Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D487/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00
  • C07D487/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms in the condensed system, not provided for by groups C07D451/00 - C07D477/00 in which the condensed system contains two hetero rings
  • C07D487/04—Ortho-condensed systems
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D477/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring
  • C07D477/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 4, and with a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 2
  • C07D477/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 4, and with a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 2 with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, attached in position 6
  • C07D477/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1-azabicyclo [3.2.0] heptane ring systems, i.e. compounds containing a ring system of the formula:, e.g. carbapenicillins, thienamycins; Such ring systems being further condensed, e.g. 2,3-condensed with an oxygen-, nitrogen- or sulphur-containing hetero ring with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached in position 4, and with a carbon atom having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 2 with hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, attached in position 6 with hetero atoms or carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. an ester or nitrile radical, directly attached in position 3
  • C07D477/20—Sulfur atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a series of novel carbapenem derivatives, and provides methods and compositions using these for the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections; it also provides processes for their preparation.
• J3-lactam antibiotics includes the well known penicillins and cephalosporins, as well as the more recently introduced carbapenem compounds, of which the most successful member to date is imipenem (a derivative of the well known thienamycin), which is one of the isomers of 2- ⁇ 2-[(iminomethy))amino]ethy)thio ⁇ -6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid.
• imipenem a derivative of the well known thienamycin
• the 1-carbapen-2-em system resembles the basic penicillin nucleus, except that there is a carbon atom (replacing a sulphur atom) at the 1-position.
• the carbapenem compounds also normally have substituents at the 2-, 3- and 6- positions. The substituent at the 6-position is most commonly, as in imipenem and thienamycin, a 1-hydroxyethyl group. These carbapenem compounds have a carbon-carbon double bond between the 2- and 3-positions.
• imipenem has been used clinically in combination with another compound, cilastatin, to protect it against this degradation, it is clearly undesirable to administer two or more drugs where one would suffice, and the restricted stability of the thienamycin derivatives has thus severely limited their use.
• the compounds of the present invention differ from those of the prior art in possessing a quaternary nitrogen atom, and it appears that this results in a significant and unexpected increase in antimicrobial, especially antibacterial, activity as well as a much improved stability in the mammalian body, as demonstrated by improved urinary recovery.
• comparing compounds of the type generally disclosed in the prior art with precisely equivalent compounds in which the nitrogen atom has been quatemised in accordance with the present invention we have found a consistent improvement in urinary recovery in the compounds of the present invention as compared with the prior compounds. This activity is accompanied by a low toxicity, enabling the compounds to be used in therapy.
• the compounds of the present invention are therefore expected to be of considerable value in the treatment and prophylaxis of microbial infections in mammals, especially humans.
• novel 1-carbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acid derivatives which are those compounds of formula (I): in which:
• R a and R b are the same or different and each represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms;
• hydroxy groups groups of formula -CONR a R b , where Ra and R b are as defined above, alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and halogen atoms;
• the invention also provides a pharmaceutical composition for the treatment or prophylaxis of bacterial infections, which composition comprises an effective amount of an antibacterial agent in admixture with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, wherein the antibacterial agent is selected from compounds of formula (I) and pharmaceutically acceptable salts and esters thereof, as defined above.
• the invention still further provides the use of a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, as defined above, for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment or prophylaxis of bacterial infections in an animal, preferably a mammal, which may be human.
• the invention also provides processes for the preparation of the compounds of the present invention, which are described in more detail hereafter.
• A represents a fully saturated heterocyclic group having from 4 to 6 ring atoms, of which one is a nitrogen atom and the remainder are carbon atoms, said nitrogen atom having on its remaining valence a group or atom R 4 .
• R 4 represents an alkenyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms
• this may be a straight or branched chain group having from 2 to 5, preferably 3 or 4, carbon atoms
• examples include the vinyl, allyl, methallyl, 1-propenyl, isopropenyl, 1-butenyl, 2-butenyl, 3-butenyl, 1-pentenyl, 2-pentenyl, 3-pentenyl and 4-pentenyl groups, of which the vinyl, allyl, methallyl, 1-propenyl, isopropenyl and butenyl groups are preferred, the allyl and 2-butenyl groups being most preferred.
• R 4 represents an alkynyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms
• this may be a straight or branched chain group having from 2 to 5, preferably 3 or 4, carbon atoms
• examples include the ethynyl, propargyl (2-propynyl), 2-propynyl, 1-butynyl, 2-butynyl, 3-butynyl, 1-pentynyl, 2-pentynyl, 3-pentynyl and 4-pentynyl groups, of which the propynyl and butynyl groups are preferred, the propargyl and 2-butynyl groups being most preferred.
• R 4 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• this may be a straight or branched chain group having from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms, and examples include the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, sec-pentyl, t-pentyl, hexyl and isohexyl groups.
• alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms preferably the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and isobutyl groups, and most preferably the methyl and ethyl groups.
• R 4 represents a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• this may be a straight or branched chain group having from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms, and examples include those unsubstituted groups listed above which are substituted by one or more of substituents (a).
• substituents There is, in principle, no restriction on the number of such substituents, except such as may be imposed by the number of substitutable positions or, possibly, by steric constraints. In general, although not restrictive, from 1 to 5 substituents are common, from 1 to 3 being more usual, and, in many cases, one being most common.
• R 5 represents a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
• alkyl groups may be as defined and exemplified in relation to the alkyl groups included in the groups which may be represented by R 4
• R I may represent a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, but is preferably a methyl group.
