CA2114485A1 - Panels for lining the outer face of walls - Google Patents

Abstract

ABSTRACT
Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls, composed of identical quadratic panel elements, placed with their diagonals parallel to the edges of the wall, and of triangular elements, whose shape corresponds to the triangles won by dividing the quadratic elements once or twice along their diagonals. The triangular elements are placed along the edges and corners of the wall and are provided with a flap bent 90° which serves to fix them along the edges of the wall. All edges of the panel elements parallel to the diagonals of the quadratic elements are provided with folds bent at an angle of 180°, which can be slid into one another, whereby the folds of the edges pointing up toward the top of the wall are folded outward and the folds of the edges pointing down toward the bottom of the wall are folded inward.
The lining is laid by beginning with a first row of triangular elements along the bottom of the wall. The next row of quadratic and triangular elements is laid and fitted to the first row by sliding the folds into one another, fixing the upper corner of the quadratic elements by nails or pins. After covering the whole wall in this manner, a con-tinuous lining is obtained which is impervious to water running down along the wall.
Panel elements of shapes other than quadratic can be used, e.g. of rhombic shape, combined with triangular elements won by diagonally dividing the rhombs.

Description

I " 2 ~ 8 ,5 WalLJ .
In the buildin~ trade ~t is u~ual to cover the outor PaeeY of a baildin~ with a lining in order ~o protect it a~ainst the influence o~ wea~he~. The lining ~nould ahi.eld E the wall ~galnst wa~er, ~nd pro~Jide ~olne the~mal in~ul~tion~
I For horizontal ~urfaces an uninterrupted cover without any breach, and totally imp~rmeable to w~ter i~ needed, e.~. a pla~tlc ~oil or ~ metal 3heet, Vertical qr inclinqd ~urfac9s, ~ which er.~ble the water to run Or~, o~r. be pr~o~ected by Q
j l~ linln~ which i~ composed o~ Rin~le overlappin~ element~, ¦ wh~reby the open lnters~i~es ~ust ~e direct~d downward~. Th1~
, prevent~ any waS~r running down alo~g She wall ~o intrude .I throu~h the eoveri~ layer~ A typioal exampla is given by roo~ covered by tile~ or a wall envelcpç~ by shin61es.
iS Linin~s made ~rom single elemen~s 3f~er v~rious a~va~-tage3: The ~ingle c ements are rel~ti~ely ~mall; thsir low wei~t ~ao.1litates 'ransport and handling~ Furthermcre it i~
po~ible to obtain e~h~tical e~ect~ by app'yi~g the ~ingle elemants in di~fer~nt ~o~etrical pattern3.
Be~idGs the imperviousnes~ and ther~i insu'ation ca3a-. ~ city, th~ exper.diture o~ labour an~ tho me~ns nee~e~ ~or applying ~he ~n~le element3 is a fur~her imPortant ~rite-rion. Roo~ tile~ for in3tance have ~ nose ~n their back . which is ~oLd ~y corr~pe~ding hori$onta~ hattens which had 25 been nailed be~orG onto the ~oof bea~s. This mean~ that the I I amount o~ laDour in applyi~g the eie~enS3 ~ smali, but ~he I l labour rOr prepara~i3~ i3 relatively hi3h. ~ateriai economy I , is ~ rurt~er important pQin~. With tiles, for in~tance~
i ; CO~plete overlappi~.~, len~tnwi~e and sidewise, ~ ~eeded to uarantee cGmplete i~perv.ousness a~ainqt r~in water. Thls mea~s that everywhere the total thickno~s o~ the covar correspcnds ~o the double thickne~s o~ a sin~lc tile.
A 3i~ilar ~ituation is ~iven when tilin~ a roof or wall with fla~ rectan~lar ~heets oP ~.e~al or ar~y other m2ter~al.
3~ Even here co~plete overlapFl~g ln both di~ctions is nece~-sary ~o obta'n to~ perviou~ness. When tiiing ~ith ~la~

