EP0610157A1 - Covering for vertical or sloping outer surfaces of buildings - Google Patents

Abstract

Wall cladding comprising square and triangular individual elements. In relation to the fall line of the vertical or sloping wall, the square elements stand on their points, i.e. with their diagonals parallel to the edges of the wall delimited at right angles. All the elements are provided, on the edges parallel to the sides of the square, with folds which are folded over through 180@: towards the outside on the upwardly directed edges, and towards the wall on the downwardly directed edges. The first set of triangular elements, produced from the squares by a single division along the diagonal, serve to clad the edges, and the second set of triangles, produced by dividing squares along two diagonals, serve to clad the corners. The elements are fastened on the wall, at their upper, right-angled corners, by means of pins. The wall cladding is laid in a manner continuing from bottom to top. The elements of the next row above are pushed, by means of their folds which are folded inwards, into the outwardly directed folds of the lower row. The result is a continuous surface covering which protects the wall against downwardly running water. Since the folds may be very narrow (at least 2% of the side of a square), the result is a gap-free covering with a minimal requirement in terms of cladding elements. <IMAGE>

Description

In construction technology, it is often necessary to protect the outer surfaces of the building body against the effects of the weather with a cladding. In addition to thermal insulation, the purpose of the structure in particular is to protect it against water, in particular rainwater. For this purpose, horizontal outside surfaces need a completely closing cladding that is completely waterproof, e.g. made of sheet metal or a plastic film. In the case of vertical or inclined outer surfaces that offer rainwater a drainage option, on the other hand, it is possible to choose an outer cladding that consists of individual overlapping elements that are arranged so that the gaps between the individual elements always point downwards. In this way it is avoided that running water can penetrate into these gaps and thus penetrate the cladding. A typical example of such a cladding is a tiled roof or a house wall clad with shingles or Eternit panels.

Wall claddings made of individual elements offer significant advantages over gap-free claddings: Because the individual elements are of limited size, they are relatively light in weight and can therefore be easily transported and installed on site. In addition, aesthetic effects can be achieved with individual elements depending on their shape and the way they are laid.

An important criterion for a wall covering composed of individual elements is, in addition to its impermeability to running water, the work involved in laying the elements. This depends essentially on the type of means necessary for the attachment of the individual elements and their application. Roof tiles, for example, have a nose on their back, which is hung when laid in a previously applied arrangement of parallel horizontal roof battens. This means that the effort involved in the actual laying is small, but is greatly increased by the need to attach the battens. In addition, cost-effectiveness plays an important role when evaluating wall cladding. In the case of roof tiles, for example, in order to achieve complete impermeability to rainwater that runs out, the tiles, starting from the bottom, are staggered in rows by half a width, and the rows are each overlapping by half a tile length. In this way, a complete covering of the gaps between the individual bricks is achieved, but in terms of area twice the area to be covered is required, and the total thickness of the brick covering is therefore twice the brick thickness at each point.

The situation is similar with cladding by Eternit or other panels of rectangular shape. Here, too, the panels must be offset in rows by half a width and laid overlapping in height by half a panel height. The individual panels are laid with angled or hook-shaped fastening elements, which support the panels from their lower edge. The laying work is also very simple here, but finally, in comparison to the wall surface to be covered, twice as much covering material is required here as well.

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a wall covering for vertical or inclined outer walls of buildings, which can be installed with little effort and which, with the same tightness against running rainwater, requires a smaller amount of cladding material compared to known wall claddings.

The wall covering according to the present invention consists in its basic form of square elements which stand at their apex, relative to the fall line of the wall to be covered, and which are supplemented by triangles for covering along the edges and corners of the surface to be covered, which according to their shape was created by dividing the squares diagonally or twice.