• R 2 may represent a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group
• the alkyl groups may be as defined and exemplified in relation to the alkyl groups included in the groups which may be represented by R 4
• Q represents a group of formula -B-N + R 8 R 9 R 10
• any of R 8 , R 9 and R 10 represents an alkenyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms or an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms
• all of these groups are exemplified in relation to the similar groups which may be represented by R 4 and the examples given there apply mutatis mutandis to R 8 , R 9 and R 10 .
• R 8 and/or R 9 and/or R 10 represents a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, this may be as defined and exemplified above in relation to the unsubstituted groups, but is substituted by at least one of substituents (b), for example:
• B represents an alkylene or alkylidene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms. This can be attached to the group of formula -N + R 8 R 9 R 10 and the group of formula -S-A-CO-N-through the same atom (in which case the group is correctly called an "alkylidene” group) or through different atoms (in which case the name "alkylene” group is appropriate). For the avoidance of doubt, it should be noted that both types of group are often referred to collectively as “alkylene” groups.
• Examples of such groups include the methylene, ethylene, ethylidene, trimethylene, tetramethylene, isopropylidene, propylidene, 1-methylethylene, 1-ethylethylene, 2-methylethylene, 2-ethylethylene, 1-methylpropylene and 2-methylpropylene groups. Of these, the methylene, ethylene, trimethylene and propylidene groups are preferred.
• Q represents a heterocyclic group having from 4 to 10 ring atoms in a single or bridged ring
• one of said ring atoms is a quaternary nitrogen atom of formula >N + R 11 R 12 , wherein R 11 and R 12 are the same or different and each represents an alkenyl groups having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms, alkynyl groups having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms and alkyl groups having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms ; all of these groups are exemplified in relation to the similar groups which may be represented by R 4 and the examples given there apply mutatis mutandis to R11 and R 12 .
• R 11 and/or R 12 represents a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms, this may be as defined and exemplified above in relation to the unsubstituted groups, but is substituted by at least one of substituents (b), for example those substituents (b) exemplified above.
• the heterocyclic group represented by Q may be a fully saturated ring, or it may be partially unsaturated ; it must, however, contain a quaternary nitrogen atom attached to two groups, R 11 and R 12 , and so that atom, at least, must not take part in any multiple bonds.
• it may optionally contain one or two other hetero-atoms, which may be oxygen, sulphur or nitrogen atoms. Where there are two such additional hetero-atoms, we prefer that both should be nitrogen atoms or one should be a nitrogen atom and one should be an oxygen or sulphur atom, although both can be sulphur or oxygen atoms or one can be a sulphur atom and one can be an oxygen atom, if desired.
• the remaining atoms are carbon atoms.
• the ring represented by Q is a monocyclic ring, it has from 4 to 7, more preferably 5 or 6, ring atoms, and, where it is a bicyclic ring system, it has from 6 to 10, more preferably from 7 to 9, ring atoms.
• heterocyclic rings which may form part of Q include the pyrrolidine, piperidine, morpholine, thiomorpholine, azetidine, piperazine, quinuc- lidine and homopiperazine rings, and these may be attached to the group of formula -S-A-CO-N- via any ring atom, provided that at least one nitrogen atom is free to be quatemised.
• the groups are optionally substituted azetidinio, pyrrolidinio, piperidinio, piperazinio, homopiperazinio, quinuclidinio, morpholinio or thiomorpholinio groups.
• Such a heterocyclic group represented by Q is, of course, substituted on the quaternary nitrogen atom ; other than this, it may be unsubstituted or it may be substituted by at least one, and preferably from 0 to 3, of substituents (c) :
• Q represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and substituted by an aromatic heterocyclic group having from 5 to 8 ring atoms, one of said ring atoms being a quaternary nitrogen atom of formula (wherein R 11 is as defined above), the alkyl group and R" may be as defined and exemplified above, and the heterocyclic group may have 0, 1 or 2 other nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms.
• Examples of such groups include the imidazolio, thiazolio, thiadiazolio, pyrazolio, oxazolio, isoxazolio, triazolio, pyridinio, pyrazinio, pyrimidinio and pyridazinio groups.
• R 2 and Q together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached, represent a group of formula (II) : in which m, n, R 6 and R 7 are as defined above, we prefer that m and n should each be 2 or 3, more preferably m should be 2 and n should be 2 or 3.
• R 6 may represent an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituted alkyl group which has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and which is substituted by at least one of substituents (a), whilst R 7 may represents an alkenyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having from 2 to 5 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms or a substituted alkyl group which has from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and which is substituted by at least one of substituents (b); in each case, these may be as exemplified above in relation to R 4 or R 8 , R 9 and R 10 , as appropriate.
• the substituents are selected from alkyl groups and oxygen atoms.
• the number of the substituents There is no particular restriction on the number of the substituents, which will only be limited by the number of substitutable positions and possibly by steric constraints; however, in the case of alkyl substituents, from 1 to 4, more preferably from 1 to 3 and most preferably 1 or 2, are preferred; in the case of oxygen atoms (which, with the carbon atom to which they are attached, form an oxo group), 1 or 2 are preferred, 1 being more preferred. In general, however, the unsubstituted groups are preferred.
• the alkyl groups may be straight or branched chain groups having from 1 to 6, preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms, and examples include the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, isopentyl, neopentyl, sec-pentyl, t-pentyl, hexyl and isohexyl groups. Of these, we prefer those alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, preferably the methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and isobutyl groups, and most preferably the methyl group.
• esters are carboxylic acids and can form esters.
• esters there is no limitation upon the nature of such esters, provided that, where the resulting compound is to be used for therapeutic purposes, it is pharmaceutically acceptable, which, as is well known in the art, means that the compound does not have reduced activity (or unacceptably reduced activity) or increased toxicity (or unacceptably increased toxicity) as compared with the corresponding compound of formula (I), i.e. the free acid.
