EP0546909A1 - Notatemschutzeinrichtung für Flugzeugpassagiere - Google Patents
Notatemschutzeinrichtung für Flugzeugpassagiere Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0546909A1 EP0546909A1 EP19920403300 EP92403300A EP0546909A1 EP 0546909 A1 EP0546909 A1 EP 0546909A1 EP 19920403300 EP19920403300 EP 19920403300 EP 92403300 A EP92403300 A EP 92403300A EP 0546909 A1 EP0546909 A1 EP 0546909A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- pressure
- altitude
- oxygen
- mask
- determined
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 title description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 31
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims description 23
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 9
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 7
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 3
- 206010021143 Hypoxia Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007954 hypoxia Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 206010003497 Asphyxia Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 101100536354 Drosophila melanogaster tant gene Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000013019 agitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005465 channeling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004891 communication Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000006837 decompression Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920001971 elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000806 elastomer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000010006 flight Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003434 inspiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000135 prohibitive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002685 pulmonary effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A62—LIFE-SAVING; FIRE-FIGHTING
- A62B—DEVICES, APPARATUS OR METHODS FOR LIFE-SAVING
- A62B7/00—Respiratory apparatus
- A62B7/14—Respiratory apparatus for high-altitude aircraft
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T137/00—Fluid handling
- Y10T137/1842—Ambient condition change responsive
- Y10T137/1939—Atmospheric
- Y10T137/2012—Pressure
Definitions
- the invention relates to installations for protecting aircraft passengers against the risks of cabin depressurization, during flights at high altitude.
- Conventional passenger protection systems include an oxygen reserve connected to a distribution center which, in the event of depressurization of the cabin at high altitude, supplies, at a pressure which increases with altitude, a pipeline to which passenger masks are connected by a flexible tube fitted with a flow limitation throttle.
- a distribution center which, in the event of depressurization of the cabin at high altitude, supplies, at a pressure which increases with altitude, a pipeline to which passenger masks are connected by a flexible tube fitted with a flow limitation throttle.
- the protective installation is of infrequent use. It must consist of light, simple components, of economical construction, unlikely to break down.
- the masks used in such installations generally consist of a simple shell of semi-flexible material, supplied continuously through an economizer bag into which the flexible tube opens.
- the economizer bag is connected to the inside of the face cover by an intake non-return valve.
- An exhalation valve calibrated to maintain a slight overpressure in the face cover relative to the ambient atmosphere, is fixed on the latter.
- the economizer bag collects the flow of oxygen supplied by the source during the expiration periods, while the intake valve is closed, instead of letting it escape the atmosphere.
- the supply pressure supplied by the central unit is chosen, depending on the section of the throttles, so as to provide the masks with an average oxygen flow rate sufficient for maintain, at each altitude, the minimum tracheal partial pressure required by regulations.
- the present invention aims to provide an installation providing acceptable protection up to altitudes of approximately 13,700 meters, at the cost of modifications to existing installations which remain limited.
- the invention starts from the observation that, in reality, current installations do not allow the wearer of the mask to breathe pure oxygen.
- the oxygen flow and the volume of oxygen coming from the saving bag are insufficient to avoid the appearance, in the mask, of a slight depression which is sufficient to cause the entry of dilution air by the anti-suffocation valve with which the mask is provided and by the leaks between the face cover and the skin.
- the average flow rate supplied through the throttle is not sufficient for the needs of some of the passengers and / or is insufficient to ensure the pulmonary ventilation during periods of agitation.
- the invention proposes an installation characterized in that the power station is designed to, in the event of depressurization, temporarily or beyond a given cabin altitude (of around 12,200 meters), provide the channeling of oxygen under a determined pressure p1, of the order of twice the pressure p2 supplied immediately below the determined altitude, and in that each mask has a shaped face cover, comprising a seal flexible sealing lip and an unbalanced exhalation valve.
- this generator can be simply provided to supply an oxygen flow rate at least twice the flow rate supplied subsequently, for a period of time sufficient to allow the crew to bring the aircraft back to an altitude below 12,200 meters, for example for approximately 3 minutes: this case is often that of an installation intended for a business aircraft.