The tightness against running rainwater is achieved in the wall covering according to the invention in that the edges of the individual elements, which run diagonally relative to the edges of the surface to be covered, are provided with a fold folded over by 180 °, which folds towards the outside with all the edges pointing upwards the panel and the downward-facing edges are folded towards the inside. In addition, the seams which collide at the upper corner of the square and triangular elements laid along the lower edge are joined together seamlessly at their seams, so that no water can penetrate at this point. In contrast, the folds at the other corners of the square elements remain open to one another and are cut so that they do not overlap. At the closed corners pointing upwards, the square and the triangular elements laid along the lower edge are provided with a hole through which a fastening pin can be hammered in for fastening to the wall to be clad.

The folds serve to push the elements into each other when laying the wall cladding, whereby two adjacent elements always overlap by the width of a fold. The specified direction of the folds ensures that the seams between two adjacent elements are always open at the bottom, thus preventing the ingress of rainwater that runs off. In order to enable the adjacent folds to be pushed one into the other, the folds must be folded over by 180 ° in such a way that an intermediate space is created between the surface of the element and the fold, which corresponds at least to the material thickness of one element.

Since no edge of the diagonally laid square elements runs parallel to the edges of the surface to be clad, it is necessary to supplement the cladding with triangular elements which, according to their shape, are created by diagonally dividing the square elements. These elements that are in the. following as first order triangles are in the form of isosceles right-angled triangles, the cathets, the length of one side of the square, are also provided with folds folded over by 180 °. The rule also applies here that the folds on the upward-facing cathets are folded towards the outside of the covering, and those on the downward-pointing edges are folded towards the inside thereof. The side of these triangles that lies against the outer edge of the wall to be clad is provided with a flap that is angled by 90 ° in the direction of the wall and that, for fastening to the wall edge, is provided with one or two holes for attaching fastening pins. This angled tab is advantageously extended at at least one end so that it overlaps with the bent tab of the adjacent triangular element and can be fastened together with it.

While the square elements described first are all of identical shape and are to be referred to as type A below, the first-order triangular elements have different shapes according to the definitions just described. While the hypotenuse edges are all bent backwards in the viewing direction, there are four different possible arrangements for the catheter edges:
Type B: triangles along the bottom edge of the wall surface. The two cathets are provided with folds folded outwards by 180 °, which at the right-angled corner, as in the upper corners of the type A squares, are seamlessly combined and provided with a hole for a fastening pin.
Type C: triangles along the left edge of the wall surface. The upper, diagonally directed from top left to bottom right is provided with a fold folded outwards, the lower catheter with a fold folded towards the wall.
Type D: triangles along the right edge of the wall surface. The upper, diagonally directed from the top right to the bottom left is with an outwardly folded, the lower catheter, on the other hand, is provided with a fold directed towards the wall.
Type E: triangles along the top edge of the wall surface. The folds of both cathets are folded towards the wall.

The triangular first-order elements with half a square area must therefore be provided in four different forms, since none of the four types can be brought into congruence with one of the others.

If the length and / or the height of the wall surface to be clad corresponds to an odd number of square diagonals, then in addition to the first-order squares and triangles, two further second-order triangles, which are generated by dividing the square surface twice, are required to cover the wall surface completely, and their Area corresponds to a quarter of the square area: If only the length or the height equals an odd number of square diagonals, two triangles of the second order are required to cover two adjacent corners of the wall area. If, on the other hand, both dimensions of the wall are equal to an odd number of square diagonals, then two diagonally opposite corners of the wall must be covered with a second-order triangle. Depending on the length and width of the wall to be clad, an even number of half square diagonals is required , either zero or four second order triangles.

The second-order triangles are right-angled and isosceles, and thus have a similar shape to the first-order triangles, but only have half the area. The edges of their cathets always adjoin the edges of the wall to be covered and are therefore provided with tabs bent through 90 ° to the wall for the purpose of fastening. Like the hypotenuses of the first order triangles adjoining the wall, these edges, which are bent over by 90 °, are extended on one or both sides for the purpose of overlapping with the edges of neighboring triangles of the first order and are provided with a hole for a fastening pin. The hypotenuses of the second order triangles are parallel to the sides of the square elements, always arranged diagonally and, like the sides of the square elements, are provided with a fold folded over by 180 °. Two different arrangements are possible:
Type F : To occupy a lower corner of the wall surface. The hypotenuse of the triangle is provided with an outward fold.
Type G: To occupy an upper corner of the wall surface. The hypotenuse of the triangle is provided with a fold folded towards the wall.
Overall, the wall covering according to the invention thus consists of seven differently shaped elements:
Type A: square elements, all of the same kind.
Type B - E: Four different shapes of first order triangles.
Type F and G: Two forms of second order triangles.

