EP0501885A1 - Lastschalter - Google Patents

Lastschalter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0501885A1
EP0501885A1 EP92400503A EP92400503A EP0501885A1 EP 0501885 A1 EP0501885 A1 EP 0501885A1 EP 92400503 A EP92400503 A EP 92400503A EP 92400503 A EP92400503 A EP 92400503A EP 0501885 A1 EP0501885 A1 EP 0501885A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
drawer
housing
chamber
drawers
fixed contact
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP92400503A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0501885B1 (de
Inventor
Christian Blanchard
Michel Lauraire
Didier Vigouroux
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Schneider Electric SE
Original Assignee
La Telemecanique Electrique SA
Schneider Electric SE
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by La Telemecanique Electrique SA, Schneider Electric SE filed Critical La Telemecanique Electrique SA
Publication of EP0501885A1 publication Critical patent/EP0501885A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0501885B1 publication Critical patent/EP0501885B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/02Housings; Casings; Bases; Mountings
    • H01H71/0207Mounting or assembling the different parts of the circuit breaker
    • H01H71/0228Mounting or assembling the different parts of the circuit breaker having provisions for interchangeable or replaceable parts
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H71/00Details of the protective switches or relays covered by groups H01H73/00 - H01H83/00
    • H01H71/08Terminals; Connections
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H73/00Protective overload circuit-breaking switches in which excess current opens the contacts by automatic release of mechanical energy stored by previous operation of a hand reset mechanism
    • H01H73/02Details
    • H01H73/18Means for extinguishing or suppressing arc
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01HELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H89/00Combinations of two or more different basic types of electric switches, relays, selectors and emergency protective devices, not covered by any single one of the other main groups of this subclass
    • H01H89/06Combination of a manual reset circuit with a contactor, i.e. the same circuit controlled by both a protective and a remote control device
    • H01H89/08Combination of a manual reset circuit with a contactor, i.e. the same circuit controlled by both a protective and a remote control device with both devices using the same contact pair

