EP0434556A1 - High intensity wet magnetic separator - Google Patents

High intensity wet magnetic separator Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0434556A1
EP0434556A1 EP90403669A EP90403669A EP0434556A1 EP 0434556 A1 EP0434556 A1 EP 0434556A1 EP 90403669 A EP90403669 A EP 90403669A EP 90403669 A EP90403669 A EP 90403669A EP 0434556 A1 EP0434556 A1 EP 0434556A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
magnets
chamber
product
magnetic
treated
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EP90403669A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0434556B1 (en
Inventor
Gilbert Dauchez
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F C B
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F C B FIVES-CAIL BABCOCK
F C B
Fives Cail Babcock SA
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/02—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated
    • B03C1/025—High gradient magnetic separators
    • B03C1/031—Component parts; Auxiliary operations
    • B03C1/033—Component parts; Auxiliary operations characterised by the magnetic circuit
    • B03C1/0332—Component parts; Auxiliary operations characterised by the magnetic circuit using permanent magnets
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B03—SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS OR USING PNEUMATIC TABLES OR JIGS; MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C—MAGNETIC OR ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SOLID MATERIALS FROM SOLID MATERIALS OR FLUIDS; SEPARATION BY HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS
    • B03C1/00—Magnetic separation
    • B03C1/02—Magnetic separation acting directly on the substance being separated
    • B03C1/025—High gradient magnetic separators
    • B03C1/031—Component parts; Auxiliary operations
    • B03C1/032—Matrix cleaning systems