The width of the folds folded over by 180 ° depends on the criteria of the material used and its strength properties. The elements can be made from various materials common in construction technology. Of course, the prerequisites are weather resistance, mechanical strength and the possibility of deforming the material into the different types A to G.

The material for the cladding elements is, for example, sheet metal that is punched out of flat material and subsequently bent into shape, or deformable weather-resistant plastic types such as polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene, which are also punched out of flat material and subsequently shaped, or can also be manufactured, for example, by injection molding. Ceramic materials that are wet-formed and subsequently dried and fired are also suitable, as are composite materials such as Eternit or similar materials reinforced by fiber inlay, such as, for example, glass fiber-reinforced polyester and epoxy resins, such as those used in boat building.

As already mentioned, the folds folded over by 180 ° serve to connect the various types of elements among themselves and at the same time serve to seal the wall cladding against rainwater running down. The width of the folds depends on the type of material, its strength and the possibilities for its deformation. As a rule, the width of the folds is between 2 and 25% of the length of a square side, which means that the degree of overlap and thus the space required for a sufficiently tight cover is far below the value required for conventional claddings such as bricks or flat cladding panels. For the tabs bent by 90 °, it is advisable to choose a slightly larger width in order to achieve better coverage of the wall edges and good fastening options.

In the following, the method is described according to which the complete covering of a wall is carried out using the square and triangular covering elements listed. It is assumed that the wall to be clad is rectangular in shape and its two dimensions correspond to either an even or an odd number of half diagonals of the square elements of type A. Deviations from these assumptions must be compensated for in the usual way by trimming individual elements.

The procedure for laying the elements described is as follows:

First, the lower edge of the wall to be clad is covered with first order triangles of type B; the hypotenuses of these triangles are attached to the lower edge of the surface with their edges bent by 90 °. The edge flaps, which are extended on one or two sides, serve to overlap with adjacent triangles. If the horizontal length of the surface to be covered corresponds to an odd number of square diagonals, you need an additional type F triangular element at the bottom left or right corner. All elements of this series are attached to the Fixed bottom edge of the wall. The right-angled upper corners of the type B triangles are also fixed to the wall with a fastening pin using the hole provided.

If the lower edge of the wall is occupied by a complete row of triangles, the next upper row of elements is laid: If one or both of the lower corners is covered by a second-order triangle type F, then a square is laid adjacent to these triangles, im otherwise a first order triangle; on the left side type C, on the right side type D. When laying this row, the folds directed towards the wall are inserted into the folds of the bottom row, which were folded out first, and the upright rectangular corner of all squares through the existing hole fixed to the wall with a fastening pin.

In an analogous manner, moving from bottom to top, one row is laid around the other of elements of type A, which are marked on the left and right edges by type C triangles. D can be added to achieve full area coverage. For the top row, if the height of the wall measures an odd number of square diagonals, a second-order triangle type G is required on at least one corner.

If the surface to be clad is a roof, the top row of installed elements can be bent or cut off at their edges according to the ridge angle and covered with a row of roof ridge elements covering both sides.

In certain cases, protruding corners of the square elements of type A remain along the wall edges. Depending on the local conditions, these can be left standing or cut off in order to obtain a straight-line border.