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a current switching device comprising in a housing, at least one pole constituted by at least one fixed contact cooperating with a movable contact capable of being moved, in the breaking chamber, relative to said fixed contact, under the action of at least one triggering mechanism.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a new arrangement of the interrupting chamber envelope associated with a pair of contacts in order to obtain advantages both from an electrical point of view and from the point of view of industrialization and assembly of the components.
  • This arrangement is achieved simply by the one-piece housing without independent base and by an insulating part serving as support for a conductor connecting the fixed contact to the connection terminal and possibly other electrical components.
  • the invention makes it possible to obtain good insulation between phases (leak lines, breaking gas, etc.). It allows the arc blowing means to be used (magnetic U, turns, etc.) by simply isolating them from the other elements of the phase on which they are placed and from the other phases. It allows the use of a different insulating material for the switching chamber and for the housing. It makes it possible to obtain that the breaking chamber associated with a pole is easily isolated from the breaking chamber of another pole.
  • the invention makes it possible to reduce the number of parts, in particular in the case of the use of arc blowing means. It makes it easier to mount the parts constituting the breaking chamber. It also allows easy mounting of the magnetothermal trip elements. It also allows easy mounting of a removable crew carrying the movable bridges. It makes it possible to produce a one-piece housing without an independent base, which provides good electrical insulation as well as good mechanical resistance.
  • the device is characterized in that the housing has a fixing base secured to isolation partitions constituting a channel delimiting the breaking chamber and that said channel of the housing cooperates with a closing drawer made of material. insulation carrying an electrical conductor which connects the fixed contact to the connection terminal, the assembly consisting of the housing and the driver carrier closing drawer constituting the breaking chamber.
  • the housing forms, for each pole, a channel adapted to receive two conductor carrier closing drawers, these two drawers being arranged on either side of a contact carrier module comprising at least one contact bridge mobiles cooperating with said fixed contacts.
  • each drawer consists of a driver-carrying apron and two side walls providing an internal chamber opening into the channel on the side of the central part, these walls being inserted between two partitions so as to be adjacent to them .
  • each drawer has a transverse dividing partition defining, on the side of the central part, the breaking chamber and, on the outside, a gas decompression chamber.
  • the two drawers associated with the same pole fit into two opposite channels of the housing, in translation movements of opposite directions.
  • each of the drawers has arc blowing means isolated between the drawer and at least one partition of the housing.
  • the conductor carried by a drawer has two arc blowing loops each pressed against a lateral face of the drawer opposite a partition of the housing and joining on a part carrying the fixed contact and positioned in the drawer chamber forming the breaking chamber.
  • the part of the conductor carrying the fixed contact is extended in the chamber of the drawer by a tab constituting the deflector on which the arcs develop.
  • the switch device illustrated in the drawings is a multi-pole protective device of the contactor-circuit breaker type. Alternatively, it could be unipolar.
  • the apparatus comprises a one-piece housing 1 produced by molding in electrically insulating material (plastic).
  • the bottom or mounting base 11 of this housing has a groove 12 cooperating with retractable clip elements to ensure the fixing, by snap-fastening, of the device on a standardized profile.
  • This bottom 11 has no opening.
  • the base 11 for fixing the housing is directly integral with external partitions 13 and internal isolation partitions 18. They constitute, two by two with the bottom 11, channels 14 or 15 delimiting the breaking chambers. These partitions 13 and 18 extend perpendicular to the bottom or flat base 11 and parallel to one another (in a direction marked QQ ′ in FIG. 3). Channels 14 and 15 are aligned along axes parallel to QQ ′ and extend on either side of a plane PP ′.
  • Each channel 14 or 15 cooperates respectively with a drawer 2 or 3 which, on the one hand, delimits the breaking chamber 23 or 33 respectively with the housing and which, on the other hand, carries a conductor 4 or 5 respectively.
  • Each pole of the device has two fixed contacts 41 and 51 and a bridge 63 of mobile contacts 61 and 62.
  • the mobile contacts 61, 62 move in translation relative to the fixed contacts, perpendicular to the line passing through these fixed contacts.
  • the plane of displacement and symmetry of the movable contacts is marked PP ′.
  • Each fixed contact 41 or 51 of the same pole is carried by a drawer 2 or 3 respectively fitting into a channel 14 or 15 of the housing.
  • Each fixed contact 41 or 51 is formed on the conductor 4 or 5 respectively connecting it to a connection terminal 48 or 58 respectively.