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to high-intensity magnetic separators working in the wet and consisting of at least one separation chamber traversed from top to bottom by the product to be treated, in the form of a liquid or pulp containing in suspension the particles to be separated, and magnets or coils creating in the chamber a magnetic field whose lines of force are perpendicular to the direction of flow of the product to be treated;
  • the separation chamber may contain a matrix formed of grooved plates, balls, expanded metal, iron wool, etc. through which the product to be treated circulates.
  • Separators of this type with discontinuous operation have a cyclical operation: in a first phase, the product to be treated is circulated in the separation chamber in the presence of the magnetic field; during this phase, the magnetic constituents of the product are fixed on the walls of the chamber and / or on the elements of the matrix, while the non-magnetic particles are entrained by the liquid phase of the product and collected in a first collector.
  • the supply of the product to be treated is cut off, the magnetic field is removed and the magnetic products are extracted from the separation chamber by washing using a pressurized liquid which is generally water.
  • a pressurized liquid which is generally water.
  • the object of the present invention is to allow the use of permanent magnets, in place of electromagnets, in high intensity magnetic separators working in wet conditions and, by this means, of reducing the weight, the bulk and the cost of these devices and reduce their energy consumption.
  • the magnets can be moved by means of cylinders controlled by a programmable automaton, at the same time as valves placed on the supply and the evacuation of the separation chamber, to be applied on the walls of the chamber during the separation phase and be removed from them during the evacuation phase of the magnetic constituents, the duration of each of the phases being predetermined or a function, for example, of the degree of clogging of the chamber.
  • the separation chamber can be constituted, in a conventional manner, by a tubular casing made of non-magnetic material, containing a matrix formed of grooved plates, balls, expanded metal, etc., and occupying the entire section of the chamber.
  • the magnets can be formed by an assembly of elementary magnets whose direction of magnetization is perpendicular to the direction of flow of the product treated in the separation chamber. It is also possible to use a stack of magnets and flat pole pieces, the direction of magnetization of the magnets being in this case parallel to the direction of flow of the product to be treated.
  • the pole pieces located on either side of the separation chamber may be located in the same plane perpendicular to the direction of flow of the product to be treated and with the same polarity or opposite polarities, or vertically offset by half not.
  • the separator has only one separation chamber, its operation is necessarily discontinuous.
  • several identical elementary units will be combined, each unit being formed by a separation chamber, permanent magnets, possibly pole pieces, and means for removing the permanent magnets from the chamber and applying them to its walls, and being supplied cyclically with products to be treated and washing liquid, the various units being successively supplied so as to allow continuous operation.
  • the different units can be fixed and be connected, on the one hand, to a supply of products to be treated and to a collector of purified products and, on the other hand, to a source of a washing liquid and to a collector of magnetic constituents, through a set of valves whose opening and closing are programmed to ensure cyclic operation of the separation units.
  • the separation units can also be mobile and movable between a separation zone, which is equipped with means for supplying products to be treated, and for collecting purified products, and a washing zone provided with means for distributing a liquid. washing and collecting magnetic components.
  • a separation zone which is equipped with means for supplying products to be treated, and for collecting purified products
  • a washing zone provided with means for distributing a liquid. washing and collecting magnetic components.
  • the movement may be alternative.
  • the separation units will be linked to each other to form an endless ring or chain and will be moved step by step, always in the same direction. We can obviously provide, several separation and washing zones, along the ring or the endless chain.
  • the longitudinal movement of the units will be accompanied by a transverse displacement of the magnets when the units pass from one zone to another.
  • each unit could comprise two or more chambers which would be brought successively between the magnets, in a separation zone comprising, moreover, means for supplying the product to be treated and for collecting the purified product, then distant from this zone and brought to a washing area equipped with means for dispensing a washing liquid and for collecting magnetic constituents, the magnets normally applied to the walls of the chamber being in the separation zone, being periodically spaced apart to allow the chambers to be moved.
  • the magnets and / or the pole pieces located on either side of the separation chamber being of opposite polarities, the means used to separate them from the separation chamber must overcome the force of magnetic attraction. Part of the energy involved can be recovered during the movement of magnets or pole pieces, especially when using several units operating sequentially.
  • the separation unit shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 essentially consists of a separation chamber 10 placed between two permanent magnets 12 of opposite polarities. Each magnet is integral with an L-section armature 14, the two armatures forming a closed magnetic circuit with the magnets and the chamber 10, when the magnets are applied to the opposite walls of the chamber 10, as shown in the figure. 2 a.
  • the separation chamber consists of an envelope made of a non-magnetic material, of rectangular section and open at its two ends. It is filled with grooved vertical plates or other elements, such as bars, steel wool, etc ... made of soft magnetic material which create in the gap magnetic field gradients allowing the magnetic particles of the product to be treated to fix on said elements.
  • the chamber 10 is connected to a pipe for supplying the product to be treated 16, through a solenoid valve 18, and to a pipe for pressurized water 20, through a solenoid valve 22.
  • a collector 24 is placed under the chamber 10 and connected to two conduits 26 and 28, through solenoid valves 30 and 32, respectively, which make it possible to direct the products collected in two different directions.
  • Cylinders 34 make it possible to move the magnets and the armatures perpendicular to the large faces of the chamber 10 and to maintain the magnets applied to the latter (FIG. 2 a) or separated from them (FIG. 2 b).
  • This separation unit operates as follows: in a first phase, the magnets 12 are applied to the large faces of the chamber 10 (FIG. 2 a), the valves 18 and 30 are open and the valves 22 and 32 are closed.
  • the product to be treated, in the form of pulp flows from top to bottom in the chamber 10, between the vertical plates.
  • the magnetic particles are subjected to attractive forces which deflect them towards the plates and hold them there.
  • the purified product is collected in the collector 24 and evacuated through the conduit 26.
  • the magnets are moved away from the chamber (FIG. 2 b), the valves 18 and 30 are closed and the valves 22 and 32 are open.
  • the magnetic particles which are no longer subjected to the action of the magnetic field are then entrained by the pressurized water circulating in the chamber 10 and discharged through the conduit 28.
  • the duration of the first phase can be predetermined, in particular if the content of the product to be treated in particles magnetic changes little over time.
  • the transition from the first to the second phase can be done when the degree of clogging of the chamber, evaluated for example from a measurement of the flow rate or of the pressure drop, reaches a predetermined value.
  • the magnets must be separated by a sufficient distance so that the magnetic field in the chamber 10 is practically zero, the lines of force of the magnetic field of each magnet then closing in on themselves through the air gap formed between the magnet and chamber 10 and the associated armature.
  • the magnets 12 are constituted by an assembly by bonding of elementary magnets with samarium-cobalt or with neodymium-iron-boron, the direction of magnetization being perpendicular to the large faces of the chamber 10.
  • each magnet 12-armature assembly 14 could be replaced by a stack of magnets 40 and pole pieces 42, as shown in FIG. 4, the direction of magnetization of the magnets being parallel to the direction of flow of the product to be treated in the chamber 10 (arrow F ).
  • Figures 3 a and b show another embodiment of the separation chamber.
  • This is here constituted by an elastically deformable tube 110, made of rubber or plastic, which normally has a circular section (FIG. 3 b) and takes a flattened shape. when it is compressed between the magnets 12 ( Figure 3 a).
  • the tube will be filled with a material, such as steel wool, which can be compressed elastically without great effort so as not to hinder the deformation of the tube and its return to the original shape.
  • Wires of soft magnetic material arranged longitudinally or braided to form a tubular sheath could be embedded in the thickness of the wall of the tube to create magnetic field gradients on the inside of the tube.
  • Figure 3a corresponds to the separation phase, the magnets being brought together and crushing the tube 110; in the washing phase ( Figure 3 b) the magnets are spaced from each other, and the tube has resumed its circular shape.
  • FIG. 5 The diagram of such an installation is shown in FIG. 5.
  • the supply lines for the product to be treated 16 and for pressurized water 20 are connected to the chambers 10 ′ and 10 ⁇ through solenoid valves 18 ′ and 18 ⁇ and 22 ′ and 22 ⁇ , respectively.
  • Collectors 24 ′ and 24 ⁇ placed under the chambers 10 ′ and 10 ⁇ make it possible to direct the products leaving the chambers towards an outlet for purified product or an outlet for magnetic product, depending on the position of a schematic selector by a pivoting flap 50 ′, 50 ⁇ .
  • valves 18 ′, 18 ⁇ , 22 ′ and 22 ⁇ , the selectors 50 ′ and 50 ⁇ as well as the jacks, not shown, moving the magnets 12 ′, 12 ⁇ are controlled by a programmable controller or a microcomputer according to a pre-established and modifiable program so that at least one of the units is in the separation phase at all times.
  • the number of units to be used in an installation will depend on the flow of product to be treated.
  • the use of standard units saves costs and facilitates maintenance, as a faulty unit can be quickly replaced by a spare unit.
  • An intermediate rinsing phase with maintenance of the magnetic field may be provided to remove the grains of non-magnetic constituents retained by magnetic flocculation.

