 ⁇ m, which are formed when carbonaceous materials are burned off, and the second sensor measures the infrared energy in the wavelength range from 5 to 6 ⁇ m, which is caused by interference sources such as sunlight. artificial light or radiant heaters.
- FIG. 3 shows a highly simplified block diagram of a flame detector according to the invention, which essentially consists of an infrared-sensitive sensor 1, an amplifier 2 and a microprocessor or microcontroller 3 containing an A / D converter.
- a filter 4 is connected upstream of the sensor 1, which has an impedance converter, and is only permeable for radiation from the characteristic CO 2 spectral range mentioned, preferably for a wavelength of 4.3 ⁇ m.
- the radiation of this wavelength incident on the sensor 1 generates a corresponding voltage signal at the output of the sensor, which after amplification in the amplifier 2 reaches the microprocessor 3 and is evaluated there.
- This microprocessor now defines the three variables square signal x i 2 , center frequency ⁇ m and cut-off frequency ⁇ g and evaluates these variables, the signal evaluation being able to take place in the first way already mentioned or by means of fuzzy logic.
- the microprocessor (microcontroller) 3 contains a fuzzy controller, the rule base in a known manner with the fuzzy rules given above and includes an inference engine.
- the flame detector can also have more than one sensor, for example 2 sensors.
- the flame detector described has the advantage that the examination of the periodicity of the flicker frequency and the determination of the center and cut-off frequency and their comparison with the two frequency values G 1 and G 2 provides a simple criterion for distinguishing between useful radiation and interference radiation.
- the signal evaluation using fuzzy logic offers the additional advantage that relatively simple algorithms can be used, as a result of which the computation and storage effort remains within a modest framework.
Description
- Fig. 1
- das Spektrum der Flackerfrequenz einer periodischen und einer nicht-periodischen Flamme,
- Fig. 2
- ein Beispiel für die Fuzzy-Zugehörigkeitsfunktion der Grenzfrequenz des Spektrums von Fig. 1; und
- Fig. 3
- ein Blockschema eines erfindungsgemässen Flammenmelders.
- Das Quadratsignal muss einen bestimmten Mindestwert übersteigen, damit die Auswertung gestartet wird.
- Untersuchung der Signale auf die Eigenschaft periodisch/nicht periodisch und entsprechende Klassierung.
- Unterdrückung aller periodischen Signale mit einer Mittenfrequenz ωm > G1 (G1 > ωmp).
- Unterdrückung aller nicht-periodischen Signale mit einer Grenzfrequenz ωg > G2 (G2 > 3ωmp).
- Wenn [(ωg - ωm) / ωg = gross und ωg = klein oder mittel und xi 2 = gross], dann Flamme.
- Wenn [(ωg - ωm) / ωg = gross und ωg = gross und xi 2 = gross], dann breitbandiger Störer.
- Wenn xi 2 = klein, dann Normalzustand.
- Wenn [(ωg - ωm) / ωg = klein und ωg = klein und xi 2 = gross], dann Flamme.
- Wenn [(ωg - ωm) / ωg = klein und ωg = mittel oder gross und xi 2 = gross], dann periodischer Störer.
Claims (8)
- Verfahren zur Detektion einer Flamme durch Analyse der Intensitätsänderung der von einer Strahlungsquelle ausgesandten Strahlung, wobei eine Auswertung des Flackerfrequenzspektrums der Strahlung erfolgt und ausserhalb eines bestimmten Frequenzbandes liegende Signale als Störsignale bewertet werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Frequenz der Strahlung analysiert und dabei die Mitten- und Grenzfrequenz (ωmp, ωmc; ωgp, ωgc) ermittelt und nach periodischen und nicht-periodischen Signalen unterschieden wird, und dass periodische Signale mit einer Mittenfrequenz (ωm) oberhalb eines ersten (G1) und nicht-periodische Signale mit einer Grenzfrequenz (ωg) oberhalb eines zweiten Frequenzwerts (G2) als Störsignale bewertet werden, wobei der erste Frequenzwert durch die Flackerfrequenz einer stationären Flamme mit einer der zu detektierenden Flammen-Mindestgrösse entsprechenden Grösse bestimmt ist und der zweite Frequenzwert grösser als der erste gewählt wird.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zur Bestimmung des ersten Frequenzwerts (G1) die Flackerfrequenz einer stationären Flamme der genannten Mindestgrösse berechnet, und dass der erste Grenzwert grösser gewählt wird als diese Flackerfrequenz.
