EP0717816B1 - Soupape a commande electromagnetique - Google Patents

Soupape a commande electromagnetique Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0717816B1
EP0717816B1 EP95919330A EP95919330A EP0717816B1 EP 0717816 B1 EP0717816 B1 EP 0717816B1 EP 95919330 A EP95919330 A EP 95919330A EP 95919330 A EP95919330 A EP 95919330A EP 0717816 B1 EP0717816 B1 EP 0717816B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
connecting component
armature
electromagnetically actuated
valve
actuated valve
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP95919330A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0717816A1 (fr
Inventor
Ferdinand Reiter
Martin Maier
Manfred Dreyer
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP0717816A1 publication Critical patent/EP0717816A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0717816B1 publication Critical patent/EP0717816B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/16—Details not provided for in, or of interest apart from, the apparatus of groups F02M61/02 - F02M61/14
    • F02M61/168—Assembling; Disassembling; Manufacturing; Adjusting
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M51/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by being operated electrically
    • F02M51/06—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle
    • F02M51/061—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means
    • F02M51/0625—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures
    • F02M51/0664—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding
    • F02M51/0671—Injectors peculiar thereto with means directly operating the valve needle using electromagnetic operating means characterised by arrangement of mobile armatures having a cylindrically or partly cylindrically shaped armature, e.g. entering the winding; having a plate-shaped or undulated armature entering the winding the armature having an elongated valve body attached thereto
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S239/00—Fluid sprinkling, spraying, and diffusing
    • Y10S239/90—Electromagnetically actuated fuel injector having ball and seat type valve