  • Each terminal 48 or 58 is mounted on the drawer 2 or 3 and is intended to be connected to a power line.
  • the two drawers 2 and 3 of the same pole fit into the two opposite and aligned channels 14 and 15 respectively of the housing. These channels 14 and 15 of a pole open to the outside through two openings on the opposite sides of the housing. These two drawers 2 and 3 fit into the housing 1 by translational movements in opposite directions, towards the plane PP ′, and parallel to a direction marked QQ ′ (FIG. 3), orthogonal to PP ′ and parallel to the bottom of the housing.
  • the drawers 2 and 3 are, like the housing, made by molding in electrically insulating material (plastic).
  • the material of the drawers 2 and 3 may be different from the material of the housing 1.
  • Each of the drawers 2 or 3 has an upper deck 21 or 31 connected to two side walls 22 or 32 respectively. These walls provide in each drawer an internal chamber 23 or 33 respectively, forming a breaking chamber.
  • Each internal chamber 23 or 33 of the drawer 2 or 3 opens into the associated channel 14 or 15 on the side of the central part marked by the plane PP ′.
  • the two side walls 22 or 32 and the adjoining upper deck 21 or 31 have a cross section (parallel to PP ′) in the shape of a U.
  • the walls 22 or 32 of the same drawer are inserted between two adjacent partitions of the housing so as to be adjacent to them.
  • each drawer 2 or 3 Due to the U-shaped cross section of each drawer 2 or 3, the internal chamber 23 or 33 formed therein opens into the bottom of the corresponding channel.
  • Each drawer 2 or 3 has a transverse dividing partition 27 or 37 (parallel to PP ′) which delimits, on the side of the central part, the breaking chamber 23 or 33 and, on the outside, a gas decompression chamber 28 or 38 respectively.
  • the cut-off and decompression chambers communicate with each other.
  • Each drawer 2 or 3 has a transverse bottom 29 or 39 respectively, closing at least partially on the outside of the housing, on the one hand, the breaking chamber 23 or 33 and the adjoining decompression chamber 28 or 38 and, on the other hand, the corresponding channel of the housing.
  • the lower edges 221 and 321 of the side walls of the drawers bear on contours of the bottom of the housing.
  • the central edges 222 and 322 of the side walls of the drawers are, in the mounting position, spaced from one another and opposite so as to provide a space 16 allowing the mounting of a module 6 which will be described later.
  • the immobilization in translation of the drawers 2 and 3 relative to the housing and in the direction QQ ′ parallel to the bottom, is provided by stops. Immobilization of the drawer 3 in a direction perpendicular to the bottom 11 is ensured by stops made on the partitions of the housing. The immobilization of the drawer 2 in a direction perpendicular to the bottom 11 is ensured by a partition 171 of the housing. This partition 171 extends parallel to the bottom 11 and closes the channels 14 upwards. It separates the drawers 2 and their associated conductors 4 from the electromagnet 10 which will be described later.
  • the pads of the fixed contacts 41 and 51 are arranged on the conductors 4 and 5 on the side of the internal face of the bulkhead 21 or 31.
  • the fixed contacts 41 and 51 are positioned towards the central part while the connection terminals 48 or 58 are positioned on the sides of the housing.
  • Each conductor 4 or 5 has a central part 42 or 52 forming a tongue, joined by a bridge 44 or 54 with two lateral and parallel loops or branches 45 and 46 or 55 and 56 having a U shape and meeting with a conductive part 47 or 57 connected to terminal 48 or 58.
  • the U-shaped loops are open upwards, the base being considered in the low position.
  • the fixed contact pad 41 or 51 is disposed on the central part 42 or 52 and is oriented downwards.
  • This central part 42 or 52 carrying the fixed contact and positioned in the chamber of the drawer is extended in the chamber by a tab 421 or 521 constituting the deflector conductor on which the arcs develop.
  • the bridge 44 or 54 joining the two loops and attached to its front face of the drawer is extended by a branch 43 or 53 respectively, folded or folded over the top of the drawer.
  • the two loops or branches 45, 46 or 55, 56 are pressed against the lateral faces of their respective drawers 2 and 3.
  • the conductive part 47 or 57 is arranged on top of the drawer.
  • the tongue 421 or 521 follows the profile of the internal chamber 23 or 33.
  • a metal deflector 49 is housed in the channels 14 and 15 delimiting the breaking chambers. This deflector 49 is positioned on the base 11 of the housing which forms the bottom of these channels and is held by the drawers 2 and 3.
  • the drawers 2 or 3 are separated respectively by spaces 24 or 34 adapted to the partitions 18.
  • the different adjacent drawers 2 located on the same side of the plane PP ′ are joined to each other so as to form a single unit.
  • the various drawers 3 located on the same side of the plane PP ′ are joined to each other so as to form a single unit.
  • the drawers 2 are joined by bridges 291 forming part of the bottom 29.
  • the drawers 3 are joined by bridges 391 forming part of the bottom 39.
  • the different drawers 2 or 3 located on the same side and belonging to different poles could be independent.
