EP0513435B1 - Method of constructing edifices and buildings and prefabricated module for executing the method - Google Patents

Abstract

In the case of a method of constructing edifices and buildings, in particular two-storey to three-storey residential blocks, it is proposed to centre the individual prefabricated modules dimensionally accurately one above the other and to align them horizontally by a plug-in type of construction, a respectively lower module being fitted by the same plug-in type of construction onto a likewise prefabricated peripheral foundation frame. For connecting adjacent modules in the region of their floor slab, the latter have central depressions with peripheral marginal edges, in which there are transverse passages which receive tubes which are inserted through and serve for fixing. <IMAGE>

Description

State of the art

The invention is based on a method for producing structures and buildings according to the preamble of claim 1 or a module suitable for carrying out this method, usually made of reinforced concrete, according to the preamble of claim 8.

The use of a modular construction technology is known in many ways, with prefabricated, box-like solid concrete modules being used primarily in garage construction or as flat panels in wall, floor and ceiling structures of buildings.

In this context, it is also known to have individual modules that consist, for example, of a concrete floor slab and a concrete cover slab side walls or only vertical supports are connected to each other, based on a steel frame, the steel frame specifying the dimensions and the walls, which may also be missing, either by means of concrete parts, but also using wooden parts or by means of lightweight elements especially for such structures, that are not subject to fire regulations can be fanned out.

In such modules, the steel structure is used as an outer and, moreover, also visible frame because of its perfect dimensional accuracy, whereby, for example, eight support points are formed for each module, at which these can then be placed on top of one another. The individual modules arranged one on top of the other or next to one another are then usually connected using so-called “twist-and-lock connections”. However, a multi-storey construction on the basis of such modules with a steel corset is not permitted for fire police reasons, for example in Germany, mainly because the steel reinforcement emerges from the outside. On the other hand, the dimensional accuracy of the commonly used modules and the buildings later made from them is based on the steel frame, which has so far been considered indispensable.

Another problem with the previous modular design is that one is not able to provide different heights for several floors, since one is rigidly bound to the height of the individual module specified by the steel structure, i.e. in the Basic concept has no flexibility. So it is also impossible to provide gaps between the individual modules or to use them in a suitable manner, apart from the fact that the usually hollow steel tubes used for the steel frame can often come into contact with liquids, since a completely tight seal is difficult to manufacture and rain water can penetrate into exposed pipes over long periods of time, which then corrode.

From DE-A-29 26 969 a prefabricated building cell in the form of a hollow parallelepiped for the formation of residential complexes is known, in which the individual building cells by means of connecting elements, which preferably at the edges, corners and the like. the elements are arranged, are connected to each other. The connecting elements consist on the one hand of a protruding, frustoconical or hemispherical part and on the other hand of a part with a recess which complements the protruding part.

To manufacture a building, the individual building cells are each placed perpendicular to one another, the individual connecting elements being joined together.

In addition, from DE-A-30 03 571 also prefabricated elements for quickly creating buildings are known, which in the form of plinths, beams, entire living spaces and the like. are trained. The carriers each have recesses and projections which can be inserted into one another for the assembly of the elements.

A disadvantage of the known methods for producing buildings in modular construction, as well as of the prefabricated modules or building cells, is that no cross-connection between the individual modules, in particular in the ceiling area, is provided. In the case of modules known from the prior art, good connections can be achieved in the vertical direction of the building due to the mating connecting elements, but no connection of the individual modules to one another in the horizontal direction, in particular in the ceiling area of the building, is provided. This has the disadvantageous result that, for example, shear forces acting on the building, such as those which can arise from wind exposure of the entire building, cannot be intercepted and derived in an optimal manner and the entire building loses stability as a result.