Definitions

  • the invention is based on an electromagnetic actuatable valve according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • DE 40 08 675 A is already a valve needle for a Electromagnetically actuated valve known from a Armature, a valve closing member and the armature with the e.g. B. connecting spherical valve closing member sleeve-shaped connecting tube.
  • the single ones Sections represent separately manufactured sections Items that are only by means of joining processes, e.g. B. by Laser welding, can be connected to each other.
  • the anchor encompasses the connecting tube completely radially and at least partially axially, since the connecting tube in one through the longitudinal opening of the anchor is attached.
  • the Connection tube itself also has a continuous inner Longitudinal opening in which fuel towards Valve closing member can flow, which is then close to the Valve closing member through in the wall of the Connecting tube inserted, radially extending Cross openings emerges.
  • the fuel flow therefore takes place first inside the valve needle and leaves the First push the valve needle towards the valve seat.
  • valve needle known, particularly in an electromagnetic actuable fuel injector usable and off profiled rod material is made.
  • the needle blank is subsequently elaborated in several Processing steps to the final desired needle shape brought.
  • Several short sections of the Valve needle (guide sections, stop plate, needle head) processed very precisely, since they perform management tasks in the valve have to take over.
  • Others profiled axially between these Sections of the valve needle are marked by Cutting diameter processes reduced. All in all, there is a multitude of processing steps necessary to the different short profile sections of the Manufacture valve needle in accordance with management. Due to the with several short profiled sections of the valve needle the grooves provided there for the axial flow through the There is only one fuel towards the valve seat partial guidance of the fuel so that the flow is not can run optimally quietly.
  • the electromagnetically actuated valve according to the invention with the features of claim 1 on the other hand the advantage that one used in it Valve needle in a particularly simple and inexpensive way and how it can be produced.
  • This is according to the invention achieved that a valve needle mainly constituting Connection part between armature and valve closing member a simple and inexpensive semi-finished profile can be produced.
  • The has a special advantage Use of inexpensive bar stock for that Connecting part that without further processing steps only to an exact length for use on the Valve needle must be brought.
  • the usable ones Semi-finished products have such a cross-section that according to the connection of anchor and connecting part automatically flow channels are formed in the longitudinal opening of the armature.
  • connection part at least one radially extending profile arm, which continuously in Longitudinal direction over the entire length of the connecting part extends, since this design requires the least subsequent processing.
  • Semi-finished products for use are particularly advantageous as a connecting part of the valve needle, which is a cross-shaped or have a Y-shaped cross section.
  • a connecting part of the valve needle which is a cross-shaped or have a Y-shaped cross section.
  • FIG. 1 shows a Fuel injection valve with an inventive Valve needle
  • Fig. 2 is a side view of a valve needle according to a first embodiment
  • Fig. 3 a Top view of a valve needle according to a first Embodiment
  • Fig. 4 is a side view of a Valve needle according to a second embodiment
  • FIG. 5 a plan view of a valve needle according to a second Embodiment
  • Fig. 6 is a plan view of a Valve needle according to a third embodiment
  • FIG. 7 a plan view of a valve needle according to a fourth Embodiment
  • FIG. 8 is a plan view of a Valve needle according to a fifth exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 9 a plan view of a valve needle according to a sixth Embodiment
  • Fig. 10 is a plan view of a Valve needle according to a seventh embodiment.
  • Die Magnetic coil 1 with a bobbin 3 is z.
  • a tubular, metal intermediate part 12 for example by welding connected and partially overlaps the core end 10 axially.
  • the intermediate part 12 is at its core 2 facing away End provided with a lower cylinder section 18, the overlaps a tubular nozzle carrier 19 and with this for example, is tightly connected by welding.
  • a cylindrical valve seat body 21 tightly assembled by welding.
  • the valve seat body 21 has a fixed valve seat 22 facing the magnet coil 1 on, downstream of which in the valve seat body 21 z.
  • B. two Spray openings 23 are formed. Downstream of the Spray openings 23, the valve seat body 21 has itself widening in the shape of a truncated cone in the direction of flow Conditioning hole 24.
  • stepped flow bore 25 of the core 2 is for Setting the spring force of a return spring 26 a tubular adjusting bush 27 pressed.
  • the press-in depth the adjusting bush 27 into the flow bore 25 of the core 2 determines the spring force of the return spring 26 and influences thus also the dynamic, during the opening and the Closing stroke of the valve delivered amount of fuel.