- the central unit can be provided to supply the mask boxes under a high pressure p1 which is higher than the pressure p2 to be supplied upstream of throttles each supplying a mask for the lower altitudes at 12,200 meters and each mask box is then fitted with an altimeter regulator located upstream of the throttles and means making it possible to short-circuit the regulator in response to the reception of oxygen at high pressure p1 coming from the central distribution.
- the oxygen supply at pressure p1 does not significantly increase the overpressure in the mask, limited by the exhalation valve. But it causes a sharp increase in flow, avoiding dilution by the entry of outside air and guaranteeing the inhalation of practically pure oxygen.
- Such a box fulfills some of the functions which are normally performed by the distribution center in current conventional installations.
- the installation shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1 can in particular be used on a passenger airliner.
- This installation comprises a reserve of pressurized oxygen 10 provided with a regulator 12 supplying oxygen under a pressure of 5 to 6 bars to a distribution center 14.
- the station in turn feeds a general pipe 16 on which are connected mask boxes 18 of which only one is shown in detail.
- the boxes are distributed above the rows of seats and each is designed to release the masks 21 which it contains in the event of depressurization.
- the bottom of the box 18 can constitute a cover provided with a lock 20 which is disarmed in response to the appearance, in the distribution pipe 16, of a pressure greater than a determined value p0. Unlocking can be achieved in another way or the masks can be permanently available to passengers, for example on business aircraft.
- Each box 18 has a pipe 22 to which the masks are each connected by means of a throttling restrictor 24.
- a tap 26 is interposed between the pipe and each mask 21, in series with the throttle 24. This tap is designed to be opened by pulling the passenger on a strap 28 which doubles the flexible pipe 30 for connection with the mask 21.
- the mask itself comprises a face cover 32 provided with an elastic harness 34 for fixing on the head and with a flexible economiser bag 36.
- each mask box 18 and each mask 21 have a particular constitution.
- the distribution center 14 is designed to supply the general pipe 16 with oxygen at a pressure which varies as a function of the pressure in the cabin or "cabin altitude" according to two different laws, depending on whether this altitude is less than or greater than 12,200 meters , or 40,000 feet.
- the power station 14 supplies, when the altitude exceeds, even slightly, 12,200 meters, the oxygen at a pressure p1 which is practically twice the pressure p2 supplied at a barely lower altitude. at 12,200 meters.
- the power station 14 shown in FIG. 1 is produced so as not only to achieve this result, but also to provide, immediately after the detection of a depressurization beyond 3,800 meters "cabin altitude" (12,500 feet), a brief pressure peak intended to open the locks 20 of the boxes 18.
- Many other constructions of the control unit 14 would be possible, pneumatically or electronically controlled from signals supplied by pressure sensors.
- the central unit 14 shown comprises a housing having an inlet connected to the supply of pressurized oxygen 10 and an outlet for connection with the general distribution pipe 16. It can be viewed as having two stages 38 and 40 of similar constitution.
- the first stage 38 comprises a valve 42 fixed to two membranes 44 and 46 and cooperating with a seat which surrounds the oxygen intake coming from the reserve 10.
- the valve 42 thus controls the communication between the reserve and a regulator 48 of conventional constitution , connected by a passage 50 to the outlet 52.
- This regulator 48 maintains a constant relative pressure at the outlet 52 with respect to the ambient pressure, admitted by an orifice 54, as long as the second stage 40 does not intervene.
- the two membranes 44 and 46 have a different surface. They define a chamber 58 connected to the atmosphere and they are subjected to the action of a spring 56 which tends to apply the valve 42 to its seat.
- the membrane 46 of larger section is subjected to the difference in pressures between the chamber 58 and a chamber connected to the inlet by a throttled passage 60.
- the valve 42 and the membranes are dimensioned so that the valve opens as soon as the chamber 56 is emptied, that is to say when the cabin altitude reaches 3800 meters.
- the second stage 40 has a constitution similar to the first.
- the chamber delimited by the housing and the large area membrane 46a is connected to the valve of the valve 42a by a constriction 60a.
