EP0465455A1 - Connecting bar for prefabricated self supporting elements - Google Patents
Connecting bar for prefabricated self supporting elements Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0465455A1 EP0465455A1 EP91870107A EP91870107A EP0465455A1 EP 0465455 A1 EP0465455 A1 EP 0465455A1 EP 91870107 A EP91870107 A EP 91870107A EP 91870107 A EP91870107 A EP 91870107A EP 0465455 A1 EP0465455 A1 EP 0465455A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- beams
- superimposed
- connection bracket
- connecting stirrup
- stirrup
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
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Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/56—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members
- E04B2/70—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood
- E04B2/701—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with integrated supporting and obturation function
- E04B2/704—Load-bearing walls of framework or pillarwork; Walls incorporating load-bearing elongated members with elongated members of wood with integrated supporting and obturation function with longitudinal horizontal elements shorter than the length of a wall
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2/04—Walls having neither cavities between, nor in, the solid elements
- E04B2/06—Walls having neither cavities between, nor in, the solid elements using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position
- E04B2/08—Walls having neither cavities between, nor in, the solid elements using elements having specially-designed means for stabilising the position by interlocking of projections or inserts with indentations, e.g. of tongues, grooves, dovetails
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
- E04B2002/0208—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections of trapezoidal shape
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0204—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections
- E04B2002/0228—Non-undercut connections, e.g. tongue and groove connections with tongues next to each other on one end surface and grooves next to each other on opposite end surface
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/02—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls built-up from layers of building elements
- E04B2002/0202—Details of connections
- E04B2002/0243—Separate connectors or inserts, e.g. pegs, pins or keys
- E04B2002/0245—Pegs or pins
Definitions
- the invention relates to a connecting bracket made of a metal or synthetic material rod, bent at a right angle for making corners.
- It also relates to a method for making or reinforcing a corner in a prefabricated self-supporting construction, in particular in prefabricated constructions for habitation, masts and garden houses whose walls are formed of beams or logs arranged one at a time. above others.
- Document BE-A-871.546 discloses a metal corner piece for prefabricated housing, and more specifically for masts whose walls are formed by superimposed beams.
- Each beam is provided along its upper edge with a longitudinal projecting edge, while the lower edge is provided with a groove which cooperates with the projecting edge to form a tenon and mortise type assembly.
- This construction has the drawback of facilitating the splitting of wood already during the slightest movement or displacement of beams or walls.
- the present invention aims to remedy this drawback and proposes a corner construction which allows rapid assembly of the walls, so to speak without preparations. It relates to a connecting stirrup consisting of a metal or synthetic material rod, bent at a right angle for the production of corners, characterized in that it comprises three consecutive straight elbows which extend perpendicularly to one another. other in planes perpendicular to each other, so as to form adjacent squares which stand perpendicular to each other in orthogonal dihedrons.
- the steel rod is a concrete iron. In this way the production costs become approximately cheaper by about a third compared to those of the corner fittings comprising two flanges perpendicular to each other.
- the connecting stirrup has legs of equal length.
- the connecting stirrup according to the invention is very easily manufactured using a folding machine common in the building sector.
- the mounting of the connecting bracket is also easy.
- the preparatory work is limited to drilling only one hole in each of the concurrent beams at a very precise distance from the end of each beam.
- One leg of the square is pushed completely into a hole until the body of the connecting piece is embedded in a mortise of the beam.
- the walls 1 of a self-supporting construction are formed of beams wood 2, 2 ′ which are arranged one above the other.
- the beams 2,2 ′ are provided on their upper face with two projecting edges 3, 3 ′ arranged lengthwise and whose edges 4 are bevelled, while the lower face of each beam 2, 2 ′ provided with two grooves 5, 5 ′ is placed on the edges 3, 3 ′ of a lower beam 2 and they can cooperate so as to form a connection of the tenon and mortise type in order to prevent the lateral sliding of the two beams 2 l ' one relative to the other (see also Figure 4).
- a groove 6 is provided on either side of the groove 5 to impart elasticity to the edges 7 of the groove 5.
- the connecting stirrup 8 is formed of a metal rod bent at a right angle, in particular a concrete iron of the type generally used in the building industry (FIG. 5).