  • the movable bridges 63 carrying the movable contacts 61 and 62 are mounted on a contact carrier module 6 shown diagrammatically in FIG. 4.
  • the bridges 63 are placed between the fixed contacts and the bottom 11 of the housing.
  • the contact-holder module 6 comprises a mobile support 64 in which the contact bridges 63 and operating slides 65 are mounted. Each contact bridge 63 is housed sliding in a window 68 of the support 64. A contact compression spring 66 urges each associated bridge 63, upwards, in the closing direction of the contacts. As an indication, in the embodiment shown, the spring 66 is housed in the window. Each of the bridges 63 can be moved in the opening direction of the contacts by the associated slide 65.
  • This module comprises as many slides as there are poles.
  • the module 6 is introduced, according to the plane PP ′, into a housing 16 of the housing formed between the partitions 13, between the drawers 2 and 3.
  • the support 64 has slots 67 into which the partitions 18 of the housing penetrate.
  • the mobile support 64 can slide along the plane PP ′, relative to the housing, being guided against the partitions of the housing.
  • the conductor 4 associated with the drawer 2 directly connects the fixed contact to the connection terminal 48.
  • the conductor 5 associated with the drawer 3 connects the fixed contact to the connection terminal 58 via a magnetic and / or thermal trip assembly 7, 8 ensuring protection against fault currents.
  • the trigger assembly 7, 8 carried by the slide 3 comprises a thermal trigger marked 7 and an electromagnetic trigger 8.
  • the thermal trip device 7 associated with each pole comprises a flat bimetallic strip 71 extending in a plane parallel to the plane QQ ′. By its foot, it is carried by the drawer 3 and has a free end 72.
  • a heater 73 isolated from the bimetallic strip. This heater is electrically connected by one end to the conductor 5 and by the other end to the free end of the bimetallic strip.
  • the free ends 72 of the triggers act on a differential system capable of actuating, by means of a mechanism 9, the slides 65 of the module 6.
  • the electromagnetic trip device 8 of each pole comprises a coil carcass 81 around which a control winding 82 is wound. It also comprises a movable plunger core sliding inside the coil carcass. A return spring is mounted between the core and the coil casing. The plunger core extends axially out of the coil carcass and acts on the mechanism 9 itself acting on the slides of the module 6.
  • the bridges of the module 6 can thus be moved following a fault detected by the magnetic and thermal triggering assembly and this after triggering of the lock 9 which will be discussed below.
  • the bridges of module 6 can also be moved by electrodynamic repulsion or by a control mechanism such as 91 which acts on the lock and the electromagnet.
  • the triggers 7 and 8 are housed between the partitions 18 of the housing and between each lateral partition 13 and the adjacent partition 18.
  • the planes of the bimetallic strips 71 are parallel to the partitions 18.
  • the lock release mechanism 9, common to all the poles, is disposed in a central housing 17 of relatively small thickness.
  • This mechanism 9 is coupled to a manual control and reset button 91 which is used for reset, closing and opening.
  • This button could be replaced by push buttons or rocker buttons depending on the type of lock 9.
  • An electromagnet 10 for driving the contactor housed in the housing 1 acts on the module 6.
  • This electromagnet comprises, in a manner known per se, a fixed magnetic circuit, a movable armature 101 and a coil connected to terminals by a switch. This last one is controllable in a manner known per se.
  • the movable armature 101 of the electromagnet is subject to a return spring and acts via a button 91 and / or another control.
  • the movable armature 101 of the electromagnet acts on a movable spreader 19, articulated around an axis 191 on the housing and actuating the movable support 64 of the module 6.
  • This spreader has fingers moving in lateral notches 69 of the support 64 to move it and operate the contacts.
  • the partitions 13 and 18 have slides 182 and 183 cooperating with bases of the triggers 7 and 8 to ensure the centering and the holding in position of these triggers 7 and 8. These means determine the positioning references of the triggers 7 and 8 with respect to to the housing.
  • a cover 93 covers the housing 1.
  • the drawers 3 have notches 36 which, when these drawers are recessed, are aligned with notches 181 of the partitions 131 or side partitions 13. Lugs 931 formed in the cover 93 engage in the notches to ensure keying immobilizing the drawers 3.
  • Drawer 2 can be keyed in the same way.
  • So-called “deionization” plates can be placed near the contacts to facilitate rapid interruption of the current. These plates can be mounted on the drawers or on the housing.
  • the thermal triggers 7 (or the electromagnetic triggers 8) could be mounted on the drawers 2, the drawers 3 carrying the other triggers 8 (or 7).
  • Drawers 2 and 3 and their associated components are mounted separately. The drawers 2 and 3 mounted are then embedded in the channels of the housing 1.
  • blowing loops are insulated between the walls of the drawer and the partitions of the housing.
  • each of the two drawers could be embedded in the housing in a direction making an angle with the bottom of said housing.