• the compound is to be used for non-therapeutic purposes, e.g. as an intermediate in the preparation of other compounds, even this limitation does not apply, and the nature of the ester group may be chosen having regard simply to process criteria.
• suitable ester groups which may replace the hydrogen atom of the carboxy group include:
• benzyl benzhydryl, 4-nitrobenzyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, allyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl, 2,2,2-tribromoethyl, 2-trimethylsilylethyl, acetoxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl and 1- ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl groups.
• the compounds of formula (I) include a positively charged ion on the quaternary ammonium ion in the group represented by Q.
• R 3 represents a negative ionic charge
• the positive charge of the quaternary ammonium ion is balanced by R 3 .
• an acid addition salt may be formed with one or more of the other nitrogen atoms in the compound of formula (I).
• R 3 represents a hydrogen atom or is replaced by an ester group, such as those exemplified above, the compound requires another anion to balance that positive charge. This other anion may be provided by the anionic part of an acid.
• the nature of the acid employed is not critical to the invention, provided that, where the resulting compound is to be used for therapeutic purposes, it is pharmaceutically acceptable, i.e. it does not have reduced activity (or unacceptably reduced activity) or increased toxicity (or unacceptably increased toxicity) as compared with the corresponding compound of formula (I).
• the compound is to be used for non-therapeutic purposes, e.g. as an intermediate in the preparation of other compounds, even this limitation does not apply, and the nature of the ester group may be chosen having regard simply to process criteria.
• suitable acids which may be used to provide the balancing anion or which may form acid addition salts include:
• R 3 represents a hydrogen atom
• the compounds of the present invention can also form salts with cations, for example:
• the compounds of the present invention necessarily contain several asymmetric carbon atoms in their molecules, and can thus form optical isomers. Although these are all represented herein by a single molecular formula, the present invention includes both the individual, isolated isomers and mixtures, including racemates thereof. Where stereospecific synthesis techniques are employed, individual isomers may be prepared directly; on the other hand, if a mixture of isomers is prepared, the individual isomers may be obtained by conventional resolution techniques.
• Preferred classes of compound of the present invention are those compounds of formula (I) and salts and esters thereof, wherein:
• Q represents a group of formula -B N + R 8 R 9 R 10 wherein: R 8 , R 9 and R 10 are the same or different and each represents an alkenyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms, an alkynyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms, an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a substituted alkyl group which has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and which has at least one of substituents (b l ), defined above; and B represents an alkylene or alkylidene group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• (E) Q represents a non-aromatic heterocyclic group having from 4 to 10 ring atoms in a single or bridged ring, one of said ring atoms being a quaternary nitrogen atom of formula >N + R 11 R 12 , wherein:
• R 11 and R 12 are the same or different and each represents an alkenyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms; an alkynyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms; an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and having at least one of substituents (b'), defined above; and 0, 1 or 2 of said ring atoms being nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, the remainder being carbon atoms, said heterocyclic group being otherwise unsubstituted or having at least one of substituents (d), defined below;
• Q represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and substituted by a non-aromatic heterocyclic group having from 4 to 10 ring atoms in a single or bridged ring, one of said ring atoms being a quaternary nitrogen atom of formula >N+R 11 R 12 , wherein:
• R 11 and R 12 are the same or different and each represents an: alkenyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms; an alkynyl group having 3 or 4 carbon atoms; an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and having at least one of substituents (bl), defined above; and 0, 1 or 2 of said ring atoms being nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, the remainder being carbon atoms, said heterocyclic group being otherwise unsubstituted or having at least one of substituents (cl), defined above.
• (G) Q represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and substituted by an aromatic heterocyclic group having from 5 to 7 ring atoms, one of said ring atoms being a quaternary nitrogen atom of formula wherein R 11 represents: an alkenyl group having 3 or4 carbon atoms; an alkynyl group having 3 or4 carbon atoms; an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; or a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and having at least one of substituents (b), defined above; and 0, 1 or 2 of said ring atoms being nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atoms, the remainder being carbon atoms, said heterocyclic group being otherwise unsubstituted or having at least one of substituents (c), defined above.
• Particularly preferred among these are those compounds in which A is as defined in (A) above and either R 2 and Q are as defined in (C) above or R 2 is as defined in (B) above and Q is as defined in one of (D), (E), (F) or (G) above.
• More preferred compounds of the present invention are those compounds of formula (I) and salts and esters thereof, wherein: (H) A represents a fully saturated heterocyclic group having from 4 to 6 ring atoms, of which one is a nitrogen atom and the remainder are carbon atoms, said nitrogen atom having on its remaining valence a group or atom R 4 , wherein:
• R 2 and Q together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached represent a group of formula (II), as defined above, wherein:
• R 11 and R 12 are the same or different and each represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and having at least one of substituents (b"), defined above; and having no other hetero-atoms or having one other nitrogen and/or oxygen and/or sulphur hetero-atom, the remainder being carbon atoms, said heterocyclic group being otherwise unsubstituted or having at least one of substituents (c ll ), defined below;
• (L) Q represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and substituted by a heterocyclic group having from 4 to 10 ring atoms in a single or bridged ring, one of said ring atoms being a quaternary nitrogen atom of formula >N + R 11 R 12 , wherein:
• R" and R 12 are the same or different and each represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and having at least one of substituents (b ll ), defined above;
• R 11 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms or a substituted alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and having at least one of substituents (b"), defined above;
• R 6 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a substituted alkyl group which has from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and which has at least one substituent selected from hydroxy groups, carboxy groups, carbamoyl groups, cyano groups, halogen atoms and amino groups; and
• R 7 represents: an alkyl group having from 1 to 3 carbon atoms; or a substituted alkyl group which has from 1 to 3 carbon atoms and which has at least one of substituents (blll), defined below; and the carbon atoms of said group of formula (II) are unsubstituted or they are substituted by at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and oxygen atoms;
• the most preferred compounds of the present invention are those compounds of formula (1) and salts and esters thereof, wherein A is as defined in (N) above and R 2 and Q are as defined in (O) above.