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!.0'~ ~T '1~3 C,_~ T~3 Ni~ 3009 Xtlil nen~ 766~ r-~c ele~nt~, ~he ~ormal way i~t tc ~ix ~h~ by naila or hooks, which ~u~port ~h~ ~in~le elemen~s ~rom their lower r~m. ~hl3 :, ¦ mean~ a re'ati~rely si~ple way vf applylng, but a dcu~le co~
rin~; as well.
¦ 5 It 13 a sco~e of the pr~sent inv~ntion to ~rovide I panel element~ and a method ~or lining th~ outer ~aces o~
l vertical or inclined wall~ o~ a buildin~ hich can be appll~ with little ~xpenditure o~ l~bour and ~uarantee total I imperviousnes3 to rain water by aF)plying muah lc~ than ~he I lO doubla ~hicXne~3 c~ pa~ellin~ m~t~rial.
I The ~a~eilinz ~lement~ ~ccording t4 th~ present ! inverltion in their basi~ ~orm con31st Or quadr~ic panel~, which h~ve ~o be ap~lied with one o~ their d~ agonals parallel to th~ horl~,ontal, In order to ~over the borqer.~ and edge~ o~
the wall,the quadratic el~ments ar~ ~omple~ente~ ~y triangles o~ a ~orm, which resultq by cutt~ng the qu~drati~ par.el~
i onoe or twlce along thei~ dla~onal I~per~ ou~ne~ ag~in~t water runn_ng along ' h~ wall attained by provid, ng the bcrd~r3 o~ She qu~dr~tlc ~nd part 20 o~ the bord~r~ of tr~an~ular pan~llin~ elements ~Jith f`ol ds I formin~ an an~le o~ 180. Along the border~ ~howlng towar~
j She top o~ 'ho wall, th~ ~old i5 directed o~,tward Prom the ¦ wall, ~nd ~'ong tne ~order~ ~howing towarà the 'ower side o~
! the ~all ~t ~s directed ~ward tow~rd ~he wall.Furt'~er~ore 25~lthe ~oldc, meeting at the up~er ~orn~r o~ the squares or I triangles have to ~o tlghtly ~onne~ted, l~a-~ing no inters~ice between, whereas the other corner~ must re~ain opcn, ~ur~hermore a hole is provided near the upper corner oP e~i~h ¦ quadratic panel ~or ~ixing i'~ wi~ a nail. I
i 30 The t~olds along the rims serYe to co~ect tho panol~ by ~l~di~.3 t~.e ~olds o~ one panel ir.to those o. the nei~hbourlng el~e~t. ~he ele~.en~s t~.ere~ore overlap by the width o~ the ~old, which i~ cnly a rel~tively small part of the total ~r~ac~. In order to enable ~14 d~ng of the ~old~ into o~e 35 anothert the distance between the ele~nt an~ _t~ ~old mu~t correspond ~o a~ le~st the thicknes~ o~ the material~ Wh~n put to~ther, ~ i3ible ~o~ op~n in the iireotion o the Z~ c ~ N~3 n . 200s~ r,d ~:8, ~6b ~-~r-~

2 1 ~
, ~ 3 _ ¦ lower side o~ the walli no water ean there~oro intru~a between the wall and its ~anellin~. , ¦ The trlangul~r elemen~3, reatan~u'~r ~nd isoscele9~ 1 I derlved by cu~tin~ the quadratiG elements once or twl~e ¦ 5 re~pectively ~ay be designated a~ triangles Or the ir~t and ~econd order, The small ~lde~ of the fir3t order trlangles l and the hypo~enu~e Or the ~econd ordar trianglo, all of which ! have the length of the ~ide o~ a quadratic element, ar~ a~
¦ well providPd wi~h 180 ~old~ to be slid into the folds o~
¦ lo neighbouring qu~dratic element~. The slde3 Or all trian@ular ¦ ele~ent3 which are parallel to th0 border~ of the wall and have no 180 fold~ are provided with a flap, be~t in a 90 an~le toward~ ~he w~ll The~e ~lap3 ~e~ve to ~ix the ; triangular ele~ent~ against the wall; there.ore they ~r~ pro-s v~ded with hcle~ fcr nail~. The flaps may be exter.ded on one ,-or b~th slde~ in order to overlap With the flap o- a ! ~ei~hbouring trlangle.
I Where~s ~ll the quadratic ele~ents ~re of the sa~e ¦ P~rm (A)~ the triangu'a~ ele~ent~ ha-~e ~o be ~ade in ~our20 di~ferent ~ormr, dependin~ on the plaee along the border Or the wail where ~hey ~ave ~o be placed:
= _ ~r d e r .
I 9Oth short sides are prcYid~d with 180 folds ~howing in ¦ t~e dire~lon awa-y ~rom the w~ ne hyp~tenu.~e i~
provided wit'r. a 90 ~lap directed towar~s the wall.

The upp~r short side has a 180C fol~ ~lrected ou~ward ~rom ths wall, the ~old at 'he lower ~nort side i3 directed toward ~he -~ Il; the hypotenuse bea.rs a 9Go r~ap directsd 3~ tohlard the wall.
Type (D ): Triar~gle3 Or ~irs~ order ~lon~ the_r~ 8ht border .
The ~80 ~old o~ t~e upper oihort ciide i9 ~5ai~1 directed ~, outward frorn the ~dall, 'che ~ower ~hort ~ide i~ ~1 rected to-~ard the wall, arJd tha ~0 flap agai2~t tha wall. Comp~red 3s to the type (c), the eyclic sen~e o~ 'he ~olds ~nd the ~lap i.o. inver~ed.