It is possible to vary the wall cladding according to the invention described in order to take into account various aesthetic effects or a special adaptation to the given surface conditions. For example, instead of square elements, rhombic ones can be used. In this case, the first and second order triangles are derived from the rhombus: The first order triangles are isosceles and have an acute or obtuse angle. The second-order triangles derived from these by halving are then rectangular, with unevenly long cathets. Other variants, for example with rectangles, are conceivable; The prerequisite, however, always remains that the cladding elements can be pushed into one another along their edges which are not parallel to the wall edges with folds folded over by 180 °, so that a wall cladding is produced which is protected against running water.

The surface of all types of elements of the wall covering according to the invention can also be equipped with ribs, as a result of which the rigidity of the elements can be improved.

Figur 1

zeigt vier verschiedene Möglichkeiten, eine rechteckige Wand mit den erfindungsgemässen Typen von Verkleidungselementen zu bedecken:

• a) beide Dimensionen der Wand entsprechen einer geraden Anzahl halber Quadratdiagonalen. Es ist möglich, die Wandfläche ausschliesslich mit Quadraten (Typus A) und Dreiecken erster Ordnung (Typus B, C, D und E) vollständig zu verkleiden.
• b) Die gleiche Wand wie unter a): Falls eine Ecke mit einem Dreieck zweiter Ordnung besetzt wird, müssen alle vier Ecken mit solchen Dreiecken besetzt werden (Typus G und F)
• c) Die Breite der Fläche entspricht einer ungeraden, die Höhe einer geraden Zahl halber Quadratdiagonalen. Zwei benachbarte Ecken der Fläche müssen mit Dreiecken zweiter Ordnung besetzt werden.
• d) Beide Dimensionen der Fläche entsprechen einer ungeraden Anzahl von Quadratdiagonalen:Zwei diagonal gegenüberliegende Ecken müssen mit einem Dreieck zweiter Ordnung besetzt werden.

Figur 2:

Ein quadratisches Verkleidungselement vom Typus A.

• a) Die Vorderansicht:. Alle vier Quadratseiten sind mit um 180° umgefalteten Falzen versehen; an je zwei benachbarten Quadratseiten gegen aussen, bezw. gegen innen. Gegen aussen gerichtete Falze sind ausgezogen, nach innen gerichtete gestrichelt wiedergegeben.
• b) und c) sind Profile in den angedeuteten Schnittebenen. An der nach oben gerichteten Spitze des Quadrats sind die beiden Falze zu einem geschlossenen Ganzen zusammengefasst und mit einem Loch für einen Befestigungsstift versehen.
• d) ist die Abwicklung des Elements, wie sie sich z.B. für eine Herstellung aus Blech präsentiert.

Die Figuren 3 bis 6

zeigen die Dreiecke erster Ordnung, Typen B bis E, je in einer Ansicht a), in zwei Schnittprofilen b) und c), sowie in der zugehörigen Abwicklung d):

Figur 3:

Dreieckselement Typus B zur Verkleidung der unteren Kante einer Wand.

Figur 4:

Dreieckselement Typus C zur Verkleidung der linken Kante einer Wand.

Figur 5:

Dreieckselement Typus D zur Verkleidung der rechten Kante einer Wand.

Figur 6:

Dreieckselement Typus E zur Verkleidung der Oberkante einer Wand.

Figur 7:

Dreieckselemente zweiter Ordnung Typus F und G zur Verkleidung der Ecken:
   a) Ansicht, b) Profil im Schnitt und c) Abwicklung eines Dreiecks zweiter Ordnung Typus F für die unteren Ecken links oder rechts.
   d) Ansicht, e) Profil im Schnitt und c) Abwicklung eines Dreiecks zweiter Ordnung Typus G für die oberen Ecken links oder rechts.

The wall cladding according to the invention is illustrated by the following figures no. 1 to 7 are explained, without being limited in any way by the possible variants.

Figure 1

shows four different ways of covering a rectangular wall with the types of cladding elements according to the invention:

• a) Both dimensions of the wall correspond to an even number of half square diagonals. It is possible to completely cover the wall surface exclusively with squares (type A) and triangles of the first order (types B, C, D and E).
• b) The same wall as under a): If a corner is occupied by a second-order triangle, all four corners must be occupied by such triangles (types G and F)
• c) The width of the area corresponds to an odd, the height of an even number of half a square diagonal. Two adjacent corners of the surface must be filled with second-order triangles.
• d) Both dimensions of the surface correspond to an odd number of square diagonals: Two diagonally opposite corners must be occupied by a second-order triangle.