• the compounds of the present invention may be prepared by a variety of methods well known in the art for the preparation of compounds of this type. For example, they may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (IV): (in which: R 1 is as defined above; Y represents a group of formula -OR 21 or -SO-R 23 ; R 21 represents an alkylsulphonyl group, an arylsulphonyl group, a dialkylphosphoryl group or a diarylphosphoryl group; R 22 represents a carboxy-protecting group; and R 23 represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms, a halogenated alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms; a 2-acetamidoethyl group; a 2-acetamidovinyl group; an aryl group which has from 6 to 10 ring carbon atoms and which is unsubstituted or has at least one substituent selected from halogen atoms, C 1 - C 3 alkyl groups, C
• This reaction gives a compound of formula (I'): in which R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , A and Q' are as defined above and in which, where Q' represents a group containing a quaternary nitrogen atom, the compound also includes a balancing anion.
• Q' represents one of the groups represented by Q
• this is a compound of the present invention.
• Q' represents a group containing an unquatemized nitrogen atom
• this nitrogen atom is quatemized in a further step.
• the balancing anion and the carboxy-protecting group may be removed to give a compound of formula (I) in which R 3 represents a negative charge, i.e. a compound of formula (I"): in which R 1 , R 2 and Q are as defined above.
• the first step comprises reacting a compound of formula (IVa): (in which: R 1 , R 2 1 and R 22 are as defined above) with the compound of formula (V), to give the compound of formula (I').
• the compound of formula (IVa) used as a starting material in these reactions may be prepared by reacting a compound of formula (VI): (in which: R 1 and R 22 are as defined above) with an alkylsulphonic acid, an arylsulphonic acid, a dialkylphosphoric acid or a diarylphosphoric acid or with a reactive derivative thereof, especially an alkylsulphonic acid anhydride, an arylsulphonic acid anhydride, a dialkylphosphoryl halide or a diarylphosphoryl halide, preferably in the presence of a base.
• the next step in the reaction [the reaction of the resulting compound of formula (IVa) with the mercapto compound of formula (V)] is preferably effected without intermediate isolation of the compound of formula (IVa) and is carried out in the same reaction medium.
• Suitable acid derivatives for use in the reaction preparing the compound of formula (IVa) from the compound of formula (VI) include: alkanesulphonic acid anhydrides, such as methanesulphonic acid anhydride, trifluoromethanesulphonic acid anhydride or ethanesulphonic acid anhydride; arylsulphonic acid anhydrides, such as benzenesulphonic acid anhydride or g-toluenesulphonic acid anhydride; dialkylphosphoryl halides, such as dimethylphosphoryl chloride or diethylphosphoryl chloride; and diarylphosphoryl halides, such as diphenylphosphoryl chloride or diphenylphosphoryl bromide. Of these, p-toluenesulphonic acid anhydride or diphenylphosphoryl chloride are particularly preferred.
• the reaction is normally and preferably effected in a solvent.
• a solvent there is no particular restriction on the nature of the solvent to be employed, provided that it has no adverse effect on the reaction or on the reagents involved and that it can dissolve the reagents, at least to some extent.
• suitable solvents include: halogenated hydrocarbons, especially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as 1,2-dichloroethane or chloroform; nitriles, such as acetonitrile; and amides, especially fatty acid amides, such as N,N-dimethyiformamide or N,N-dimethylacetamide.
• bases include: organic bases, especially tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
• the reaction can take place over a wide range of temperatures, and the precise reaction temperature is not critical to the invention. However, in order to prevent any side reactions, it is desirable for the reaction to be carried out at a relatively low temperature. In general, we find it convenient to carry out the reaction at a temperature of from -20°C to +40 ° C.
• the time required for the reaction may also vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, provided that the reaction is effected under the preferred conditions outlined above, a period of from 10 minutes to 5 hours will usually suffice.
• the compound of formula (IVa) thus obtained does not need to be separated from the reaction mixture; instead, the entire reaction mixture can be treated with the mercapto compound of formula (V) in the presence of a base.
• a base there is no particular restriction on the nature of the base employed in the reaction, provided that it does not affect any other part of the compound, in particular the P-lactam ring, and examples of suitable bases include: organic bases, such as triethylamine or diisopropylamine; and inorganic bases, especially alkali metal carbonates, such as potassium carbonate or sodium carbonate.
• the reaction can take place over a wide range of temperatures, and the precise reaction temperature is not critical to the invention. In general, we find it convenient to carry out the reaction at a temperature of from - 20°C to room temperature.
• the time required for the reaction may also vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, provided that the reaction is effected under the preferred conditions outlined above, a period of from 30 minutes to 5 days will usually suffice.
• the desired compound of formula (I') can be recovered from the reaction mixture by conventional means. For example, by removing the reaction medium or solvent and then purifying the compound by such conventional techniques as recrystallization, reprecipitation or the various chromatography techniques, e.g. column chromatography or preparative thin layer chromatography. Alternatively, it can be purified by direct reprecipitation of the desired compound from the reaction mixture.