Landscapes

  • Water Treatment By Electricity Or Magnetism (AREA)
  • Treatments Of Macromolecular Shaped Articles (AREA)
  • Cell Separators (AREA)
  • Soft Magnetic Materials (AREA)
  • Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
  • Powder Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Separation Using Semi-Permeable Membranes (AREA)
  • Cleaning By Liquid Or Steam (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)

Abstract

The separator comprises at least one separator unit constituted by a chamber where the product to be treated flows from the top downwards and means for creating a magnetic field perpendicular to the flow direction of the product to be treated. <??>In order to reduce the weight, the size and the cost of the separator and to reduce its energy consumption, permanent magnets (12), optionally associated with pole pieces (14), are used for creating the magnetic field and means (34) are provided for moving the said magnets, and optionally the pole pieces, between a first position where the magnets or the pole pieces are intimately applied against the walls of the said chamber (10) and a second position such that the magnetic field in the chamber (10) is sufficiently low in order that the magnetic particles can be removed from the chamber by a stream of washing liquid. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention a trait aux séparateurs magnétiques à haute intensité travaillant en humide et constitués par au moins une chambre de séparation traversée de haut en bas par le produit à traiter, sous forme de liquide ou de pulpe contenant en suspension les particules à séparer, et des aimants ou des bobinages créant dans la chambre un champ magnétique dont les lignes de force sont perpendiculaires à la direction d'écoulement du produit à traiter; la chambre de séparation peut contenir une matrice formée de plaques rainurées, de billes, de métal expansé, de laine de fer, etc à travers laquelle circule le produit à traiter.The present invention relates to high-intensity magnetic separators working in the wet and consisting of at least one separation chamber traversed from top to bottom by the product to be treated, in the form of a liquid or pulp containing in suspension the particles to be separated, and magnets or coils creating in the chamber a magnetic field whose lines of force are perpendicular to the direction of flow of the product to be treated; the separation chamber may contain a matrix formed of grooved plates, balls, expanded metal, iron wool, etc. through which the product to be treated circulates.