- Verfahren nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der zweite Frequenzwert (G2) nicht kleiner als der dreifache Wert der genannten Flackerfrequenz und damit etwa dreimal so gross wie der erste Frequenzwert (G1) gewählt wird.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass zur Unterscheidung nach periodischen und nicht-periodischen Signalen der Quotient aus der Differenz der Grenzfrequenz minus der Mittenfrequenz (ωg - ωm) geteilt durch die Grenzfrequenz (ωg) gebildet, und dass der Wert dieses Quotienten als Kriterium für die Periodizität oder Nicht-Periodizität der Signale verwendet wird, wobei ein Wert in der Grössenordnung von eins ein nicht-periodisches und ein Wert deutlich unter eins ein periodisches Signal bezeichnet.
- Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Auswertung des Flackerfrequenzspektrums der Strahlung durch eine schnelle Fouriertransformation, durch Ermittlung der Nulldurchgänge oder durch spektrale Analyse erfolgt.
- Flammenmelder mit Mitteln zur Durchführung des Verfahrens nach Anspruch 1, mit mindestens einem Sensor (1) für die von der Strahlungsquelle ausgesandte Strahlung, und mit einer dem mindestens einen Sensor nachgeschalteten Auswerteelektronik, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Auswerteelektronik Mittel zur Analyse der empfangenen Strahlung und von deren Mitten- und Grenzfrequenz (ωmp, ωmc; ωgp, ωgc) und zur Verknüpfung der der empfangenen Strahlung entsprechenden Sensorsignale mit diesen Frequenzen aufweist.
- Flammenmelder nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die genannten Mittel durch einen Mikroprozessor (3) gebildet sind, und dass dieser Mikroprozessor einen Fuzzy-Controller enthält.
- Flammenmelder nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Fuzzy-Controller eine oder mehrere der folgenden Fuzzy-Regeln enthält:Wenn Sensorsignal klein, dann Normalzustand.Wenn [Signal nicht periodisch und Grenzfrequenz (ωgc) klein oder mittel und Sensorsignal gross], dann Flamme.Wenn [Signal nicht periodisch und Grenzfrequenz (ωgc) gross und Sensorsignal gross], dann breitbandiger Störer.Wenn [Signal periodisch und Grenzfrequenz (ωgp) klein und Sensorsignal gross], dann Flamme.Wenn [Signal periodisch und Grenzfrequenz (ωgp) mittel oder gross und Sensorsignal gross], dann periodischer Störer.
Priority Applications (7)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP94120083A EP0718814B1 (de) | 1994-12-19 | 1994-12-19 | Verfahren und Anordnung zum Detektieren einer Flamme |
AT94120083T ATE203118T1 (de) | 1994-12-19 | 1994-12-19 | Verfahren und anordnung zum detektieren einer flamme |
DE59409799T DE59409799D1 (de) | 1994-12-19 | 1994-12-19 | Verfahren und Anordnung zum Detektieren einer Flamme |
AU37810/95A AU703685B2 (en) | 1994-12-19 | 1995-11-13 | Method of detecting a flame and flame detector for carrying out the method |
CZ19953218A CZ289921B6 (cs) | 1994-12-19 | 1995-12-05 | Způsob detekce plamene, hlásič plamene a způsob provozu hlásiče plamene |
CN95120895A CN1099660C (zh) | 1994-12-19 | 1995-12-19 | 探测火焰的方法及实施该方法的火焰报警器 |
US08/574,773 US5594421A (en) | 1994-12-19 | 1995-12-19 | Method and detector for detecting a flame |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP94120083A EP0718814B1 (de) | 1994-12-19 | 1994-12-19 | Verfahren und Anordnung zum Detektieren einer Flamme |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0718814A1 EP0718814A1 (de) | 1996-06-26 |
EP0718814B1 true EP0718814B1 (de) | 2001-07-11 |
Family
ID=8216544
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP94120083A Expired - Lifetime EP0718814B1 (de) | 1994-12-19 | 1994-12-19 | Verfahren und Anordnung zum Detektieren einer Flamme |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5594421A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0718814B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1099660C (de) |
AT (1) | ATE203118T1 (de) |
AU (1) | AU703685B2 (de) |
CZ (1) | CZ289921B6 (de) |
DE (1) | DE59409799D1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111123423A (zh) * | 2020-03-27 | 2020-05-08 | 上海翼捷工业安全设备股份有限公司 | 火焰探测用双通道红外滤光片组合及其制备方法和应用 |
Families Citing this family (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6515283B1 (en) | 1996-03-01 | 2003-02-04 | Fire Sentry Corporation | Fire detector with modulation index measurement |