• reaction mixture can be subjected to the subsequent step of removing the carboxy-protecting group without intermediate separation of the compound of formula (I'), or the removal of the protecting group may be accomplished after separation of the compound, as desired.
• the reaction employed to remove the protecting group will, of course, depend on the nature of the protecting group and may be carried out using methods well known in the art for the removal of carboxy-protecting groups from compounds of this type.
• the reaction is preferably effected by contacting the compound of formula (I') wherein R 22 represents such a carboxy-protecting group with a reducing agent.
• carboxy-protecting groups which may be removed in this way include the haloalkyl, aralkyl (including benzhydryl) groups.
• Examples of preferred reducing agents which may be employed in this reaction include: zinc and acetic acid, if the carboxy-protecting group is a haloalkyl group, such as the 2,2-dibromoethyl or 2,2,2-trichloroethyl group; or a catalytic reagent (such as hydrogen and palladium-on-carbon) or an alkali metal sulphide (such as sodium sulphide or potassium sulphide), if the carboxy-protecting group is an aralkyl group or a benzhydryl group,.
• a catalytic reagent such as hydrogen and palladium-on-carbon
• an alkali metal sulphide such as sodium sulphide or potassium sulphide
• the reaction is normally and preferably carried out in the presence of a solvent, the nature of which is not critical, provided that it has no adverse effect upon the reaction and that it can dissolve the reagents, at least to some extent.
• suitable solvents include: alcohols, such as methanol or ethanol; ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxan; fatty acids, such as acetic acid; or a mixture of any one or more of these organic solvents with water.
• reaction temperature in the range of from 0°C to about room temperature.
• time required for the reaction may likewise vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents. However, in most cases, a period of from 5 minutes to 12 hours will normally suffice.
• the resulting compound can be recovered from the reaction mixture by conventional means.
• any impurities separated from the reaction mixture may be removed by filtration, after which the solvent may be removed by distillation, to obtain the desired compound.
• the compound thus obtained can, if necessary, be further purified by conventional means such as recrystallization or the various chromatography techniques, notably preparative thin layer chromatography or column chromatography.
• the carboxy group contained in the compound obtained after removal of the carboxy-protecting group can be converted by known methods into an ester group which is capable of being hydrolyzed under physiological conditions.
• R 3 is an ester group which can be hydrolyzed physiologically, for example, an alkanoyloxyalkyl group (such as a pivaloyloxymethyl or acetoxymethyl group), an alkoxycarbonyloxyalkyl group [such as a 1-(ethoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl or 1-(isopropoxycarbonyloxy)ethyl group], the phthalidyl group, the indanyl group, the methoxymethyl group or the 2-oxo-5-methyl-1,3-dioxolen-4-ylmethyl group, the compound of formula (I) can be hydrolyzed in vivo under physiological condition and, therefore, it can be directly administered to patients without any need for deprotection.
• an alkanoyloxyalkyl group such as a pivalo
• Quatemization may be effected under conventional conditions by reacting the compound of formula (I') in which Q represents an unquaternized nitrogen atom with a compound of formula RX, in which R represents any one of the groups R 8 , R 10 or R 12 , defined above and X represents a halogen atom (for example a chlorine atom, a bromine atom or an iodine atom), an alkanesulphonyloxy, arylsulphonyloxy, halosulphonyloxy or alkoxysulphonyloxy group (for example a methanesulphonyloxy group, a toluenesulphonyloxy group, a trif- luoromethanesulphonyloxy group, a fluorosulphonyloxy or a methoxysulphonyloxy group).
• RX represents a halogen atom
• R represents any one of the groups R 8 , R 10 or R 12 , defined above
• X
• the reaction may be carried out in the presence or absence of a solvent.
• a solvent such as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane or chloroform
• suitable solvents include: halogenated hydrocarbons, especially halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons, such as methylene chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane or chloroform; nitriles, such as acetonitrile; ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran; esters, such as ethyl acetate; and amides, especially fatty acid amides, such as N,_N-dimethylformamide or N,N-dimethylacetamide.
• reaction will take place over a wide range of temperatures, and the precise reaction temperature chosen is not critical to the invention. In general, we find it convenient to carry out the reaction at a temperature in the range of from -20°C to 100°C.
• the time required for the reaction may likewise vary widely, depending on many factors, notably the reaction temperature and the nature of the reagents.
• the desired compound of formula (I') can be obtained from the reaction mixture by the conventional means.
• the reaction solution or the solvent of the reaction mixture may simply be distilled off; the compound thus obtained can, if necessary, be purified by conventional means such as recrystallization, reprecipitation or the various chromatography techniques, notably column chromatography or preparative thin layer chromatography. Alternatively, it can be purified by precipitating it directly from the reaction solution.
• the reaction solution can be used, without intermediate separation of the compound of formula (I'), for the succeeding deprotection of the carboxy-protecting group, as described above.
• R 23 represents an alkyl group
• this may be a straight or branched chain alkyl group having from 1 to 4, preferably from 1 to 3, carbon atoms, for example a methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl group.
• the alkyl part may be any of the alkyl groups defined and exemplified above which is substituted by at least one, and preferably from 1 to 3, halogen atoms; examples of such groups include the various fluoromethyl, chloromethyl, fluoroethyl, chloroethyl, fluoropropyl, difluoromethyl, difluoroethyl, dichloroethyl, trifluoromethyl and trifluoroethyl groups.
• the aryl group itself may be, for example, a phenyl or naphthyl group, and it may be unsubstituted or it may have at least one, and preferably from 1 to 3 substituents, such as:halogen atoms, e.g. the fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms; alkyl groups, e.g. the methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl groups; alkoxy groups, e.g. the methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy or isopropoxy groups; alkoxycarbonyl groups, e.g.