Les séparateurs de ce type à fonctionnement discontinu ont une marche cyclique: dans une première phase, on fait circuler le produit à traiter dans la chambre de séparation en présence du champ magnétique; au cours de cette phase, les constituants magnétiques du produit se fixent sur les parois de la chambre et/ou sur les éléments de la matrice, tandis que les particules non magnétiques sont entraînés par la phase liquide du produit et recueillis dans un premier collecteur. Dans la seconde phase, on coupe l'alimentation du produit à traiter, on supprime le champ magnétique et on extrait les produits magnétiques de la chambre de séparation par lavage au moyen d'un liquide sous-pression qui est généralement de l'eau. Sur ces appareils, on utilise généralemant des bobinages, pour produire le champ magnétique, afin qu'il soit possible d'annuler ce dernier pendant la phase de lavage. On a toutefois proposé d'utiliser des aimants permanents sur des filtres de ce type destinés à épurer des liquides peu chargés en particules magnétiques et ne nécessitant pas des nettoyages fréquents. Sur ces filtres, la chambre de séparation est constituée par une cassette qui peut être remplacée, lorsqu'elle est colmatée, par une cassette propre éventuellement après démontage des aimants. Ce type de filtre n'est pas adapté au traitement des produits chargés en particules magnétiques.Separators of this type with discontinuous operation have a cyclical operation: in a first phase, the product to be treated is circulated in the separation chamber in the presence of the magnetic field; during this phase, the magnetic constituents of the product are fixed on the walls of the chamber and / or on the elements of the matrix, while the non-magnetic particles are entrained by the liquid phase of the product and collected in a first collector. In the second phase, the supply of the product to be treated is cut off, the magnetic field is removed and the magnetic products are extracted from the separation chamber by washing using a pressurized liquid which is generally water. On these devices, we use generally windings, to produce the magnetic field, so that it is possible to cancel the latter during the washing phase. However, it has been proposed to use permanent magnets on filters of this type intended to purify liquids lightly charged with magnetic particles and which do not require frequent cleaning. On these filters, the separation chamber is constituted by a cassette which can be replaced, when it is clogged, by a clean cassette possibly after dismantling the magnets. This type of filter is not suitable for the treatment of products loaded with magnetic particles.

Dans les séparateurs à marche continue, plusieurs chambres de séparation sont groupées pour former un anneau ou une chaîne sans fin et sont déplacées en continu par rapport aux pièces polaires, qui sont fixes, perpendiculairement aux lignes de force magnétiques. Au cours de leur déplacement, les chambres passant successivement dans une zone de séparation, une zone de rinçage et une zone d'évacuation des constituants magnétiques. L'alimentation des chambres est effectuée dans la zone da séparation, pratiquement sur toute sa longueur. A la sortie de cette zone, là où le champ magnétique est encore intense, on fait circuler dans les chambres un liquide de rinçage pour éliminer les grains de constituants non magnétiques retenus par floculation magnétique. Dans la zone d'évacuation qui fait suite à la zone de rinçage et où la champ magnétique est, pratiquement nul, les produits magnétiques sont extraits des chambres par lavage à l'eau sous pression. Ces appareils sont lourds, encombrants et coûteux et comme le champ magnétique est produit par des électro-aimants, leur consommation d'énergie électrique est importante.In continuous-running separators, several separation chambers are grouped to form an endless ring or chain and are moved continuously relative to the pole pieces, which are fixed, perpendicular to the magnetic lines of force. During their movement, the chambers pass successively through a separation zone, a rinsing zone and an evacuation zone of the magnetic constituents. The supply of the chambers is carried out in the separation zone, practically over its entire length. At the exit of this zone, where the magnetic field is still intense, a rinsing liquid is circulated in the chambers to remove the grains of non-magnetic constituents retained by magnetic flocculation. In the evacuation zone which follows the rinsing zone and where the magnetic field is, practically none, the magnetic products are extracted from the chambers by washing with water under pressure. These devices are heavy, bulky and expensive and since the magnetic field is produced by electromagnets, their consumption of electrical energy is high.