- the surfaces of the membranes 44a and 46a are provided so that the valve of the second stage opens as soon as the chamber 56a is emptied, that is to say when the cabin altitude reaches 12,200 meters.
- the central unit 14 shown is designed to supply, at its outlet 52, oxygen at the inlet pressure for a short period of time (sufficient to open the locks of the boxes 18) when the pressure in the cabin corresponds to an altitude greater than 12,500 feet.
- FIG. 5 shows a sequence corresponding to a slow decompression during which the cabin altitude exceeds 12,200 meters followed by a return to the ground.
- the outlet pressure p1 of the pressure reducer is applied to the boxes 12 to open the latches 20, designed to be triggered from a pressure p0 less than p1.
- the pressure then drops to a value p2, then rises to p1 when the altitude of 40,000 feet is reached.
- the pressure drops to the p2 value which remains up to an altitude which is generally less than 12,500 feet and which is for example 10,000 feet (approximately 3,100 meters).
- the line 22 is supplied by a pressure reducer 70 when the pressure applied is equal to p2, by a bypass valve 72 when the pressure applied is equal to p1.
- the by-pass or short-circuit valve 72 can be constituted by a simple membrane pushed back to a closed position of a seat by the pressure which prevails in the cabin and by the force of a spring and, in the opposite direction , by the pressure force prevailing in the pipe 22, at its center, and the inlet pressure in the box 18, at its periphery.
- the diaphragm and the spring are dimensioned so that the short-circuit valve 72 opens when the pressure exceeds a determined value between p2 and p1.
- the regulator 70 has for example the constitution shown in FIG. 2, having a membrane 74 provided with a pusher for opening a ball valve 76 and a capsule 78 provided for bearing, directly or by means of a spring, on the membrane when the altitude in the cabin exceeds 10,000 feet.
- the pressure in the pipe 22 then has a law of variation as a function of the cabin altitude of the kind shown in FIG. 4.
- the face cover 32 of the mask 21 has an internal lip 80 of flexible elastomer, delimiting an opening of triangular shape and shaped so as to be applied against the bridge of the nose and the face by internal pressure.
- the mask shown in FIG. 3 comprises a valve block 82 which incorporates a flexible valve 84 for admission from the economizer bag 36 according to the arrows f0. If the bag is empty, the assembly constituted by the flexible valve 84 and the box which supports it can be lifted to allow passage to additional air, the path of which is then the one indicated by the arrows f1.
- the oxygen supply to the economizer bag 36 can be carried out by a flexible hose 30 shown in front of the face cover in FIG. 3 but which in practice will rather be placed on the side, as shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1.
- the exhalation can be carried out for example through an additional valve 86 calibrated by a spring, shown diagrammatically in FIG. 1, or through an annular exhalation valve (not shown) at the periphery of the block 82 having a flexible obturator of which the stiffness fixes the maximum overpressure in the mask.
- each mask is individually supplied by a chemical generator, this is provided to supply, from the moment it is started, a flow of oxygen which varies according to a law of the kind shown in FIG. 6, making it possible to supply the oxygen required during the descent under the most critical conditions, from an altitude which generally cannot exceed 45,000 feet, that is to say 13,700 meters.