The invention is based on the object of making it possible to manufacture buildings or structures, in particular houses of a rather simple type, where, for any reason, for example due to natural disasters such as floods or earthquakes or also as a result of war, a large number of residential units must be built quickly, which, with perfect statics, also meet higher comfort requirements. In particular, the task is to be solved to further improve the statics of the buildings constructed from the individual modules in such a way that they also absorb and dissipate shear forces, such as those that can arise from exposure to strong winds of the building.

The invention solves this problem with the characterizing features of claim 1 and has the advantage that due to the precisely manufactured modules and the basic concept delivered by the invention by stacking and juxtaposing a large number of prefabricated modules or room cells, which in the vertical direction by a type known plug-in technology can be connected and aligned, rapid production of a large number of residential units is possible, the corresponding houses also being able to be built by inexperienced personnel, since the prefabrication of the modules, which usually consist of reinforced concrete, can be carried out centrally or directly using modern production facilities a then usefully larger construction site can take place.

In the case of modules arranged next to one another, the ceiling area has a central depression or depression, so that, for example, as is usual with flat roofs per se, a border or circumferential edge is formed, but this is done by inserting sleeves, which are aligned with one another, in the case of modules placed next to one another for one Consistency ensures, which is not only favorable for rainwater drainage, for example, but can also be used at the same time to make firm cross connections between the modules in the ceiling area, so that any other forces, such as shear forces and the like. can be caught.

Thus, if the basic principle of the invention is that the modules are connected to one another in the vertical by plugging and at the same time in the horizontal by sleeves, refinements and improvements of the invention, which are the subject of the subclaims, are based on the fact that it is provided, for example, by a prefabricated foundation frame it is possible to align it with high precision horizontally and to use it in prefabricated trenches, some of which may already have been filled with lean concrete, in which case this prefabricated foundation frame in turn also picks up the first level of the row of modules forming the ground floor.

For this purpose, in one embodiment of the invention, modules and the foundation frame, preferably in the corner areas, have complementary sockets, for example in the form of peg-like projections which engage in corresponding recesses. These pins and recesses are formed by head or foot plates, which are then only inserted into the corner areas of the modules above and below or of the foundation frame at the top and are anchored in a suitable manner, for example by an anchor loop extending into the reinforced concrete.

Further refinements of the invention and improvements are then the subject of the subclaims and are laid down in these.

drawing

Fig. 1

in schematisierter Seitenansicht die Grundkonzeption des Verfahrens zur Gebäudeherstellung mit mehreren nebeneinander- und übereinandergestellten Modulen und jedem unteren Modul zugeordneten eigenen Fundamentrahmen;

Fig. 2

eine mögliche Anordnung von Fundamentrahmen in Draufsicht und

Fig. 3

die Positionierung eines Fundamentrahmens innerhalb eines rahmenförmigen Grabenaushubs mit angedeuteten, auf den Fundamentrahmen aufgestelltem unteren Modul;

Fig. 4

die gleichzeitige Ausnutzung von hülsenförmigen Queröffnungen im umlaufenden Dachrand jedes Moduls zu dessen Transport und

Fig. 5

eine mögliche Ausführungsform einer Kopfplatte mit Positionierzapfen und Ankerschleife.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawing and are explained in more detail in the following description. Show it:

Fig. 1

in a schematic side view, the basic concept of the process for building construction with several juxtaposed and stacked modules and each lower module assigned its own foundation frame;

Fig. 2

a possible arrangement of foundation frames in plan view and

Fig. 3

the positioning of a foundation frame within a frame-shaped trench excavation with the indicated lower module placed on the foundation frame;

Fig. 4

the simultaneous use of sleeve-shaped transverse openings in the peripheral roof edge of each module for its transport and

Fig. 5

a possible embodiment of a head plate with positioning pin and anchor loop.

Description of the embodiments

The basic idea of the invention is to stack dimensionally manufactured individual modules on top of one another by means of a plug-in construction, so that the dimensional accuracy is also maintained in the finished building, the invention also being directed to the plug-in construction also in the transition region between a likewise prefabricated foundation frame and the lower one placed thereon Realize module and finally the possibility is offered to cross-connect modules arranged next to each other by inserting and connecting pipes or the like. modules in the ceiling edge area.