On a proposé, dans la littérature, de remplacer les électro-aimants par des aimants permanents sur ce dernier type d'appareils, mais ces propositions n'ont reçu aucune application pratique, car l'intensité du champ magnétique que l'on peut produire avec des aimants permanents étant limitée, l'existence du jeu qu'il est nécessaire de prévoir entre les parois des chambres de séparation et les aimants ou les pièces polaires pour permettre leurs déplacements relatifs n'aurait pas permis de réaliser les performances recherchées pour ce type d'appareils.It has been proposed in the literature to replace electromagnets with permanent magnets on the latter type of device, but these proposals have received no practical application, since the intensity of the magnetic field that can be produced with permanent magnets being limited, the existence of the clearance which it is necessary to provide between the walls of the separation chambers and the magnets or the pole pieces to allow their relative displacements would not have made it possible to achieve the performances sought for this type of devices.

Le but da la présente invention est de permettre l'utilisation d'aimants permanents, à la place des électro-aimants, dans les séparateurs magnétiques à haute intensité travaillant en humide et, par ce moyen, de diminuer le poids, l'encombrement et le coût de ces appareils et de réduire leur consommation énergétique.The object of the present invention is to allow the use of permanent magnets, in place of electromagnets, in high intensity magnetic separators working in wet conditions and, by this means, of reducing the weight, the bulk and the cost of these devices and reduce their energy consumption.

Le séparataur magnétique objet de la présente invention comporte au moins une chambre de séparation où le produit à traiter circule du haut vers le bas, des aimants permanents, éventuellement associés à des pièces polaires, et des moyens pour déplacer lesdits aimants et pièces polaires transversalement à la direction d'écoulement du produit à traiter entre une première position où ils sont intimement appliqués contre les parois de la chambre de séparation et une seconde position telle que, étant écartés desdites parois, le champ magnétique qu'ils produisent dans ladite chambre est suffisamment faible pour que les produits magnétiques puissent être évacués de la chambre par un courant d'un liquide de lavage.The magnetic separator which is the subject of the present invention comprises at least one separation chamber in which the product to be treated flows from top to bottom, permanent magnets, possibly associated with pole pieces, and means for moving said magnets and pole pieces. transversely to the direction of flow of the product to be treated between a first position where they are intimately applied against the walls of the separation chamber and a second position such that, being spaced from said walls, the magnetic field which they produce in said chamber is sufficiently weak that the magnetic products can be removed from the chamber by a current of a washing liquid.

Les aimants peuvent être déplacés au moyen de vérins commandés par un automate programmable, en même temps que des vannes placées sur l'alimentation et l'évacuation de la chambre de séparation, pour être appliqués sur les parois de la chambre pendant la phase de séparation et être écartés de celles-ci pendant la phase d'évacuation des constituants magnétiques, la durée de chacune des phases étant prédéterminée ou fonction, par exemple, du degré de colmatage de la chambre.The magnets can be moved by means of cylinders controlled by a programmable automaton, at the same time as valves placed on the supply and the evacuation of the separation chamber, to be applied on the walls of the chamber during the separation phase and be removed from them during the evacuation phase of the magnetic constituents, the duration of each of the phases being predetermined or a function, for example, of the degree of clogging of the chamber.

La chambre de séparation peut être constituée, de façon classique, par un boitier tubulaire en matériau amagnétique, contenant une matrice formée de plaques rainurées, de billes, de métal expansé, etc... et occupant toute la section de la chambre.The separation chamber can be constituted, in a conventional manner, by a tubular casing made of non-magnetic material, containing a matrix formed of grooved plates, balls, expanded metal, etc., and occupying the entire section of the chamber.