- the rod comprises three consecutive straight elbows 9, 10, 11 which extend perpendicular to each other in planes perpendicular to each other, so as to form adjacent brackets which stand perpendicular to each other. Two neighboring elbows are included in planes which stand perpendicular to one another and form a right dihedral.
- the depth of the groove 5 is greater than the height of the edge 3 so that after having superimposed two beams, a suitable gap 15 is maintained between the tenon and the mortise for the mounting of the connecting bracket 8 according to the invention.
- a hole 14 is provided in the bottom of the groove 5, 5 ′ of each beam 2, at a precise distance from the corner.
- a leg 15 of the connecting stirrup according to the invention is introduced into the hole 14 until the first and the second elbow 9, 10 are underlying converging or concurrent beams. Only the beams arranged perpendicular to each other are connected by a connecting bracket.
- the connecting bracket gives great rigidity to the corner without causing tension in the wooden beams.
- Each hole 14 formed in the beam 2 is optionally provided with a conical edge 16 to facilitate the introduction of a leg 15 of the connecting stirrup 8.
- the leg 15 of the connecting stirrup 8 is pressed in. using a hammer on the first elbow until the body drowns in the two grooves that form the corner.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Architecture (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Electromagnetism (AREA)
- Civil Engineering (AREA)
- Structural Engineering (AREA)
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
Abstract
Description
L'invention concerne un étrier de liaison constitué d'une tige de métal ou matière synthétique, recourbée en angle droit pour la réalisation d'encoignures.The invention relates to a connecting bracket made of a metal or synthetic material rod, bent at a right angle for making corners.
Elle concerne également un procédé pour réaliser ou renforcer une encoignure dans une construction auto-portante préfabriquée, en particulier dans des constructions préfabriquées pour habitation, des chalets et des maisons de jardin dont les parois sont formées de poutres ou de rondins disposés les uns au-dessus des autres.It also relates to a method for making or reinforcing a corner in a prefabricated self-supporting construction, in particular in prefabricated constructions for habitation, chalets and garden houses whose walls are formed of beams or logs arranged one at a time. above others.
Par le document BE-A-871.546, on connaît une pièce métallique de coin pour habitation préfabriquée, et plus spécialement pour des chalets dont les parois sont formées par des poutres superposées. Chaque poutre est munie le long de son bord supérieur par une arête saillante longitudinale, tandis que le bord inférieur est muni d'une rainure qui coopère avec l'arête saillante pour former un assemblage du type tenon et mortaise.Document BE-A-871.546 discloses a metal corner piece for prefabricated housing, and more specifically for chalets whose walls are formed by superimposed beams. Each beam is provided along its upper edge with a longitudinal projecting edge, while the lower edge is provided with a groove which cooperates with the projecting edge to form a tenon and mortise type assembly.
Pour positionner deux poutres perpendiculairement l'une à l'autre, on dispose quatre goujons dans les rainures de poutres concourantes sous-jacentes à équidistance du coin formé. On place sur ces goujons, les brides d'une équerre dans un interstice compris entre le nez de la saillie et le fond de la rainure. Ensuite on superpose le long de chaque jambe de l'équerre une poutre supérieure, dans laquelle sont forés des trous qui correspondent aux trous des brides de l'équerre. La pièce métallique de coin relie au moins les poutres sous-jacentes. Ces poutres supérieures et inférieures, qui sont superposées dans une même rangée pour former un mur, sont reliées à l'aide d'une pièce métallique de coin.To position two beams perpendicular to each other, there are four studs in the grooves of the underlying concurrent beams equidistant from the formed corner. The flanges of a square are placed on these studs in a gap between the nose of the projection and the bottom of the groove. Then we superimpose along each leg of the square a upper beam, in which holes are drilled which correspond to the holes of the bracket flanges. The metal corner piece connects at least the underlying beams. These upper and lower beams, which are superimposed in the same row to form a wall, are connected using a metal corner piece.
Cette construction présente l'inconvénient de faciliter le fendillement du bois déjà lors du moindre mouvement ou déplacement des poutres ou des murs.This construction has the drawback of facilitating the splitting of wood already during the slightest movement or displacement of beams or walls.