  • the connecting part 32 made from a semi-finished product is part of a valve needle 34, to which the core continues 2 facing and with the core 2 and the solenoid 1 cooperating sleeve-shaped anchor 36 and an am downstream end 38 of the connecting part 32 arranged, e.g. B. spherical valve closing member 37 belong.
  • the spherical valve closing member 37 is there achieved, for example, by means of laser welding Welded connections 40 with the connecting part 32 firmly connected. To ensure the best possible connection and an exact Centering of the spherical valve closing member 37 to achieve compared to the connecting part 32 Connecting part 32 at its downstream end 38 Face 30 facing away from an end, z. B. partially dome-shaped contact surface 41.
  • Das Connecting part 32 and the valve closing member 37 have one smaller diameter than the anchor 36. That for example spherical valve closing member 37 has on its circumference e.g. B. four circular flats 50 on the flow of fuel in the direction of the valve seat 22 of the Relieve valve seat body 21.
  • the anchor 36 is with the the valve closing member 37 facing away from the end of it inserted connecting part 32 by several small Welds 48 connected and aligned with the core 2.
  • the magnet coil 1 is of at least one, for example trained as a bracket, as a ferromagnetic element serving guide element 51 at least partially surround the with one end on core 2 and the other End rests on the nozzle carrier 19 and with this, for. B. is connected by welding or soldering. Part of the Valve is enclosed by a plastic casing 52, starting from the core 2 in the axial direction over the Solenoid 1 with connector 6 and the at least one Guide element 51 extends.
  • FIG. 2 shows a side view of a valve needle 34 with cut anchor 36 according to a first Embodiment
  • Figure 3 is a plan view this valve needle 34 shows. That from a cruciform
  • the semi-finished connecting part 32 has four extending radially outwards, each by 90 ° offset narrow profile arms 54, which over a medium Area 55 are interconnected. With that lie each two profile arms 54 face each other and form in cross section a cross.
  • the profile arms 54 extend in Longitudinal direction over the entire length of the connecting part 32.
  • the fixed connection of anchor 36 and connecting part 32 takes place through the contour of the connecting part 32 in Circumferential direction with welds 48 only where the Profile arms 54 with their rounded end faces 56 the anchor 36 touch from the inside. Outside of the profile arms 54 lies in No circumferential direction of the connecting part 32 and Anchor 36 forward; rather, there are four axially extending ones Flow channels 60 from the inner wall of the armature 36 and two profile arms 54 are limited.
  • the flow channels 60 have the shape of Connecting part 32 an approximately triangular Cross-section and are as long as the wrap-around length of the armature 36 around the connecting part 32.
  • the fuel comes from the flow bore 25 in the core 2 to to anchor 36 and occurs in its inner longitudinal opening until to the end face 30 of the connecting part 32.
  • the four flow channels 60 on which the fuel divided and through which it is routed.
  • the Valve closing member 37 facing end of the armature 36 occurs the fuel out of the flow channels 60 and flows at least partially as a wall film of the connecting part 32 to the valve closing member 37. Without longitudinal slots or The fuel flow becomes transverse openings in the connecting part 32 up to valve seat 22 is therefore still complete guaranteed.
  • the welds 40 between the Connecting part 32 and the valve closing member 37 take place for example analogous to the weld seams 48 only in the outer Edge area of the profile arms 54.
  • FIGs 4 and 5 is a second embodiment a valve needle 34 according to the invention in a Side view or top view shown.
  • the Valve needle 34 is now characterized by a connecting part 32 with a Y-shaped cross section.
  • the connecting part 32 has only three radially outward for example, narrow profile arms offset by 120 ° 54, which are connected to one another via a central region 55 are.
  • the three profile arms 54 also extend in the longitudinal direction over the entire length of the connecting part 32.
  • the weld seams 40 and 48 are also analogous to the first Embodiment provided.
  • the three profile arms 54 have inevitably has the consequence that in the axial extent of armature 36, three flow channels 60 are also formed, which the fuel flows axially through.
  • the connecting part 32 represents a great deal cost-effective variant, since a semi-finished product is used through which flow channels 60 are already created, without additional in different processing steps Fuel outlet openings must be provided.
  • One the use of rod material is a particular advantage for the connecting part 32, which is only to an exact Length for use on the valve needle 34 are brought got to.
  • FIGS Shown top views.
  • the illustrated embodiment is a Valve needle 34 with a plate-shaped connecting part 32, the two flat and two rounded peripheral surfaces (End faces 56).