Elle peut aussi être constituée par un tronçon de tube en un matériau élastiquement déformable, tel que du caoutchouc ou une matière plastique, ayant à l'état normal une section circulaire ou bombée et qui est écrasé entre les aimants pendant la phase de séparation de façon à former un tube plat. Les aimants peuvent être constitués par un assemblage d'aimants élémentaires dont la direction d'aimantation est perpendiculaire à la direction d'écoulement du produit traité dans la chambre de séparation. On pourra aussi utiliser un empilage d'aimants et de pièces polaires plates, la direction d'aimantation des aimants étant dans ce cas parallèle à la direction d'écoulement du produit à traiter. Les pièces polaires situées de part et d'autre de la chambre de séparation pourront être situées dans un même plan perpendiculaire à la direction d'écoulement du produit à traiter et de même polarité ou de polarités opposées, ou décalées verticalemant d'un demi-pas.It can also be constituted by a section of tube made of an elastically deformable material, such as rubber or a plastic material, having in the normal state a circular or curved section and which is crushed between the magnets during the separation phase so to form a flat tube. The magnets can be formed by an assembly of elementary magnets whose direction of magnetization is perpendicular to the direction of flow of the product treated in the separation chamber. It is also possible to use a stack of magnets and flat pole pieces, the direction of magnetization of the magnets being in this case parallel to the direction of flow of the product to be treated. The pole pieces located on either side of the separation chamber may be located in the same plane perpendicular to the direction of flow of the product to be treated and with the same polarity or opposite polarities, or vertically offset by half not.

Dans la cas où le séparateur ne comporte qu'une seule chambre de séparation, son fonctionnement est nécessairement discontinu. Pour une marche en continu, on associera plusieurs unités élémentaires identiques, chaque unité étant formée d'une chambre de séparation, d'aimants permanents, éventuellement de pièces polaires, et de moyens pour écarter les aimants permanents de la chambre et les appliquer sur ses parois, et étant alimentée cycliquement en produits à traiter et en liquide de lavage, les différentes unités étant alimentées successivement de façon à permettre un fonctionnement continu.In the case where the separator has only one separation chamber, its operation is necessarily discontinuous. For continuous operation, several identical elementary units will be combined, each unit being formed by a separation chamber, permanent magnets, possibly pole pieces, and means for removing the permanent magnets from the chamber and applying them to its walls, and being supplied cyclically with products to be treated and washing liquid, the various units being successively supplied so as to allow continuous operation.

Les différentes unités peuvent être fixes et être reliées, d'une part, à une alimentation en produits à traiter et à un collecteur de produits épurés et, d'autre part, à une source d'un liquide de lavage et à un collecteur des constituants magnétiques, à travers un jeu de vannes dont l'ouverture et la fermeture sont programmées pour assurer un fonctionnement cyclique des unités de séparation.The different units can be fixed and be connected, on the one hand, to a supply of products to be treated and to a collector of purified products and, on the other hand, to a source of a washing liquid and to a collector of magnetic constituents, through a set of valves whose opening and closing are programmed to ensure cyclic operation of the separation units.

Les unités de séparation peuvent aussi être mobiles et déplaçables entre une zone de séparation, qui est équipée de moyens d'alimentation en produits à traiter, et de collecte des produits épurés, et une zone de lavage munie de moyens de distribution d'un liquide de lavage et de collecte des constituants magnétiques. Dans le cas d'un appareil ne comportant que deux unités, le mouvement peut être alternatif. Dans le cas général, les unités de séparation seront liées les unes aux autres pour former un anneau ou une chaîne sans fin et seront déplacées pas-à-pas, toujours dans le même sens. On pourra évidemment prévoir, plusieurs zones de séparation et de lavage, le long de l'anneau ou de la chaîne sans fin. Conformément à l'invention, le mouvement longitudinal des unités s'accompagnera d'un déplacement transversal des aimants lorsque les unités passeront d'une zone à l'autre.The separation units can also be mobile and movable between a separation zone, which is equipped with means for supplying products to be treated, and for collecting purified products, and a washing zone provided with means for distributing a liquid. washing and collecting magnetic components. In the case of a device comprising only two units, the movement may be alternative. In the general case, the separation units will be linked to each other to form an endless ring or chain and will be moved step by step, always in the same direction. We can obviously provide, several separation and washing zones, along the ring or the endless chain. According to the invention, the longitudinal movement of the units will be accompanied by a transverse displacement of the magnets when the units pass from one zone to another.