1 shows the basic concept of a building 10 which is only partially shown, consisting of a lower row of modules 11a, 11b placed next to one another and upper, only partially shown modules 12a, 12b placed on this module row, the lower row of modules itself again on prefabricated foundation frames 13a , 13b sits on.

The connection of the individual components, including the foundation frames 13a, 13b individually assigned to each module, takes place in the vertical direction in the manner of a plug-in construction, with projections 14 projecting from corresponding recesses in the manner of pins 15 are included.

The pin / recess plug connections are preferably located at the respective corner points of modules, in each case at the top and bottom, while the foundation frames 13a, 13b only have pins 14 projecting upwards.

The type and structure of the pegs and the corresponding recesses can be made as described in German patent application P 41 15 643.9 corresponding to DE-OS 41 15 643, the priority of which is claimed.

Each recess and each pin is formed by a corresponding head or foot plate 16 (see FIG. 5), which either forms the pin 14 projecting upward in the preferred design in its outer contour or has the recess 15 indicated by the dashed line and the on the corresponding points of modules and foundation frames to be placed one above the other, that is to say the corner areas in particular, are firmly connected to them, namely by at least partially inserting and connecting to the foundation frame and reinforced concrete forming modules.

For this purpose, each head or foot plate 16 can have an anchor loop 16a in order to achieve a firm anchoring in the material surrounding it from the module corner area or foundation frame corner area, which can also be connected to further reinforcements in the module and foundation frame area.

Since the prefabrication of the respective modules or Foundation frame, the head and foot plates can be positioned with high precision, this plug-in construction also ensures the dimensional accuracy of the building produced in this way.

The invention also breaks new ground in the manufacture of the foundations, a mostly complex and labor-intensive process which, moreover, also requires a very precise horizontal leveling of the foundation, at least when work is subsequently continued in a modular design.

An embodiment of the invention provides advantages in that, as shown in FIG. 3, it is only necessary to dig a circumferential trench 17 in the respective soil, which in any case partially, and then specifically in the corner regions of the trench, with a lean concrete fill predetermined height is filled.

Then a prefabricated foundation frame is lowered into the rectangular trench until the foundation frame comes to rest on the lean concrete layer. The foundation frame itself can be of a simple, but due to the factory prefabrication dimensionally accurate structure and forms, as shown specifically in FIGS. 2 and 3, a continuous closed frame shape without floor and ceiling, which is rectangular, but also, depending on the type of module can be of any shape and each of the four upwardly facing corner regions, as also shown in FIG. 2, has the fitting or centering pins 14 which project upwards.

Already when placing and inserting the foundation frame into the excavated trench, its horizontal leveling can be ensured by placing appropriate fitting pieces under it until an exact horizontal alignment is achieved.

Then you can, for example, fill up the remaining excavated trench completely, so that the horizontal position is secured. However, it is also possible to provide the trench with a correspondingly horizontally aligned concrete layer from the start.

Usually, several of the concrete frames provided for the manufacture of a building are attached next to one another, as shown in plan view in FIG. 2.

It has proven to be advantageous that the foundation frame 13 can each have openings at points aligned with one another, which are shown in broken lines in FIG. 2 and are designated by 18. These breakthroughs can not only serve for the passage of lines, but they can also serve to firmly anchor and fix the individual foundation frames 13 to one another by filling the aligned openings together with concrete through a later removable outer formwork. Here it is also possible to make the openings in the inner diameter non-uniform for secure anchoring. Filling or pouring with concrete takes place after the necessary installations have been carried out, i.e. installation of appropriate water and sewage pipes, electrical installations and the like.

The foundation frame also offers advantages in that, with a corresponding lowering of the earth material within the respective foundation frame or frames, for example up to level 19 according to FIG. 3, a cavity is created below the first module placed on the foundation frame, which also acts as a kind of crawl space or can be designed as an otherwise accessible space. However, this is not necessary.