  • the two rounded end faces 56 serve the better attachment of the connecting part 32 in an anchor 36 having a circular inner wall flat peripheral surfaces, however, extend with a radial distance from the inner wall of the armature 36, so that between the two flat peripheral surfaces and the inner wall of the armature 36 two flow channels 60 for the fuel are formed.
  • the fourth exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 7 illustrates another variant of the training of the Connecting part 32 from a semi-finished product. Owns here now the connecting part 32 a circular segment Cross section, for example exactly a semicircular Cross-section.
  • the rounded end surface 56 contacts the anchor 36 on its inner wall and is firm with it connected.
  • the part of the body missing from a full circle having a circular cross-section Connecting part 32 exactly represents the flow channel 60 in Inside the armature 36. This one-sided Flow channel 60 is particularly advantageous if asymmetrical beam paths are to be achieved.
  • This in Fifth embodiment shown in FIG only differs from the fourth embodiment in that from the circular segment Connecting part 32 starting from its flat Circumferential surface another profile arm 54 to the inner Wall of the armature 36 protrudes, which is also a has rounded end surface 56 and through the two Flow channels 60 are formed.
  • FIGS and 10 Two embodiments of valve needles 34 with Connecting parts 32, which do not exist as semi-finished products have rounded end faces 56 are shown in FIGS and 10.
  • a triangular or connecting parts 32 having a square cross section have only three or four axial line contacts with the inner wall of the armature 36, so that only very narrow areas for attachment between anchor 36 and connecting part 32 for To be available.
  • the flow channels 60 also result from the connecting part 32 for the fuel, so with a square one Connecting part 32 four flow channels 60.
  • Die Flow channels 60 are on the one hand of the circular inner wall of the armature 36 and the other from the between two flat corners Circumferential surfaces of the connecting part 32 limited. With these Connection parts 32, it is possible to either the same large or different sized flow channels 60 too create.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique, notamment injecteur pour des installations d'injection de carburant de moteurs à combustion interne, comprenant un noyau (2), une bobine magnétique (1) et un siège d'injecteur (22), fixe, une aiguille d'injecteur (34) coopérant avec le siège (22), cette aiguille se composant d'un induit (36), d'une pièce de liaison (32) et d'un organe d'obturation (37), la pièce de liaison (32) reliant l'induit (36) à la pièce d'obturation (37) est un profilé constitué par un produit semi-fini, entouré radialement en partie par l'induit (36) et formant avec l'induit (36) au moins un canal d'écoulement (60),
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'induit (36), la pièce de liaison (32) et l'organe d'obturation (37) sont des pièces distinctes fabriquées séparément, reliées solidairement par application de procédé de liaison et
    la pièce de liaison (32) comporte au moins un bras (54) de profilé, dirigé radialement, et qui s'étend de manière continue essentiellement sur toute la longueur axiale de la pièce de liaison (32).
  2. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la pièce de liaison (32) possède une section cruciforme avec quatre bras (54) de profilés dirigés radialement vers l'extérieur.
  3. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la pièce de liaison (32) possède une section en forme de Y avec trois bras (54) de profilés dirigés radialement vers l'extérieur.
  4. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la pièce de liaison (32) a une section en forme de segment de cercle et possède au moins un bras (54) de profilé.
  5. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la pièce de liaison (32) a une section en forme de polygone et le nombre de coins est égal au nombre de canaux d'écoulement formés (60).
  6. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique selon la revendication 2,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la pièce de liaison (32) a section cruciforme comporte quatre canaux d'écoulement (60) formés dans l'induit (36).
  7. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique selon la revendication 3,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la pièce de liaison (32) a section en forme de Y constitue trois canaux d'écoulement (60) dans l'induit (36).
  8. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    la longueur d'au moins un canal d'écoulement (60) correspond à la longueur suivant laquelle l'induit (36) enveloppe la pièce de liaison (32).
  9. Injecteur à commande électromagnétique selon la revendication 1,
    caractérisé en ce que
    l'organe d'obturation (37) est en forme de bille et l'extrémité (38) de la pièce de liaison (32) tournée vers l'organe d'obturation (37) présente une surface d'appui (41) en forme de calotte.
EP95919330A 1994-06-09 1995-05-26 Soupape a commande electromagnetique Expired - Lifetime EP0717816B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE4420176A DE4420176A1 (de) 1994-06-09 1994-06-09 Ventilnadel für ein elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil
DE4420176 1994-06-09
PCT/DE1995/000692 WO1995033923A1 (fr) 1994-06-09 1995-05-26 Aiguille d'injection pour electrovanne