En variante, chaque unité pourrait comporter deux chambres ou plus qui seraient amenées successivement entre les aimants, dans une zone de séparation comportant, en outre, des moyens d'alimentation en produit à traiter et de collecte du produit épuré, puis éloignées de cette zone et amenées dans une zone de lavage équipée de moyens de distribution d'un liquide de lavage et de collecte des constituants magnétiques, les aimants normalament appliqués sur les parois de la chambre se trouvant dans la zone de séparation en étant écartés périodiquement pour permettre le déplacement des chambres.As a variant, each unit could comprise two or more chambers which would be brought successively between the magnets, in a separation zone comprising, moreover, means for supplying the product to be treated and for collecting the purified product, then distant from this zone and brought to a washing area equipped with means for dispensing a washing liquid and for collecting magnetic constituents, the magnets normally applied to the walls of the chamber being in the separation zone, being periodically spaced apart to allow the chambers to be moved.

Les aimants et/ou les pièces polaires situés de part et d'autre de la chambre de séparation étant de polarités opposées, les moyens utilisés pour les écarter de la chambre de séparation devront vaincre la force d'attraction magnétique. Une partie de l'énergie mise en jeu pourra être récupérée lors du mouvement de rapprochement des aimants ou pièces polaires, notamment lorsqu'on utilise plusieurs unités fonctionnant séquentiellement.The magnets and / or the pole pieces located on either side of the separation chamber being of opposite polarities, the means used to separate them from the separation chamber must overcome the force of magnetic attraction. Part of the energy involved can be recovered during the movement of magnets or pole pieces, especially when using several units operating sequentially.

D'autres caractéristiques de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description qui suit et se réfère aux dessins l'accompagnant qui montrent, à titre d'exemple non-limitatif, quelques formes de réalisation de l'invention et sur lesquels

  • La figure 1 est une vue en coupe verticale d'une unité de séparation conforme à l'invention, représentée schématiquement;
  • Les figures 2 a et b sont des vues de dessus de l'unité de la figure 1 pendant les phases de séparation et de lavage respectivement;
  • Les figures 3 a et b sont des vues de dessus, analogues aux figures 2 a et b, d'une autre unité de séparation conforme à l'invention, comportant une chambre de séparation de conception différente;
  • La figure 4 montre une possibilité de réalisation du circuit magnétique d'une unité de séparation; et
  • La figure 5 montre une possibilité d'association de deux unités de séparation pour assurer un fonctionnement continu.
Other characteristics of the invention will appear on reading the description which follows and refers to the accompanying drawings which show, by way of non-limiting example, some embodiments of the invention and in which
  • Figure 1 is a vertical sectional view of a separation unit according to the invention, shown schematically;
  • Figures 2 a and b are top views of the unit of Figure 1 during the separation and washing phases respectively;
  • Figures 3 a and b are top views, similar to Figures 2 a and b, of another separation unit according to the invention, comprising a separation chamber of different design;
  • Figure 4 shows a possible embodiment of the magnetic circuit of a separation unit; and
  • Figure 5 shows a possibility of association of two separation units to ensure continuous operation.

L'unité de séparation représentée sur les figures 1 et 2 est constituée essentiellement par une chambre de séparation 10 placée entre deux aimants permanents 12 de polarités opposées. Chaque aimant est solidaire d'une armature à section en L 14, les deux armatures formant un circuit magnétique fermé avec les aimants et la chambre 10, lorsque les aimants sont appliqués sur les parois opposées de la la chambre 10, comme représenté sur la figure 2 a.The separation unit shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 essentially consists of a separation chamber 10 placed between two permanent magnets 12 of opposite polarities. Each magnet is integral with an L-section armature 14, the two armatures forming a closed magnetic circuit with the magnets and the chamber 10, when the magnets are applied to the opposite walls of the chamber 10, as shown in the figure. 2 a.