• aromatic heterocyclic group this is preferably a pyridyl or pyrimidinyl group, and the heterocyclic group may be unsubstituted or it may be substituted by at leastone, and preferably from 1 to 3, substituents, such as: halogen atoms, e.g.
• the fluorine, chlorine or bromine atoms e.g. the methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl.
• alkyl groups e.g. the methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl.
• substituted aryl and aromatic heterocyclic groups where there are two or more substituents, these may be the same or different.
• the compound of formula (IVb), which is a starting material in this embodiment of the process, can be synthesized by the procedure which has been claimed in Japanese Patent Application Kokai No. Sho 62-30781.
• the reaction of the compound of formula (IVb) with the mercapto compound of formula (V) to prepare the compound of formula (I') is effected in the presence of a base and normally and preferably in a suitable solvent, the nature of which is not critical, provided that it has no adverse effect upon the reaction and that it can dissolve the reagents, at least to some extent.
• suitable solvents include: ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran; nitriles, such as acetonitrile; amides, such as dimethylformamide; sulphoxides, such as dimethyl sulphoxide; water; or a mixture of any two or more of these solvents.
• suitable bases include: organic bases, such as diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, N-methylpyridine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine; and inorganic bases, especially alkali metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates, such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate.
• organic bases such as diisopropylethylamine, triethylamine, N-methylpyridine or 4-dimethylaminopyridine
• inorganic bases especially alkali metal carbonates and hydrogencarbonates, such as potassium carbonate or sodium hydrogencarbonate.
• the mercapto compounds of formula (V), the starting materials can be prepared by the procedure described in Japanese Patent Application Kokai No. Hei 2-28180 and Japanese Patent Application Kokai No. Hei 2-3687.
• the compounds of the present invention exhibit excellent antibacterial activity with a broad antibacterial spectrum, and have the ability to inhibit the activity of ⁇ -lactamase, unlike most thienamycintype compounds, which are liable to be metabolized in a mammalian body.
• the derivatives of the present invention in addition, exhibit excellent stability against dehydropeptidase I, which is also known to catalyze the inactivation of compounds of the thienamycin type. Furthermore, the derivatives of the present invention have an excellent urinary recovery.
• the derivatives of the present invention showed strong antibacterial activity against a wide range of pathogenic bacteria including Gram-positive ones such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, Gram- negative ones such as Escherichia coli, Shigella species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus species, Ser- ratia species, Enterobacter species and Pseudomonas species, and anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides fra ilis.
• Gram-positive ones such as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis
• Gram- negative ones such as Escherichia coli, Shigella species, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Proteus species, Ser- ratia species, Enterobacter species and Pseudomonas species
• anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides fra ilis.
• the antibacterial activity was determined by the agar plate dilution method, and the minimal inhibitory concentrations of the compounds of the present invention against a variety of common pathogenic bacteria are shown in the following Table 7.
• the compounds of the invention are identified by reference to the one of the following Examples which illustrates their preparation; in the case of the compound of Example 18, 18A refers to Isomer A, and 18B refers to Isomer B.
• the microorganisms used are identified as follows:
• the carbapenem-3-carboxylic acid derivatives of the present invention are useful as therapeutic agents for the treatment and prophylaxis of infections with these pathogenic bacteria.
• the compounds may be administered in any conventional form for this purpose, and the exact formulation used will depend on the disease to be treated, the age and condition of the patient and other factors, which are well known in the art.
• the compounds may be formulated as tablets, capsules, granules, powders or syrups; and for parenteral administration, they may be formulated for intravenous injection or intramuscular injection.
• the dosage will vary widely, depending upon the age, body weight, symptoms and condition of the patient, as well as the mode of administration and administration times; however, for an adult human patient, a daily dosage of from about 100 mg to 3000 mg is recommended, and this may be administered as a single dose or in divided doses.
• the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the powdery product obtained as the residue was dissolved in 60 ml of a 1 : 1 by volume mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water. Hydrogen gas at room temperature was then passed through the mixture for 3 hours in the presence of 1. 2 g of a 10% w/w pallad ium-on-carbon catalyst. At the end of this time, the catalyst was filtered off. The filtrate was extracted with 100 ml of diethyl ether. The aqueous layer was collected and condensed by evaporation under reduced pressure to 20 ml. This was then lyophilized, to give 920 mg of the crude product as a powder.
• the crude product thus obtained was dissolved in a mixture of 10 ml of tetrahydrofuran and 10 ml of water, and then hydrogen gas was passed for 2 hours at room temperature through the solution, in the presence of 200 mg of a 10% w/w palladium-on-carbon catalyst.
• the catalyst was then removed by filtration, and then the filtrate was extracted with diethyl ether.
• the aqueous layer was condensed by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was subjected to Lobar column chromatography (Merck, LiChroprep RP-8), eluted with 20% v/v aqueous methanol. Those fractions containing the title compound were collected, condensed and lyophilized to obtain 28 mg of the title compound.
• the resin was eluted with water, and those fractions containing the title compound were collected and lyophilized to obtain 18 mg of the title compound.
• the infrared, ultraviolet and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the resulting compound were in full agreement with those of the product of Example 2.
• Example 1(3) 98 mg of the crude product obtained as described in Example 1(3) were subjected to ion-exchange chromatography through 100 ml of an ion-exchange resin (Dowex 1-x4, 50-100 mesh, Cf- type) and eluted with water. Those fractions containing the title compound were collected and lyophilized. The powder thus obtained was subjected to Lobar column chromatography (RP-8, Size A), eluted with 5% v/v aqueous methanol. Those fractions containing the title compound were collected, condensed and lyophilized to give 50 mg of the title compound as a colourless powder.