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30th ~horter sides have 1800 Polds dire~tod to~ards the wall; th~ 90 fl~p a~ain is directed tow~rd t~e wall.
The ~ria~ o~ second order mu~ exist ln t-~o ~ rent s form~:

The 1000 foid alon~ tho llypotenu3e is direct~d out~ar~ ~rom the wall; both 9~3 flap~ ~long th~ shor~ sid~ ~re direct~d toward t~e uall~
o Type (G~. _Trl ~ .
The 1~0 rold along the hypotenuse an~ the 90 flaps along the short side~ are all flireote~ toward the ~all.
! For ~ompletely oovering a rcctangular wall with au2~r~tic and, tr an~ular ele~ents oP ty~e~ (A) to (G) accor~ing to thc j 15 pre30rt invention four dif~eren~, ea~e~ ha~s to be di~ingui- shed:
1. Botn di~ensions o~ th~q wall corre~pond to an even num~er c~ hal~ qua~r~ic ~ on~ he sur~ace oan oe co~pl-tely . ~o~ered -n two di~erent 3anners~ y U3ing quadra~ic ~nd 1 20 trlan~ular elements c~ the firs~ order alo~.e, o~ 1b) by u3ing qua~ratio an~ triangula~ eleMe~ts o~ the ~irst order and, a~itianally, ~rian~ul2r ele~ents o~ ~he ~econd order on all ~our corner~.
2,. Both dim.en~ions o~P the wa'l corr~spond to an odd number o~
~ 2s hal~ quadræ~ic diagonals: In order to c~ver the sur~ace ; co~.pletely, two triangular e~e~ent3 of the seccnd order ar~ ' 1 neec.ed D~sides ~he ~uadratic and triangular elem~nts of t'ne . :~
.l fir3t order; they ~ust be pla¢ed at two corner~ di~igonal'y ¦ op~oaed to one another.
3. One o~ the di~en~ons OL' the wall corre~pon~is ~o an even , num~er and the other t3 an odd nu~ber o~ haif quadratic ! di~.~onal~: In ord~r to ccver ~he ~ur~ace com~letely, ~esldes --t;q~ qlaar~ic and triangular ele~ent~ of ~he ~ir~t order, two trian~ular a~ment~ of ~:~e second order are r.eeded and m~l~t 35 ~e pl~ce~ at tw~ neighhourin6 edge3 of one o~ the s'de~ of even-r.umber~d la~i~th.