Landscapes

  • Arc-Extinguishing Devices That Are Switches (AREA)
EP92400503A 1991-02-28 1992-02-27 Lastschalter Expired - Lifetime EP0501885B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR9102395A FR2673486B1 (fr) 1991-02-28 1991-02-28 Appareil interrupteur de courant.
FR9102395 1991-02-28

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0501885A1 true EP0501885A1 (de) 1992-09-02
EP0501885B1 EP0501885B1 (de) 1996-01-31

Family

ID=9410194

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP92400503A Expired - Lifetime EP0501885B1 (de) 1991-02-28 1992-02-27 Lastschalter

Country Status (4)

Country Link
US (1) US5218332A (de)
EP (1) EP0501885B1 (de)
DE (1) DE69207929D1 (de)
FR (1) FR2673486B1 (de)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0647350B1 (de) * 1992-02-11 1998-12-16 Schneider Electric Sa Schaltstruktur für lastschalter
FR2999783A1 (fr) * 2012-12-18 2014-06-20 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Bloc unitaire de coupure et dispositif de coupure notamment contacteur comportant au moins un tel bloc

Families Citing this family (12)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE4341330C1 (de) * 1993-12-03 1995-04-20 Siemens Ag Elektromagnetisches Schaltgerät
EP0669633B1 (de) * 1994-02-25 1999-09-29 Schneider Electric Industries SA Schutzschaltgerät
US5608367A (en) * 1995-11-30 1997-03-04 Eaton Corporation Molded case circuit breaker with interchangeable trip unit having bimetal assembly which registers with permanent heater transformer airgap
JP3117074B2 (ja) * 1996-08-06 2000-12-11 富士電機株式会社 回路遮断器
ID23709A (id) * 1998-07-28 2000-05-11 Eaton Corp Subrumahan konduktor untuk pemutus rangkaian
JP2000340093A (ja) * 1999-05-25 2000-12-08 Fuji Electric Co Ltd 回路遮断器の過電流引外し装置
JP3859053B2 (ja) * 2000-07-07 2006-12-20 富士電機機器制御株式会社 回路遮断器
FR2823595B1 (fr) * 2001-04-12 2003-12-12 Schneider Electric Ind Sa Appareil interrupteur electromagnetique a cassettes porte-contacts
FR2850203B1 (fr) * 2003-01-20 2005-02-25 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Boitier de coupure d'un appareil electrique interrupteur
DE102006055007A1 (de) * 2006-11-22 2008-05-29 Abb Ag Installationsschaltgerät mit einer Doppelunterbrechung
DE102008016036A1 (de) * 2008-03-28 2009-10-01 Abb Ag Installationsschaltgerät mit einer Doppelunterbrechung
FR2999791B1 (fr) * 2012-12-18 2015-01-02 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Dispositif modulaire de commutation electrique comportant au moins un bloc de coupure unipolaire et ensemble de commutation comportant de tels dispositifs

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2930090B1 (de) * 1979-07-25 1981-01-08 Licentia Gmbh Leitungsschutzschalter mit einer Loeschbleche und Lichtbogenleitschienen aufweisenden Lichtbogenkammer
DE3037405A1 (de) * 1980-10-03 1982-05-19 Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim Elektrisches niederspannungsschaltegeraet
FR2549638A1 (fr) * 1983-07-18 1985-01-25 Etude Realisa Disjoncteurs Sa Disjoncteur avec dispositif d'acceleration de deplacement d'arc
DE3442625A1 (de) * 1984-11-22 1986-05-22 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Ueberlastrelais
EP0225207A1 (de) * 1985-10-31 1987-06-10 Merlin Gerin Kinematische Übertragungskette zwischen dem Steuermechanismus und den Polen eines elektrischen Lastschalters mit einem gespritzten Isoliergehäuse
EP0237607A1 (de) * 1986-03-21 1987-09-23 Square D Company (Deutschland) Gmbh Schütz

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4355216A (en) * 1981-01-02 1982-10-19 Gte Products Corporation Electric switch
FR2570871B1 (fr) * 1984-09-27 1986-12-05 Telemecanique Electrique Dispositif de commutation a composition variable realisable par assemblage d'elements modulaires
FR2605150B1 (fr) * 1986-10-09 1988-12-30 Telemecanique Electrique Appareil electro-magnetique de commutation ayant des interrupteurs interchangeables
FR2628260B1 (fr) * 1988-03-04 1990-07-20 Telemecanique Electrique Appareil de protection a contacts commandables par un electroaimant
FR2638563B1 (fr) * 1988-10-27 1990-12-14 Telemecanique Electrique Dispositif de securite pour appareil de commutation realise par l'assemblage de plusieurs elements modulaires amovibles

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2930090B1 (de) * 1979-07-25 1981-01-08 Licentia Gmbh Leitungsschutzschalter mit einer Loeschbleche und Lichtbogenleitschienen aufweisenden Lichtbogenkammer
DE3037405A1 (de) * 1980-10-03 1982-05-19 Brown, Boveri & Cie Ag, 6800 Mannheim Elektrisches niederspannungsschaltegeraet
FR2549638A1 (fr) * 1983-07-18 1985-01-25 Etude Realisa Disjoncteurs Sa Disjoncteur avec dispositif d'acceleration de deplacement d'arc
DE3442625A1 (de) * 1984-11-22 1986-05-22 Siemens AG, 1000 Berlin und 8000 München Ueberlastrelais
EP0225207A1 (de) * 1985-10-31 1987-06-10 Merlin Gerin Kinematische Übertragungskette zwischen dem Steuermechanismus und den Polen eines elektrischen Lastschalters mit einem gespritzten Isoliergehäuse
EP0237607A1 (de) * 1986-03-21 1987-09-23 Square D Company (Deutschland) Gmbh Schütz

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0647350B1 (de) * 1992-02-11 1998-12-16 Schneider Electric Sa Schaltstruktur für lastschalter
FR2999783A1 (fr) * 2012-12-18 2014-06-20 Schneider Electric Ind Sas Bloc unitaire de coupure et dispositif de coupure notamment contacteur comportant au moins un tel bloc
WO2014096583A1 (fr) * 2012-12-18 2014-06-26 Schneider Electric Industries Sas Bloc unitaire de coupure et dispositif de coupure notamment contacteur comportant au moins un tel bloc

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE69207929D1 (de) 1996-03-14
FR2673486B1 (fr) 1996-03-01
FR2673486A1 (fr) 1992-09-04
EP0501885B1 (de) 1996-01-31
US5218332A (en) 1993-06-08

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