• RP-8, Size A Lobar column chromatography
• the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting powdery residue was dissolved in 10 ml of a 1 : 1 by volume mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water, and hydrogenated at room temperature for 2 hours in the presence of 80 mg of a 10% w/w palladium-on-charcoal catalyst.
• the catalyst was then removed by filtration, and the filtrate was extracted twice with diethyl ether.
• the aqueous layer was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and then lyophilized to give 70 mg of a powdery crude product.
• Example 13(3) 30 mg of the crude product which was obtained as described in Example 13(3) were subjected to column chromatography through 100 ml of an ion-exchange resin (Dowex 1-x4, 50-100 mesh, Cf- type) and the column was eluted with water. The combined fractions containing the title compound were concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the residue was lyophilized to give 16 mg of the title compound as a colourless powder.
• the infra-red and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of the compound were precisely the same as those of the compound obtained as described in Example 14.
• Example 13(3) the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the residue was hydrogenated, separated and lyophylized following similar procedures to those described in Example 13(3).
• the resulting crude product was subjected to column chromatography using 100 ml of an ion-exchange resin (Dowex 1-x4, 50-100 mesh, Cf- type) and water as the eluent. Those fractions containing the title compound were collected, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and lyophilized.
• the resulting powder was subjected to column chromatography through a Lobar column (LiChroprep RP-8, size A) using water as the eluent. Those fractions containing the title compound were collected, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and lyophilized to give 34 mg of the title compound as a colourless powder.
• the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was dissolved in a 1 : 1 by volume mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water and hydrogenated at room temperature for 3 hours in the presence of 1. 4 g of a 10% w/w palladium-on-charcoal catalyst.
• the catalyst was then removed by filtration, and the filtrate was extracted with 100 ml of diethyl ether.
• the aqueous layer was then concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to a volume of 20 ml and lyophilized to afford 410 mg of a crude product as a powder.
• Example 13(3) the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was hydrogenated, treated and lyophilized in a similar manner to that described in Example 13(3).
• the resulting crude product was subjected to column chromatography using 300 ml of an ion-exchange resin (Dowex 1-x4, 50 mesh, Cl- type) and the column was eluted with water. Those fractions containing the title compound were collected and lyophilized.
• the powder thus obtained was injected into a Lobar column (RP-8, size B) and the column was eluted with water containing 2% by volume methanol.
• the combined fractions containing the title compound were concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and lyophilized to afford 150 mg of the title compound as a colourless powder.
• the powder thus obtained was injected into a Lobar column (RP-8, size B) and the column was eluted with water containing 2% by volume of methanol.
• the combined fractions containing the title compound were concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and lyophilized to afford 108 mg of the title compound as a colourless powder.
• Example 13(3) the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was hydrogenated, treated and lyophilized according to the procedure described in Example 13(3).
• the resulting crude product was then subjected to column chromatography through 200 ml of an ion-exchange resin (Dowex 1-x4, 100-200 mesh, Cf- type), using water as the eluent.
• the combined fractions containing the title compound were lyophilized, and the powder thus obtained was purified by reverse phase column chromatography through silica gel (a product of Merck & Co., Inc., LiChroprep Rp-8, 30 ml), using water containing 1. 5% by volume of methanol as the eluent.
• the powdery residue (24. 9 g) thus obtained was dissolved in 400 ml of a 1 : 1 by volume mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water and hydrogenated in the presence of 20 g of a 10% w/w palladium-on-carbon catalyst for 2. 5 hours on a water bath which was kept at about 20°C. At the end of this time, the catalyst was removed by filtration and the filtrate was extracted three times, each time with 300 ml of diethyl ether.
• the aqueous layer was then concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to a volume of about 100 ml and was then subjected to column chromatography through 500 ml of an ion exchange resin (Dowex 1 - x4, 50-100 mesh, Cf- type) using water as an eluent.
• the eluent containing the desired compound was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to a volume of about 110 ml and the concentrate was purified by chromatography through a reverse phase column (LiChrocrep RP-8; 200 ml) using water as the eluent. Those fractions containing the desired compound were collected and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to a volume of about 20 ml.
• the concentrate was diluted with 50 ml of methanol, and the resulting solution was added dropwise to 800 ml of acetone to afford a powdery precipitate, which was collected by filtration, washed with 100 ml of acetone and dried to afford 8. 2 g of the desired compound as a colourless powder.
• the spectral data (infra-red absorption, ultra-violet absorption and nuclear magnetic resonance spectra) of the product were identical to those of the compound prepared as described in Example 20.
• steps 23(1) and 23(2) provide an alternative method of preparing the compound which is also prepared in Example 21(2) and which is used as a starting material in steps 22(1) and in 21(3).
• the product may be used in those steps to prepare a compound of the present invention.
• steps 23(3) and 23(4) provide two further alternative methods of preparing the compound which is also prepared in Example 21(2) and which is used as a starting material in Example 21(3) and in Example 22(1).
• the product may be used in those Examples to prepare a compound of the present invention.
• the reaction mixture was poured into 50 ml of diethyl ether, and the precipitate which deposited was collected by filtration and then washed three times, each time with 50 ml of diethyl ether, after which it was dried.
• the powder (1. 28 g) thus obtained was dissolved in 50 ml of a 1 : 1 by volume mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water and was hydrogenated at room temperature for 2 hours in the presence of 1. 0 g of a 10% w/w palladium-on-carbon catalyst. At the end of this time, the catalyst was removed by filtration.