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0717816A1 EP0717816A1 (fr) 1996-06-26
EP0717816B1 true EP0717816B1 (fr) 1999-09-08

Family

ID=6520180

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP95919330A Expired - Lifetime EP0717816B1 (fr) 1994-06-09 1995-05-26 Soupape a commande electromagnetique

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US5820031A (fr)
EP (1) EP0717816B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH09501480A (fr)
KR (1) KR100378456B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN1064741C (fr)
BR (1) BR9506256A (fr)
CZ (1) CZ286185B6 (fr)
DE (2) DE4420176A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2138204T3 (fr)
RU (1) RU2138722C1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1995033923A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE19627939C1 (de) * 1996-07-11 1997-03-20 Bosch Gmbh Robert Ventilnadel und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Ventilnadel
DE19632196B4 (de) * 1996-08-09 2004-11-04 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil
DE19712590A1 (de) * 1997-03-26 1998-10-01 Bosch Gmbh Robert Elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil
US6199776B1 (en) * 1997-11-22 2001-03-13 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injection valve and method for the production of a valve needle for a fuel injection valve
US6299079B1 (en) * 1998-06-18 2001-10-09 Robert Bosch Gmbh Fuel injector
DE19833461A1 (de) * 1998-07-24 2000-01-27 Bosch Gmbh Robert Elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil
US6422486B1 (en) 2000-03-31 2002-07-23 Siemens Automotive Corporation Armature/needle assembly for a fuel injector and method of manufacturing same
US6409101B1 (en) 2000-06-30 2002-06-25 Siemens Automotive Corporation Hollow oversized telescopic needle with armature
JP3799599B2 (ja) * 2001-02-26 2006-07-19 株式会社デンソー 溶接装置および溶接方法
DE10153019A1 (de) * 2001-10-26 2003-05-08 Ina Schaeffler Kg Elektromagnet, insbesondere Proportionalmagnet zur Betätigung eines hydraulischen Ventils
DE10156021A1 (de) * 2001-11-15 2003-06-26 Bosch Gmbh Robert Brennstoffeinspritzanlage
JP2006233887A (ja) * 2005-02-25 2006-09-07 Denso Corp 燃料噴射弁
FR2891318A3 (fr) * 2005-09-26 2007-03-30 Renault Sas Injecteur de gazole pour moteur a combustion interne
CN101949344B (zh) * 2010-09-10 2012-07-04 浙江冯仕特电喷技术有限公司 一种燃油电磁喷射阀
EP2803850A1 (fr) * 2013-05-16 2014-11-19 Continental Automotive GmbH Pointeau de soupape pour injecteur de fluide, ensemble de pointeau de soupape, ensemble de soupape et injecteur de carburant
GB2519171B (en) * 2013-10-14 2016-02-17 Redd & Whyte Ltd Micro-Valve
DE102015221790A1 (de) 2015-11-06 2017-05-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Ventilnadel für ein elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil
DE102016225939A1 (de) 2016-12-22 2018-06-28 Robert Bosch Gmbh Elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil und Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Ventilnadel für ein elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil
CN112709828B (zh) * 2021-01-06 2022-08-30 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 一种针型阀及其使用方法

Family Cites Families (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2957631A (en) * 1957-03-14 1960-10-25 Acf Ind Inc Nozzle for fuel injector system
DE2458728A1 (de) * 1974-12-12 1976-06-24 Bosch Gmbh Robert Elektromagnetisch betaetigbares einspritzventil
DE3831196A1 (de) * 1988-09-14 1990-03-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert Elektromagnetisch betaetigbares ventil
DE3914486A1 (de) * 1989-05-02 1990-11-08 Bosch Gmbh Robert Verfahren zur herstellung einer ventilnadel und ventilnadel
DE4008675A1 (de) * 1990-03-17 1991-09-19 Bosch Gmbh Robert Elektromagnetisch betaetigbares ventil
JPH04136476A (ja) * 1990-09-28 1992-05-11 Nippon Injiekuta Kk 燃料噴射弁
US5307991A (en) * 1990-10-09 1994-05-03 Ford Motor Company Fuel injector and method of manufacturing
DE4128821A1 (de) * 1991-08-30 1993-03-04 Bosch Gmbh Robert Elektromagnetisch betaetigbares einspritzventil
DE4230376C1 (fr) * 1992-09-11 1993-04-22 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart, De
DE4415850A1 (de) * 1994-05-05 1995-11-09 Bosch Gmbh Robert Ventilnadel für ein elektromagnetisch betätigbares Ventil

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CZ286185B6 (cs) 2000-02-16
DE59506783D1 (de) 1999-10-14
RU2138722C1 (ru) 1999-09-27
KR100378456B1 (ko) 2003-06-02
BR9506256A (pt) 1997-08-12
EP0717816A1 (fr) 1996-06-26
CN1064741C (zh) 2001-04-18
US5820031A (en) 1998-10-13
DE4420176A1 (de) 1995-12-14
JPH09501480A (ja) 1997-02-10
ES2138204T3 (es) 2000-01-01
KR960704153A (ko) 1996-08-31
WO1995033923A1 (fr) 1995-12-14
CZ37296A3 (en) 1996-07-17
CN1129472A (zh) 1996-08-21

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