- the law of variation given by the adoption of a variable composition or a variable section of the "candle" of oxygen supply can be of the kind given in figure 6.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Pulmonology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Business, Economics & Management (AREA)
- Emergency Management (AREA)
- Respiratory Apparatuses And Protective Means (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR9115526A FR2684954B1 (fr) | 1991-12-13 | 1991-12-13 | Installation de protection respiratoire pour passagers d'aeronef. |
FR9115526 | 1991-12-13 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0546909A1 true EP0546909A1 (de) | 1993-06-16 |
EP0546909B1 EP0546909B1 (de) | 1997-02-26 |
Family
ID=9420045
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19920403300 Expired - Lifetime EP0546909B1 (de) | 1991-12-13 | 1992-12-07 | Notatemschutzeinrichtung für Flugzeugpassagiere |
Country Status (5)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5357949A (de) |
EP (1) | EP0546909B1 (de) |
DE (1) | DE69217628T2 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2098476T3 (de) |
FR (1) | FR2684954B1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015197542A1 (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2015-12-30 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Emergency oxygen supply system |
Families Citing this family (25)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5704073A (en) | 1995-08-01 | 1998-01-06 | Figgie International Inc. | Quick donning goggles for use with breathing mask |
DE19531916C2 (de) * | 1995-08-30 | 1997-11-20 | Daimler Benz Aerospace Airbus | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Bereitstellung von Atemgas in Notsauerstoffsystemen |
US5809999A (en) * | 1995-08-30 | 1998-09-22 | Daimler-Benz Aerospace Airbus Gmbh | Method and apparatus for supplying breathable gas in emergency oxygen systems, especially in an aircraft |
DE19739161C1 (de) * | 1997-09-06 | 1999-01-07 | Draeger Aerospace Gmbh | Entlüftungsventil für schnellen Druckabfall in Flugzeugkabinen |
FR2832639B1 (fr) * | 2001-11-28 | 2004-07-02 | Intertechnique Sa | Procede et dispositif de protection des passagers d'un aeronef contre l'hypoxie |
DE10217499C1 (de) * | 2002-04-19 | 2003-07-24 | Draeger Aerospace Gmbh | Sicherheitsvorrichtung für ein Gas-Verteilungssystem in einem Flugzeug |
US6988509B2 (en) * | 2003-03-17 | 2006-01-24 | Carleton Technologies, Inc. | Riser line shutoff valve |
DE10320454B4 (de) * | 2003-05-08 | 2017-12-07 | Weinmann Emergency Medical Technology Gmbh + Co. Kg | Vorrichtung zur Steuerung einer Gasströmung |
US6837243B1 (en) | 2003-09-30 | 2005-01-04 | Scott Technologies, Inc. | Automatic transfer regulator for hose-line respirator |
US7588032B2 (en) * | 2004-12-08 | 2009-09-15 | Be Intellectual Proeprty, Inc. | Oxygen conservation system for commercial aircraft |
US7836886B2 (en) * | 2005-10-11 | 2010-11-23 | B/E Intellectual Property | Breathing mask and regulator for aircraft |
US20110174307A1 (en) * | 2006-01-04 | 2011-07-21 | Lessi Stephane | Device for Supplying Oxygen to the Occupants of an Aircraft and Pressure Regulator for Such a Device |
US20090260631A1 (en) * | 2006-04-13 | 2009-10-22 | Intertechnique | Respiratory gas supply circuit for an aircraft carrying passengers |
BRPI0621606B1 (pt) * | 2006-04-26 | 2017-11-14 | Zodiac Aerotechnics | System for distributing oxygen on an aircraft |
US9809313B2 (en) * | 2007-01-22 | 2017-11-07 | Honeywell International Inc. | Cabin altitude alerting systems and methods |
DE102007048924A1 (de) * | 2007-10-12 | 2009-04-16 | Airbus Deutschland Gmbh | System zum Bereitstellen von Notfallsauerstoff sowie therapeutischem Sauerstoff |
US20090188504A1 (en) * | 2008-01-25 | 2009-07-30 | Siska Jr William D | Mechanically actuated emergency oxygen delivery system |
US8640702B2 (en) | 2008-06-23 | 2014-02-04 | Be Intellectual Property, Inc. | System for regulating the dispensing of commercial aircraft passenger oxygen supply |
US9227091B2 (en) * | 2010-09-23 | 2016-01-05 | Zodiac Aerotechnics | Oxygen regulator to deliver breathing gas in an aircraft |
US9038628B2 (en) * | 2011-11-30 | 2015-05-26 | Avox Systems Inc. | System and method for an oxygen system alarm |