• the reaction mixture was then extracted twice, each time with 50 ml of diethyl ether, and the aqueous layerwas concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to a volume of 10 ml.
• the concentrate was then subjected to column chromatography through 100 ml of an ion exchange resin (Dowex 1 - x4, 50-100 mesh, Cf- type). Those fractions containing the desired compound were collected and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, to a volume of 20 ml.
• the concentrate was purified by chromatography through a reverse phase column (LiChroprep RP-8), using 2% by volume aqueous methanol as the eluent.
• the spectral data (infra-red and ultra-violet absorption spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum) of the product were identical with those of the compound obtained as described in Example 20.
• the crude product thus obtained was purified by column chromatography using an ion exchange resin and reverse phase chromatography to afford 83 mg of the title compound as a colourless powder.
• the spectral data (infra-red and ultra-violet absorption spectra and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum) of the product were identical with those of the compound obtained as described in Example 20.
• 115 lie of diisopropylethylamine and 116 ⁇ l of diphenyl chlorophosphate were simultaneously added to a solution of 218 mg of 4-nitrobenzyl (5R, 6S)-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-oxo-1-carbapenam-3-carboxylate in 3 ml of anhydrous acetonitrile, whilst ice-cooling, and the resulting mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour.
• the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the extract was washed with an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate and with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, in that order, and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate.
• the solvent was again removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was subjected to column chromatography through silica gel using a 50 : 4 by volume mixture of methylene chloride and methanol as the eluent
• the combined fractions containing the title compound were then concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, to afford 493 mg of the title compound as a powder.
• the reaction mixture was then diluted with 200 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with 200 ml of water and with 200 ml of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride, in that order.
• the organic layer was then dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure.
• the resulting residue was subjected to column chromatography through silica gel, using mixtures of ethyl acetate and methanol ranging from 9 : 1 to 8 : 2 by volume as the eluent. Those fractions containing the title compound were collected and concentrated by evapor ation under reduced pressure, to afford 640 mg of the title compound as a powder.
• the reaction mixture was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, to afford a powdery compound, which was dissolved in 20 ml of a 1 : by volume mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water and hydrogenated at room temperature in the presence of 1 g of a 10% w/w palladium-on-carbon catalyst for 1 hour.
• the catalyst was removed by filtration, and then the filtrate was extracted twice with diethyl ether.
• the aqueous layer was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the concentrate was subjected to column chromatography through an ion exchange resin (Dowex 1 - x4, 50-100 mesh, Cf- type) using water as the eluent.
• the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was dissolved in 30 ml of a 1 : 1 by volume mixture of tetrahydrofuran and water and hydrogenated at room temperature in the presence of 800 mg of a 10% w/w palladium-on-carbon catalyst for 2. 5 hours.
• the catalyst was removed by filtration, and then the filtrate was extracted twice with diethyl ether.
• the aqueous layer was then concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to a volume of 5 ml, and the concentrate was subjected to column chromatography through a reverse phase column (LiChrocrep RP-8, size B) using water as the eluent. Those fractions containing the title compound were collected, concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure and lyophilized, to afford 137 mg of the title compound as a powder.
• reaction solution was then condensed to 30 ml by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the residue was diluted with 300 ml of ethyl acetate.
• the resulting solution was washed once with 100 ml of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate three times with 100 ml of water and once with 100 ml of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
• the ethyl acetate layer was condensed by evaporation under reduced pressure, to obtain 1. 36 g of a crystalline residue. Recrystallization of this crystalline residue from 100 ml of ethanol gave 13. 0 g of the title compound as coloudess needles, melting at 140 -141°C.
• the reaction mixture was then concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was diluted with 800 ml of ethyl acetate and then washed, three times with 200 ml of water, and then once with 150 ml of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride.
• the ethyl acetate layer was concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure to a volume of 100 ml, and the crystals which precipitated were collected by filtration, to give 28. 6 g of the title compound as colourless crystals, melting at 140 - 141°C.
• silica gel (a product of Merck & Co., Inc., silica gel 60, 230-400 mesh).
• the silica gel was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was freed from methanol by evaporation under reduced pressure.
• the resulting residue was purified by column chromatography through silica gel. Those fractions eluted with an 8 : 1 by volume mixture of ethyl acetate and methanol were collected and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, to give 5. 76 g of the title compound as a colourless powder.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with 300 ml of ethyl acetate and washed with 100 ml of water, with 100 ml of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate and with 100 ml of a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride, in that order.
• the solvents were removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was purified by column chromatography through silica gel. Those fractions eluted with ethyl acetate were collected and concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, to give 26. 35 g of the title compound as a colourless powder.
• step (b) The extract was washed with water and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate; the solvent was then removed by distillation under reduced pressure, and the resulting residue was purified in a similar manner to that described in step (b) above, to afford 348 mg of the title compound.
• the infra-red absorption spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the product thus obtained were identical with those of the compound prepared as described in step (a), above.
• reaction mixture was then concentrated by evaporation under reduced pressure, and the residue was mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium hydrogencarbonate and then extracted with ethyl acetate.
• the extract was washed with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate; the solvent was then removed by distillation under reduced pressure, to afford 345 mg of the title compound as a powder.
• step (a), above The extract was washed with water, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulphate and freed from the solvent by distillation under reduced pressure.
• the residue was purified in a similar manner to that described in step (a), above, to afford the title compound (166 mg).
• the infra-red absorption spectrum and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the product thus obtained were identical with those of the compound obtained as described in step (a), above.

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