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! The width oP the 18ao folds ha~ to be chosen accarding `~
~ to ~he ~trength of the material. In order to ~vcld the .I penetratln~ o~ w~ter by oapillary er~ects, caro has to be taken to cho3e ~he ~idth of the ~old~ not tao ~mall. ~ width 5 up to 20 % af the quadra~ic dla~onal may be u~e~, but in gene~a} a width o~ between 2 and ~ 7~ i3 a good choi^e. ;
, Advantageou~ly the width o the 90 flaps i.s cho~en ~ htly hi~her in order to ~zcure good ~ixing to the w~ll. i I The ele~ents accordine t~ the inv~r,tion aar. be ID ~abricated ~rom diffe~ent material~ which re3ist weather, hav~ the 3trangth ne~ded for con~ruct~on purpo~e~ and can be form~d ~o elamerit~ o~ th~3 typ9.~ (A~ to (G). A ~ultable materia~ heet ~etal, e.g. copper, aluminium or 3alv~niæed iron. Differ0nt pia3tic material~ such as poly~inylchlerid~ :
15 or polypropylene~ which c~n ~e ~awed or punched ~rom sneet ~ mat~srial and f'o~med to their ~1nal ~r~ aro also suitabl~.
I Another po~sibility i~ the u3e o~ composite ~ate~lals such ~9 J sbestos f'iber~ bound by aement, or ~l~e~ ~iber~ bound by ?olyeqter re~in.
I 20 In the fallowing para~raph th~ panelling proce9s in I wh~.ch the ele~.ent3 oP type (A) to (G) are ugad ~or eornplete ¦ lining o~ a wall i~ d~soribed~ It i~ suppo~ed, that tne w~ll ;
1 13 0~ rectan~ular ~orr~ ~nd its di~en3ions correspo~ tc ar.
¦ integer ~ultiple o~ hal~ dlagonal~ o~ the quaàratie element 25 ~A). ~imenaion~ ~if~ering rrom ~his nor~ can ~e handle~ by tri~ming some of' the par.elling ~lement~ e rnathod af J working nor~ally io as ~ollow3: The work i3 begun at the lower rlm Or ~he wall, to whieh a ~ow of triangular element3 o~ type (B) is applied. The 90 fl~p~ are secur~d to the ~0 lower edge of the wall, with or wltholt using 3ide ex-teneion~.. Cor~espondin~ to the dimens~ons o~D ~he wall one or ¦ two second order tri~ngles of ~y~e (~) may hav~ to be u3e~.
After fi~isni~g thi~ first row, quadrat~ elements o~ -type (A) are used ~or the ne~ ro~, ~lidin~ ~he lower ~ol~s ~, !35 into th~ upper folds cf the ~riangles. The lePt and ri~ht bordero of the wall ars ~arn- 3hed with trlangl~ s D type (C) ~and ~D) re~peatively, whioh ~r~ secured to the borders of the .;
~0 d ~I T0'_Z ~b0 N~3Znl~9~ ~8nd ~:9~ ~66~-N~r-~c wall bY th~ir 90o ~laps. Work 1~ contlnu~d in th~ ~anner~
row a~ter row, ~he~eby th~ ele~entq (A) are alw~ys ~ixed ~ith nail. ~or the upp~rma~t row, trlanælea of ty~e (E) have to be used, co~plem~nted, if nece~sary, by triangle~ of type (G) 15 for one or both corners.
!If L4he dimen3ions of the wall do not aorre3pond ~xactly ¦to an ints~e~ n~ber of half diagonals o~ th~ element~ (A), tha ~orners protruding over the bordera of ~he wall ~hey may be clipped vr,dependi~ on tho mater~l, ben~ around the edge o o~ the wall. IP the ele~en~s are laid onto a roo~, the elements of the uppermost row ~ay be bent or cut, wheroby the ¦ridge Or the rocf has to be covered by 3heet matal or by a row of speoial covering elemerts.
It is ~ossible to chan~e the ahape of the element3, in IS order to obtai~ variou.~ ~esthetic ef~ect~ or to adapt ~he !l~nin~ to qpeclal topograp~io qit~ations. Ins4aad of the quadratic elc~ent~ o~ typ~ (A~, elements o~ rho~bic form may ¦be u3ed. In 'hi3 case the trian~ies of first ~nd ~eaond order Iare derlved by cutting the rho~bu~ alon~ its dia30nals. Con- ;
120 seauently the trlan~les o~ first order are i~o~celes but not Irectangular, wherea~ the triangl~ o~ second ordèr are !rectan~ular but nc more isoscele3. Other ~hape~ ~uch as Jrectangle3 are con~ei~abl- ~hen ccmbined with other qle~.ent3 ¦~n or~er ~o give a complete cover t i~per~able ~or runr.ing 2s water. ~' Another possibility is to provide the elements with ri~, either a~ an aesL4het~c e~eot or for improvin~ the stif~`ness o~ the elem~nt~.
~he 1ining a~cording to the present in~ention is illu-3C strated by the ~ollowin~ ~igures 1 ~o 7, wh~reby the po3sible variat1one ehowld nos ~e 11mited by the e~emples ~h~n.

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2.