La présente invention vise à remédier à cet inconvénient et propose une construction de coin qui permette un montage rapide des parois pour ainsi dire sans préparatifs. Elle concerne un étrier de liaison constitué d'une tige de métal ou matière synthétique, recourbée en angle droit pour la réalisation d'encoignures, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend trois coudes droits consécutifs qui s'étendent perpendiculairement l'un à l'autre dans des plans perpendiculaires entre eux, de manière à former des équerres adjacentes qui se dressent perpendiculairement l'une à l'autre dans des dièdres orthogonaux.The present invention aims to remedy this drawback and proposes a corner construction which allows rapid assembly of the walls, so to speak without preparations. It relates to a connecting stirrup consisting of a metal or synthetic material rod, bent at a right angle for the production of corners, characterized in that it comprises three consecutive straight elbows which extend perpendicularly to one another. other in planes perpendicular to each other, so as to form adjacent squares which stand perpendicular to each other in orthogonal dihedrons.
Selon une particularité de l'invention, la tige d'acier est un fer à béton. De cette manière les coûts de production deviennent environ meilleur marché d'environ un tiers par rapport à ceux des ferrures de coin comprenant deux brides perpendiculaires l'une à l'autre.According to a feature of the invention, the steel rod is a concrete iron. In this way the production costs become approximately cheaper by about a third compared to those of the corner fittings comprising two flanges perpendicular to each other.
Dans une forme de réalisation particulière l'étrier de liaison présente des jambes de longueur égale.In a particular embodiment, the connecting stirrup has legs of equal length.
Par sa construction simple l'étrier de liaison selon l'invention est fabriqué très facilement à l'aide d'une machine de pliage courante dans le secteur du bâtiment.By its simple construction, the connecting stirrup according to the invention is very easily manufactured using a folding machine common in the building sector.
Le montage de l'étrier de liaison est aussi aisé. Le travail de préparation se limite à forer seulement un trou dans chacune des poutres concourantes à une distance bien précise de l'extrémité de chaque poutre.The mounting of the connecting bracket is also easy. The preparatory work is limited to drilling only one hole in each of the concurrent beams at a very precise distance from the end of each beam.
Une jambe de l'équerre est enfoncée complètement dans un trou jusqu'à ce que le corps de la pièce de liaison soit noyé dans une mortaise de la poutre.One leg of the square is pushed completely into a hole until the body of the connecting piece is embedded in a mortise of the beam.
Le risque de fendre le bois debout au voisinage des coins est bien moins grand lors du montage, si par exemple les parois subissent une torsion parce que la pièce de liaison peut pivoter autour d'un axe étant donné qu'elle n'est fixée que par un trou, alors que dans le procédé connu un déplacement angulaire des parois l'une par rapport à l'autre est impossible parce que chaque pièce de liaison est fixée dans quatre trous, ce qui affaiblit la structure du bois et facilite l'apparition de fentes.The risk of splitting the standing wood in the vicinity of the corners is much less during assembly, if for example the walls are twisted because the connecting piece can pivot around an axis since it is only fixed through a hole, while in the known method an angular displacement of the walls relative to each other is impossible because each connecting piece is fixed in four holes, which weakens the structure of the wood and facilitates the appearance of slots.
L'invention concerne aussi un procédé pour renforcer une encoignure d'une construction auto-portante, dont les murs sont formés de poutres superposées, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend les opérations suivantes :
- 1) le perçage d'un seul trou dans la face supérieure ou inférieure de chaque poutre à une distance prédéterminée de chaque extrémité de la poutre;
- 2) l'introduction d'une jambe de l'étrier de liaison dans le trou foré susdit jusqu'à ce que le corps de l'étrier de liaison soit noyé dans les rainures des poutres concourantes ou convergentes, et
- 3) la mise en place d'une poutre superposée sur l'extrémité dressée debout de l'étrier de liaison.
- 1) drilling a single hole in the upper or lower face of each beam at a predetermined distance from each end of the beam;
- 2) the introduction of a leg of the connecting stirrup into the aforementioned drilled hole until the body of the connecting stirrup is embedded in the grooves of the concurrent or converging beams, and
- 3) the installation of a beam superimposed on the upright upright end of the connecting stirrup.