US9242725B1 (en) * | 2013-05-13 | 2016-01-26 | The Boeing Company | Selection of emergency descent rates for an aircraft due to cabin depressurization |
US10532175B1 (en) | 2019-05-23 | 2020-01-14 | Model Software Corporation | Methods for minimizing delayed effects of exposure to reduced oxygen partial pressure via administration of supplemental oxygen |
US11617847B2 (en) | 2017-01-11 | 2023-04-04 | Model Software Corporation | Methods for minimizing delayed effects of exposure to reduced oxygen partial pressure via administration of supplemental oxygen |
RU2695573C2 (ru) * | 2017-01-19 | 2019-07-24 | Акционерное общество "Научно-производственное предприятие "Звезда" имени академика Г.И. Северина" | Комплект кислородного оборудования и снаряжения для прыжков с большой высоты |
EP4056236A1 (de) * | 2021-03-11 | 2022-09-14 | B/E Aerospace Systems GmbH | Sauerstoffmaske zur verwendung in einem flugzeug, notfallsauerstoffsystem und flugzeug |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB828362A (en) * | 1957-04-04 | 1960-02-17 | Kidde Walter Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to oxygen breathing apparatus |
US3981300A (en) * | 1975-01-22 | 1976-09-21 | Irving Williams | Oxygen supply systems for aircraft |
FR2614207A2 (fr) * | 1983-12-28 | 1988-10-28 | Intertechnique Sa | Masque respiratoire de protection, notamment pour les passagers d'aeronefs. |
Family Cites Families (10)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US2220905A (en) * | 1937-10-30 | 1940-11-12 | Daniel P Johnson | Oxygen regulator |
US2306382A (en) * | 1941-01-28 | 1942-12-29 | Fink Rudolph | Oxygen distribution system and regulator therefor |
US2608200A (en) * | 1951-05-17 | 1952-08-26 | Richard E Stockman | Oxygen demand regulator, including altitude compensator |
US2818861A (en) * | 1952-08-07 | 1958-01-07 | Allan M Russell | Oxygen mask |
DE1129831B (de) * | 1958-06-09 | 1962-05-17 | Aro Equipment Corp | Sauerstoffzufuehrungseinrichtung fuer Hoehenatemgeraete |
GB865084A (en) * | 1958-06-09 | 1961-04-12 | Aro Equipment Corp | Altitude compensated continuous flow oxygen regulator |
GB1207153A (en) * | 1967-03-22 | 1970-09-30 | Kidde Walter Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to oxygen breathing supply systems for use in aircraft |
US4335735A (en) * | 1980-09-22 | 1982-06-22 | The Bendix Corporation | Automatic diluter/demand oxygen regulator adapted for chemical or biological use |
US4651728A (en) * | 1984-09-28 | 1987-03-24 | The Boeing Company | Breathing system for high altitude aircraft |
FR2614118B1 (fr) * | 1987-04-15 | 1989-07-13 | Intertechnique Sa | Regulateur a la demande de fourniture de gaz respiratoire |
-
1991
- 1991-12-13 FR FR9115526A patent/FR2684954B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1992
- 1992-12-07 DE DE69217628T patent/DE69217628T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1992-12-07 EP EP19920403300 patent/EP0546909B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-07 ES ES92403300T patent/ES2098476T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1992-12-14 US US07/988,272 patent/US5357949A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB828362A (en) * | 1957-04-04 | 1960-02-17 | Kidde Walter Co Ltd | Improvements in or relating to oxygen breathing apparatus |
US3981300A (en) * | 1975-01-22 | 1976-09-21 | Irving Williams | Oxygen supply systems for aircraft |
FR2614207A2 (fr) * | 1983-12-28 | 1988-10-28 | Intertechnique Sa | Masque respiratoire de protection, notamment pour les passagers d'aeronefs. |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2015197542A1 (en) * | 2014-06-24 | 2015-12-30 | L'air Liquide, Societe Anonyme Pour L'etude Et L'exploitation Des Procedes Georges Claude | Emergency oxygen supply system |
RU2675333C1 (ru) * | 2014-06-24 | 2018-12-18 | Л'Эр Ликид, Сосьете Аноним Пур Л'Этюд Э Л'Эксплуатасьон Де Проседе Жорж Клод | Система аварийной подачи кислорода |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2684954A1 (fr) | 1993-06-18 |
FR2684954B1 (fr) | 1996-05-24 |
ES2098476T3 (es) | 1997-05-01 |
US5357949A (en) | 1994-10-25 |
DE69217628D1 (de) | 1997-04-03 |
DE69217628T2 (de) | 1997-06-12 |
EP0546909B1 (de) | 1997-02-26 |
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