! Fi~ure_1 ll Lstr~t~o7 ~aur d~f~eront pos~ioiliti~7~ to ¢over a ! r~Jta~gula~ h7~11 by panel elq~ent3 Or types (A) to (G):
. a~ doth dlmen~ions oorre~pond to an ovon nllmber of l diagonals o~ the element (A). It i~ poY~bls to s ~over ~he wall ~o~pletely, uinF 3quare ~le~ent~7 ; ~nd trlangles o~ fir~t ord~r.
b) The ~ame wall a3 abov~: T? one corner ~9 zarn7'3hed with a tri~le of ~eco~.d o~der, all fo~r aorners ha e to ~e oocupied by ~uch tri~ngle~ o~ t~po. (G) a) 3ne di~o~ion of the wall aor~o~pond~ to an evcn, I and t~e other one to ~1 odd nurnb~r of diagonal~ Or I ele~en~, ~A;. In this case two ne~o~uri.. g corner~
h~v~ to be occllpied by t-ian61e2 o~ socor.d ord~r.
lS d~ Bo~h dimen~ior~s o~ ~h~ ~all c~rraspond to an od~
number o~ quadratio dlagonal~: T~o diagonall~ ., oppose~ ~orner~ have to be o~cupied by trlangles of secnd ord~r.
: A quadratic element of ~ype ~A) J 20 ~ A ~iew ~ro7~ th~ fror7t... All lour ~ides of th~7 ¦ ~uare are provi~ed h7it~ 1~Co ~ol~: t~70 nei~hbauring side3 ~itk fol~9 directed tc~ard the o~ r~ and the other two ~oward the inner ~ace ~f :
~e 9quare~ Foid~ whi~h a~ dlrected outward are ~5 ~lly ~rawn, tbe other one~ by da~he~ line~, b) ~r.d e~ ar~ pro~ s ~re~ented ln the 3e¢tior.al olanes as in~i~ate~ in a).
d) is Lhe pr~ ent~t on o~ an el~ent (A~, ~lth all ~o~r si~e~ olded.
In t;~a fo_l~win~ ur~ 3 to 6 the present2tion3 a, ~, e and d ha1~e the samq maani!t~ a.~ in ~ r~ 2.
j ~ : A f~rs~ or~er ~riangul~r el~en~ o~ ~y~e (E) ~or i t~e lsw~r ed~ o~ a wal'.
re ~: A ~ or~er tri~ngular e~ese~t oP type (C) Dor .~ vS trle ~Yt 9d~ a wal3 .~igure ~: A Pi-3~ or~e~ ~ian~u'~r elQmer.t ~f type (D) ~or tha ri~ht edg~ q ~ail.
j_ ~ d _,r ~ 3.n~ 0~q ~ nd sl:a~ 66'.-N~

L $ ~ :

Fl~,ure 6 A ~irYt order trlar~ular ~lement of type (E) for the upper ed~e of a wall.
Figure 7_ ~rian~ular element3 of ~econd order of type (~) and (G) ~or the lower and ~pper corner~ resp~ctivel~ o~ a wall.
a; v~ew from ~he ~ace, b~ sqct~onal pro~ile, and ~) ~n~lded ~iew of a tri~gle type (F) ~.r botn lower ed~e3 di Vi~ ~rom ~he ~ace, ~) se~tlonal profile, and ., f) un~oldsd v~ew OL a trian~.le ~ype (G) ~or both ~.
lo upp~r e~ge~.

30'J ~ ~0 SZ ~0 ~3zn~ ~0s~ -a~ s~ 6~ C

Claims (10)

1. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls, consisting of quadratic panels fitted into one another, whereby the diagonals of the quadratic panels are parallel to the sides of the wall and whereby, along the edges of the wall and at its corners, triangular panel elements are used, whose shape results by dividing once or twice the quadratic panels along their diagonals, characterized in that all edges of the panel elements , which are parallel to the sides of the quadratic elements are provided with a fold forming a 180° angle with the flat part, which folds, along the edges pointing up toward the top of the wall,are directed away from the wall, and along the edges pointing down toward the bottom of the wall are directed toward the wall, and in that the edges of the triangular elements, which are parallel to the edges of the wall are provided with a flap folded 90° in a direction toward the wall.

2. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claim 1, characterized in that the two 180°
folds meeting at the corner of the quadratic elements, which points up toward the top of the wall, are tightly connected, leaving no interstice between them and are provided with a hole for a nail or fixing pin, and that the two folds meeting at the other corners are separated from one another, so that the side corners of the neighbouring elements may fit into the open spaces between the folds.

3. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claims 1 and 2, characterized in that the flaps bent 90° along the sides of triangular panel elements which are parallel to the edges of the wall, are provided with lengthwise extensions on one or both sides in order to overlap with the 90° flaps of the neighbouring triangular elements.

4. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the width of the 180° folds is between 2 and 25 % of the length of the diagonal of a quadratic element and in that the gap between the flat part and the 180° folds in each panel element corresponds to at least the thickness of the material, of which the panel element is made.

5. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claims 1 to 4 characterized in that the panel elements are made of sheet metal, whereby the closed upper corner of the quadratic elements is produced by soldering, welding or glueing the folds meeting at that corner.

6. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the panel elements are made of ceramic material and are formed by a pressing process.

7. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the panel elements consist of a plastic material like polyvinyl-chloride or polypropylene

8. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the panel elements consist of a composite material such as asbestos fibers bound by cement, or glass fibers bound by polyester resin.

9. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claims 1 to 8, characterized in that the panel elements are strengthened mechanically by providing their flat part with ribs.

10. Lining for the outer face of vertical or inclined walls according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the qua-dratic panel elements, by stretching them in the direction of one of their diagonals, are transformed to rhombs, and that the triangular elements accordingly are won by diagonal division of the rhombic elements.