Ces caractéristiques et d'autres particularités de l'étrier de liaison et du procédé selon l'invention ressortiront de la description suivante dans laquelle est fait référence aux dessins ci-annexés.These characteristics and other particularities of the connecting stirrup and of the method according to the invention will emerge from the following description in which reference is made to the accompanying drawings.
Dans ces dessins :
- la figure 1 est une vue en perspective d'une encoignure des deux parois formées par des poutres superposées les unes aux autres, renforcée par un étrier de liaison suivant l'invention;
- la figure 2 est une vue en plan à une échelle plus réduite d'une encoignure montrée dans la figure 1;
- la figure 3 est une coupe transversale suivant la ligne III-III dans la figure 2 de la pièce de coin montrée dans la figure 2;
- la figure 4 est une vue en coupe à plus grande échelle d'une poutre montrée dans la figure 3, et
- la figure 5 est une vue en élévation latérale d'un étrier de liaison.
- Figure 1 is a perspective view of a corner of the two walls formed by beams superimposed on each other, reinforced by a connecting bracket according to the invention;
- Figure 2 is a plan view on a smaller scale of a corner shown in Figure 1;
- Figure 3 is a cross section along line III-III in Figure 2 of the corner piece shown in Figure 2;
- FIG. 4 is a section view on a larger scale of a beam shown in FIG. 3, and
- Figure 5 is a side elevational view of a connecting bracket.
Dans ces diverses figures les mêmes signes de référence désignent des éléments identiques ou analogues.In these various figures, the same reference signs designate identical or analogous elements.
Comme montré dans la figure 1, les parois 1 d'une construction auto-portante sont formées de poutres en bois 2, 2′ qui sont disposées les unes au-dessus des autres.As shown in Figure 1, the
Les poutres 2,2′ sont pourvues sur leur face supérieure de deux arêtes saillantes 3, 3′ disposées dans le sens de la longueur et dont les bords 4 sont biseautés, alors que la face inférieure de chaque poutre 2, 2′ pourvue de deux rainures 5, 5′ est mise en place sur les arêtes 3, 3′ d'une poutre inférieure 2 et elles peuvent coopérer de manière à former une connexion du type tenon et mortaise afin d'empêcher le glissement latéral des deux poutres 2 l'une par rapport à l'autre (voir également figure 4). On a prévu de part et d'autre de la rainure 5 une gorge 6 pour conférer de l'élasticité aux bords 7 de la rainure 5.The
L'étrier de liaison 8 est formé d'une tige de métal pliée en angle droit, en particulier un fer à béton du type utilisé généralement dans l'industrie du bâtiment (figure 5).The connecting
La tige comprend trois coudes droits consécutifs 9, 10, 11 qui s'étendent perpendiculairement l'un à l'autre dans des plans perpendiculaires entre eux, de manière à former des équerres adjacentes qui se dressent perpendiculairement l'une à l'autre. Deux coudes voisins sont compris dans des plans qui se dressent perpendiculairement l'un par rapport à l'autre et forment un dièdre droit.The rod comprises three consecutive
La profondeur de la rainure 5 est plus grande que la hauteur de l'arête 3 de sorte qu'après avoir superposé deux poutres, un interstice convenable 15 est maintenu entre le tenon et la mortaise pour le montage de l'étrier de liaison 8 selon l'invention. Dans le fond de la rainure 5, 5′ de chaque poutre 2, on prévoit un trou 14 à une distance précise du coin.The depth of the
On introduit une jambe 15 de l'étrier de liaison selon l'invention dans le trou 14 jusqu'à ce que le premier et le second coude 9, 10 soient sous-jacents de poutres convergentes ou concourantes. Seules les poutres disposées perpendiculairement l'une à l'autre sont reliées par un étrier de liaison.A
Ensuite on met en place à chaque extrémité de coin des murs et sur les poutres sous-jacentes, à chaque fois, une poutre 2 dans laquelle on a foré préalablement un trou à la distance prédéterminée susdite.Then we put in place at each corner end of the walls and on the underlying beams, each time, a
Les poutres superposées s'affaissent sous le poids dans la fermeture du type tenon et mortaise de sorte que la jambe 15 de l'étrier de liaison s'enfonce dans chaque poutre (figure 3).The superimposed beams collapse under the weight in the closure of the tenon and mortise type so that the
L'étrier de liaison confère une grande rigidité à l'encoignure sans causer de tensions dans les poutres de bois.The connecting bracket gives great rigidity to the corner without causing tension in the wooden beams.