US6518574B1 (en) | 1996-03-01 | 2003-02-11 | Fire Sentry Corporation | Fire detector with multiple sensors |
US6507023B1 (en) * | 1996-07-31 | 2003-01-14 | Fire Sentry Corporation | Fire detector with electronic frequency analysis |
EP0834845A1 (de) * | 1996-10-04 | 1998-04-08 | Cerberus Ag | Verfahren zur Frequenzanalyse eines Signals |
US5850182A (en) * | 1997-01-07 | 1998-12-15 | Detector Electronics Corporation | Dual wavelength fire detection method and apparatus |
US5995008A (en) * | 1997-05-07 | 1999-11-30 | Detector Electronics Corporation | Fire detection method and apparatus using overlapping spectral bands |
AU768582B2 (en) * | 1998-06-02 | 2003-12-18 | Hochiki Kabushiki Kaisha | Flame detection device and flame detection method |
DE19841475C1 (de) * | 1998-09-10 | 2000-02-03 | Electrowatt Tech Innovat Corp | Flammenüberwachungssystem und Verfahren zur Überwachung einer Flamme |
US6879253B1 (en) * | 2000-03-15 | 2005-04-12 | Siemens Building Technologies Ag | Method for the processing of a signal from an alarm and alarms with means for carrying out said method |
US6184792B1 (en) | 2000-04-19 | 2001-02-06 | George Privalov | Early fire detection method and apparatus |
US7244946B2 (en) * | 2004-05-07 | 2007-07-17 | Walter Kidde Portable Equipment, Inc. | Flame detector with UV sensor |
JP2010249769A (ja) * | 2009-04-20 | 2010-11-04 | Oki Denki Bosai Kk | 炎監視装置 |
US8260523B2 (en) * | 2009-05-04 | 2012-09-04 | General Electric Company | Method for detecting gas turbine engine flashback |
US9251683B2 (en) | 2011-09-16 | 2016-02-02 | Honeywell International Inc. | Flame detector using a light guide for optical sensing |
CN111141504B (zh) * | 2019-12-25 | 2022-04-15 | Oppo(重庆)智能科技有限公司 | 一种断火检测方法、装置及计算机可读存储介质 |
Family Cites Families (12)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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BE759559A (fr) * | 1969-12-03 | 1971-04-30 | Cerberus Ag | Dispositif pour detecter un incendie ou des flammes |
DE2823410A1 (de) * | 1978-04-25 | 1979-11-08 | Cerberus Ag | Flammenmelder |
US4206454A (en) * | 1978-05-08 | 1980-06-03 | Chloride Incorporated | Two channel optical flame detector |
US4709155A (en) * | 1984-11-22 | 1987-11-24 | Babcock-Hitachi Kabushiki Kaisha | Flame detector for use with a burner |
JPS61178621A (ja) * | 1985-02-04 | 1986-08-11 | Hochiki Corp | 炎検出装置 |
JPS63151827A (ja) * | 1986-12-17 | 1988-06-24 | Hochiki Corp | 火災判断装置 |
US4866420A (en) * | 1988-04-26 | 1989-09-12 | Systron Donner Corp. | Method of detecting a fire of open uncontrolled flames |
US4988884A (en) * | 1988-11-22 | 1991-01-29 | Walter Kidde Aerospace, Inc. | High temperature resistant flame detector |
WO1990009012A1 (en) * | 1989-01-25 | 1990-08-09 | Nohmi Bosai Kabushiki Kaisha | Fire alarm |
US5073769A (en) * | 1990-10-31 | 1991-12-17 | Honeywell Inc. | Flame detector using a discrete fourier transform to process amplitude samples from a flame signal |
US5434560A (en) * | 1993-05-11 | 1995-07-18 | Detector Electronics Corporation | System for detecting random events |
CH686805A5 (de) * | 1993-10-04 | 1996-06-28 | Cerberus Ag | Verfahren zur Verarbeitung der Signale eines passiven Infrarot-Detektors und Infrarot-Detektor zur Durchfuehrung des Verfahrens. |
-
1994
- 1994-12-19 AT AT94120083T patent/ATE203118T1/de active
- 1994-12-19 EP EP94120083A patent/EP0718814B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-12-19 DE DE59409799T patent/DE59409799D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1995
- 1995-11-13 AU AU37810/95A patent/AU703685B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1995-12-05 CZ CZ19953218A patent/CZ289921B6/cs not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-12-19 CN CN95120895A patent/CN1099660C/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-12-19 US US08/574,773 patent/US5594421A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN111123423A (zh) * | 2020-03-27 | 2020-05-08 | 上海翼捷工业安全设备股份有限公司 | 火焰探测用双通道红外滤光片组合及其制备方法和应用 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1099660C (zh) | 2003-01-22 |
US5594421A (en) | 1997-01-14 |
ATE203118T1 (de) | 2001-07-15 |
EP0718814A1 (de) | 1996-06-26 |
CN1132889A (zh) | 1996-10-09 |
AU703685B2 (en) | 1999-04-01 |
AU3781095A (en) | 1996-06-27 |
CZ289921B6 (cs) | 2002-04-17 |
CZ321895A3 (en) | 1996-07-17 |
DE59409799D1 (de) | 2001-08-16 |
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