In addition, the respective prefabricated modules can also be effectively connected to one another or make it possible to run pipes or drain rainwater; for this purpose the ceiling of each module is designed as shown in Fig. 1; a central trough-shaped depression 20 is thus formed which, if it is the last uppermost module in each case, can also assume flat roof functions at the same time. The lowered trough results in a peripheral edge structure 21 in each module, which can, for example, pass into the bottom region of the trough 20 via an inclined surface 21a.

At mutually aligned locations in the (circumferential) edge structure 21 in the ceiling plate of each module from the inside, i.e., starting from the trough 20, and with the lower edge at the level of the trough bottom, sleeves 22 are introduced, that is, of any cross-sectional shape per se , Allow passages or culverts in the ceiling area between individual, adjacent modules.

This results in further advantages, which consist in the fact that rainwater through the cross connections can be easily removed between individual module ceilings; however, it is also possible to lay corresponding lines here, so that the troughs 20, in conjunction with the transverse passages 23 formed by the sleeves 22, form a type of installation level for each floor.

The transverse passages 23 can then finally serve another purpose, namely the relative fixation of the individual modules in the ceiling area to one another, by pushing tubes through the sleeves 22, which are designed as metallic tubes, again, and here from a module to the next, and then welded or otherwise connected the pipe ends protruding to the corresponding sleeve end areas. In this way, there is an effective fixation against generally acting shear forces or other forces of the individual modules with respect to one another, the tubes used nevertheless keeping the installation transition between the individual troughs 20 of the modules free, since they themselves are hollow again.

Finally, as shown in FIG. 4, the passages 23 formed by the sleeves 22 can serve a further purpose, namely the problem-free transport of individual prefabricated modules by inserting support forms 24 provided laterally with a crane hook 25 into these roof openings. The hooks 25 then serve as hangers for a transport and / or lifting crane.

In Fig. 5 is also indicated that it is also possible to the respective head or foot plate 16 with the positioning pin 14 or the corresponding recesses 15 receiving them only up to a certain height, the Level in Fig. 5 is designated 26 in the surrounding concrete material 27 of module or foundation frame, so that there is a distance A, which can be, for example, numerical values, but not limiting the invention, 1 cm . This distance A ensures that the stacking and perfect positioning can be done safely even if there are material particles, stones or the like on the surface. are and also serves the purpose that this distance, if necessary, also in advance, meaningful immediately before putting on the next module, with mortar or the like. can fill in, so that the modules form the common building as it were, walled up.

It also goes without saying in this connection that the pins 14 preferably have a conical shape which tapers upwards, so that even if the respective upper module is not placed on the hair when the module is lowered further, the latter is automatically pulled straight and positioned at the end.

Claims (13)