Un avantage par rapport à une équerre du type décrit dans BE-A-871.546 réside dans le fait que l'étrier peut tourner librement autour de son axe lorsque les parois se tordent, parce qu'ils ne sont fixés que dans un seul trou, alors que dans les constructions connues, chaque étrier est attaché par quatre goujons dans quatre trous. Avec des points de fixation aussi nombreux, chaque déplacement angulaire d'une paroi par rapport à une autre n'est pas possible sans tension interne dans le bois. Ensuite, les trous affaiblissent la structure du bois, de sorte que le risque de former des fentes est grand.An advantage compared to a bracket of the type described in BE-A-871.546 lies in the fact that the stirrup can rotate freely around its axis when the walls are twisted, because they are fixed in only one hole, whereas in known constructions, each bracket is attached by four studs in four holes. With so many fixing points, each angular displacement of one wall in relation to another is not possible without internal tension in the wood. Then the holes weaken the structure of the wood, so that the risk of forming cracks is great.
Grâce au jeu négligeable entre le corps de l'étrier de liaison 8 compris entre le premier et le troisième coude 11, 12 et la rainure, tout coulissement latéral de la poutre 2 par rapport à une autre est empêché.Thanks to the negligible play between the body of the connecting
Chaque trou 14 ménagé dans la poutre 2 est éventuellement pourvu d'un bord conique 16 pour faciliter l'introduction d'une jambe 15 de l'étrier de liaison 8. On enfonce la jambe 15 de l'étrier de liaison 8 en frappant à l'aide d'un marteau sur le premier coude jusqu'à ce que le corps se noie dans les deux rainures qui forment le coin.Each
Claims (7)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
BE9000688A BE1004503A6 (en) | 1990-07-05 | 1990-07-05 | Connection bracket for self-supporting building in systeembouw. |
BE9000688 | 1990-07-05 |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP0465455A1 true EP0465455A1 (en) | 1992-01-08 |
EP0465455B1 EP0465455B1 (en) | 1995-02-01 |
Family
ID=3884861
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP19910870107 Expired - Lifetime EP0465455B1 (en) | 1990-07-05 | 1991-07-04 | Connecting bar for prefabricated self supporting elements |
Country Status (2)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0465455B1 (en) |
BE (1) | BE1004503A6 (en) |
Cited By (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1673511A2 (en) * | 2003-10-17 | 2006-06-28 | Alliance Concrete Concepts, Inc. | Masonry brick |
FR2917105A1 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2008-12-12 | Marc Simon Degorre | Wooden e.g. solid wooden, wall construction system for e.g. house, has beams with lateral projection whose edges are constituted by extension of lateral and lower surfaces, where base of projection does not project quarter of width of beam |
EP2489807A1 (en) * | 2010-10-08 | 2012-08-22 | N.V. De Betaalbare Woning | Insulating structure for housing construction and method thereof |
Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1270034A (en) * | 1960-07-08 | 1961-08-25 | prefabricated building element |
-
1990
- 1990-07-05 BE BE9000688A patent/BE1004503A6/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1991
- 1991-07-04 EP EP19910870107 patent/EP0465455B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR1270034A (en) * | 1960-07-08 | 1961-08-25 | prefabricated building element |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP1673511A2 (en) * | 2003-10-17 | 2006-06-28 | Alliance Concrete Concepts, Inc. | Masonry brick |
EP1673511A4 (en) * | 2003-10-17 | 2010-04-21 | Alliance Concrete Concepts Inc | Masonry brick |
FR2917105A1 (en) * | 2007-06-05 | 2008-12-12 | Marc Simon Degorre | Wooden e.g. solid wooden, wall construction system for e.g. house, has beams with lateral projection whose edges are constituted by extension of lateral and lower surfaces, where base of projection does not project quarter of width of beam |
EP2489807A1 (en) * | 2010-10-08 | 2012-08-22 | N.V. De Betaalbare Woning | Insulating structure for housing construction and method thereof |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
BE1004503A6 (en) | 1992-12-01 |
EP0465455B1 (en) | 1995-02-01 |
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CH409342A (en) | Scaffolding |
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