Figure 2 :

A square cladding element of type A.

• a) The front view :. All four sides of the square are provided with folds folded over by 180 °; on two adjacent sides of the square towards the outside, resp. towards the inside. Folds facing outwards are drawn out, inwards shown in dashed lines.
• b) and c) are profiles in the indicated cutting planes. At the top of the square pointing upwards, the two folds are combined into a closed whole and provided with a hole for a fastening pin.
• d) is the development of the element, as presented for example for a sheet metal production.

Figures 3 to 6

show the triangles of the first order, types B to E, each in a view a), in two sectional profiles b) and c), and in the associated development d):

Figure 3 :

Type B triangular element for covering the lower edge of a wall.

Figure 4 :

Triangular element type C for covering the left edge of a wall.

Figure 5 :

Triangular element type D for covering the right edge of a wall.

Figure 6 :

Triangular element type E for covering the upper edge of a wall.

Figure 7 :

Second order triangular elements type F and G for covering the corners:
a) View, b) Profile in section and c) Development of a second order triangle type F for the lower corners left or right.
d) View, e) Profile in section and c) Development of a second order triangle type G for the upper corners left or right.

Claims (10)

Cladding for vertical or inclined exterior surfaces of buildings with a field division consisting of squares standing on their top, consisting of square elements of the same size, as well as, for the formation of edges and corners, of right-angled triangular elements, which are formed by incl. Two diagonal divisions of the squares are obtained, characterized in that all the elements along their edges which are parallel to the sides of the square are provided with a fold folded over by 180 °, which folds outwards in the case of the edges pointing upwards and in the outward direction the bottom-facing edges are folded inwards, and that the edges of the triangular elements which are adjacent to the outer edge of the clad surface and parallel to the latter are provided with a rectangular flap angled in the direction of the building wall by 90 °. Cladding for vertical or inclined exterior surfaces of buildings according to claim 1, characterized in that at the upward-facing corner of the square elements, the two right-angled folds are combined to form a closed corner which is provided with a hole for a fastening pin, and that the folds that meet at the other corners are trimmed so that they do not overlap and together form an open corner. Cladding for vertical or inclined external surfaces of buildings according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the right-angled tabs lying on the edges of the clad surface are extended on one or two sides and are provided with a hole for a fastening pin so that they are provided with the corresponding tab of the neighboring triangle can be fastened together overlapping Cladding for vertical or inclined exterior surfaces of buildings according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the folds folded along the edges of the elements by 180 ° have a width between 2 and 25% of the side length of a square element, and that between the surface of the Element and the fold there is a space corresponding to the material thickness of the element, such that the fold of an adjacent element can be inserted into this space. Cladding for vertical or inclined outer surfaces of buildings according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the individual elements consist of sheet metal, with the square elements the closed upper corner formed from the folds being formed by overlapping and welding or gluing. Cladding for vertical or inclined exterior surfaces of buildings according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the individual elements consist of a ceramic material. Cladding for vertical or inclined exterior surfaces of buildings according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the individual elements consist of a plastic material such as polyvinyl chloride or polypropylene and have been produced by injection molding or molding. Cladding for vertical or inclined exterior surfaces of buildings according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the individual elements made of eternit or another composite material, such as e.g. Glass fiber reinforced plastic exist and have been created by molding. Cladding for vertical or inclined exterior surfaces of buildings according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the individual elements are equipped with ribs for the purpose of mechanical reinforcement. Cladding for vertical or inclined exterior surfaces of buildings according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the square elements are deformed by stretching in the direction of a diagonal such that a field division results from rhombuses standing on the top, the triangular edge elements being replaced by simple resp. double division along the rhombus diagonals have been obtained.

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