1. A method of constructing structures and buildings, in particular two- to three-storey residential buildings, hospitals, hotels, commercial buildings or office blocks, old people's homes and the like, wherein room cells, prefabricated from reinforced concrete by the modular construction method, are arranged side by side and one above the other and are interconnected, wherein, in order to interconnect the modules and to position them precisely, simultaneously forming a static monostructure, upper and lower module surfaces have, respectively, complementary pin-type projections (14) and recesses (15) receiving the projections (14), and wherein, on placing the modules (11a, 11b; 12a, 12b) one above the other, the latter are centrally positioned and interconnected by a plug-in construction method, characterised in that, in the case of a central, trough-like depression in the ceiling surface, sockets (22) are set into the resulting circumferential edge structure - elevated in relation to the trough base - of each module, laterally aligned with the other neighbouring modules, and form passage openings (23), by which neighbouring modules (11a, 11b; 12a, 12b) are interconnected by means of parts inserted into the sockets (22), and the passage openings (23) additionally form mutually aligned transverse ducts.
2. A method according to claim 1, characterised in that the parts inserted into the sockets (22) are fixing pipes welded to the sockets (22).
3. A method according to either one of the preceding claims, characterised in that a circumferential, otherwise open foundation frame (13, 13a, 13b) is inserted, horizontally levelled, into an excavated trench (17) with the interposition of lean concrete, and then a first, lower, prefabricated module is placed on the said prefabricated foundation frame by the same plug-in construction method used for the vertical interconnection of the modules.
4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that, for horizontally levelling the foundation frame (13, 13a, 13b) in the excavated trench, first the respective corner regions are filled with concrete, the foundation frame is placed thereon and horizontally aligned by the insertion of shims, and then the excavated trench is completely filled with concrete below the foundation frame.
5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that, in order to connect foundation frames (13) arranged side by side, the said foundation frames (13) have, in their side walls, prefabricated openings or apertures (18) which are aligned with each other and are fixed relative to each other by the introduction of anchors or a concrete grouting compound in addition to the installation of lines.
6. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the pin-type projections (14) and the recesses (15) receiving them are formed by metal head and base plates (16) at least partly set into the corner regions of each module top and bottom.
7. A method according to one or more of claims 1 to 6, characterised in that the head and base plates (16), carrying the pin-type projections (14) and the recesses (15) receiving them, are only partly set into the concrete of the foundation frames and/or modules, forming a distance (A), and the distance (A) formed between the individual modules or module and base plate is filled with mortar.
8. A dimensionally accurate, prefabricated module and foundation frame for constructing structures and buildings, in particular two- to three-storey residential buildings, hospitals, hotels, commercial buildings or office blocks, old people's homes and the like, wherein room cells, prefabricated from reinforced concrete by the modular construction method, are arranged side by side and one above the other and are interconnected, wherein the module (11a, 11b) has upward and downward-facing centering means in the form of pin-type projections (14) and recesses (15) receiving the projections (14) and providing horizontal alignment and fixing in relation to other modules (11a, 11b, 12a, 12b), and in that a prefabricated, circumferential foundation frame (13) is provided, on which, after its horizontal alignment in an excavated trench, the module (11a, 11b) is directly placed by the same plug-in connecting method and centred, in particular for carrying out the method according to one or more of claims 1 to 7, characterised in that the ceiling surface of the module (11a, 11b) has a central, trough-like depression (20), thereby forming a circumferential edge structure (21) in which passage openings (23) are arranged for lateral alignment with the respective other neighbouring modules (11a, 11b, 12a, 12b), the passage openings (23) being formed by inserted sockets (22), for laterally connecting neighbouring modules (11a, 11b, 12a, 12b) by means of parts inserted into the sockets (22) and for forming transverse ducts.
9. A dimensionally accurate, prefabricated module and foundation frame according to claim 8, characterised in that the parts inserted into the sockets (22) are pipes connected to the sockets (22) in order to fix the modules (11a, 11b, 12a, 12b) relative to each other.
10. A dimensionally accurate, prefabricated module and foundation frame according to either one of claims 8 and 9, characterised in that the pin-type projections (14) at the respective corner regions of prefabricated foundation frames (13) and modules (11a, 11b, 12a, 12b) extend vertically upwards and the recesses (15) receiving the projections (14) are provided on the lower corner region surfaces of the modules.
11. A dimensionally accurate, prefabricated module and foundation frame according to any one of claims 8 to 10, characterised in that the base or head plates (16) carrying the pin-type projections (14) or the recesses (15) project a predetermined distance (A) beyond the level of the material surrounding them for the incorporation of mortar layers interconnecting the individual modules.
12. A dimensionally accurate, prefabricated module and foundation frame according to any one of claims 8 to 11, characterised in that carrying structures (24) with crane hooks (25) are inserted into the transverse ducts (23) for transportation of the modules.
13. A dimensionally accurate, prefabricated module and foundation frame according to claim 8, characterised in that the foundation frames (13) have mutually aligned apertures (18) for carrying out installation work and subsequent concrete grouting.

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