La chambre de séparation est constituée par une enveloppe en un matériau amagnétique, à section rectangulaire et ouverte à ses deux extrémités. Elle est remplie de plaques verticales rainurées ou d'autres éléments, tels que barres, paille de fer, etc... en matériau magnétique doux qui créent dans l'entrefer des gradients de champ magnétique permettant aux particules magnétiques du produit à traiter de se fixer sur lesdits éléments.The separation chamber consists of an envelope made of a non-magnetic material, of rectangular section and open at its two ends. It is filled with grooved vertical plates or other elements, such as bars, steel wool, etc ... made of soft magnetic material which create in the gap magnetic field gradients allowing the magnetic particles of the product to be treated to fix on said elements.

A son extrémité supérieure, la chambre 10 est raccordée à une conduite d'alimentation en produit à traiter 16, à travers une électro-vanne 18, et à une conduite d'eau sous-pression 20, à travers une électro-vanne 22. Un collecteur 24 est placé sous la chambre 10 et relié à deux conduits 26 et 28, à travers des électro-vannes 30 et 32, respectivement, qui permettent de diriger les produits collectés dans deux directions différentes.At its upper end, the chamber 10 is connected to a pipe for supplying the product to be treated 16, through a solenoid valve 18, and to a pipe for pressurized water 20, through a solenoid valve 22. A collector 24 is placed under the chamber 10 and connected to two conduits 26 and 28, through solenoid valves 30 and 32, respectively, which make it possible to direct the products collected in two different directions.

Des vérins 34 permettent de déplacer les aimants et les armatures perpendiculairement aux grandes faces de la chambre 10 et de maintenir les aimants appliqués sur ces dernières (figure 2 a) ou écartées de celles-ci (figure 2 b).Cylinders 34 make it possible to move the magnets and the armatures perpendicular to the large faces of the chamber 10 and to maintain the magnets applied to the latter (FIG. 2 a) or separated from them (FIG. 2 b).

Cette unité de séparation fonctionne de la manière suivante: dans une première phase, les aimants 12 sont appliqués sur les grandes faces de la chambre 10 (figure 2 a), les vannes 18 et 30 sont ouvertes et les vannes 22 et 32 sont fermées. Le produit à traiter, sous forme de pulpe, circule de haut en bas dans la chambre 10, entre les plaques verticales. Les particules magnétiques sont soumises à des forces d'attraction qui les dévient vers les plaques et les maintiennent sur celles-ci. Le produit épuré est recueilli dans le collecteur 24 et évacué par le conduit 26. Dans une seconde phase, les aimants sont écartés de la chambre (figure 2 b), les vannes 18 et 30 sont fermées et les vannes 22 et 32 sont ouvertes. Les particules magnétiques qui ne sont plus soumises à l'action du champ magnétique sont alors entraînées par l'eau sous pression circulant dans la chambre 10 et évacuées par le conduit 28.This separation unit operates as follows: in a first phase, the magnets 12 are applied to the large faces of the chamber 10 (FIG. 2 a), the valves 18 and 30 are open and the valves 22 and 32 are closed. The product to be treated, in the form of pulp, flows from top to bottom in the chamber 10, between the vertical plates. The magnetic particles are subjected to attractive forces which deflect them towards the plates and hold them there. The purified product is collected in the collector 24 and evacuated through the conduit 26. In a second phase, the magnets are moved away from the chamber (FIG. 2 b), the valves 18 and 30 are closed and the valves 22 and 32 are open. The magnetic particles which are no longer subjected to the action of the magnetic field are then entrained by the pressurized water circulating in the chamber 10 and discharged through the conduit 28.

La durée de la première phase peut être prédéterminée, notamment si la teneur du produit à traiter en particules magnétiques varie peu dans le temps. En variante, le passage de la première à la seconde phase peut se faire lorsque le degré de colmatage de la chambre, évalué par exemple à partir d'une mesure du débit ou de la perte de charge, atteint une valeur prédéterminée.The duration of the first phase can be predetermined, in particular if the content of the product to be treated in particles magnetic changes little over time. Alternatively, the transition from the first to the second phase can be done when the degree of clogging of the chamber, evaluated for example from a measurement of the flow rate or of the pressure drop, reaches a predetermined value.

Les aimants doivent être écartés d'une distance suffisante pour que le champ magnétique dans la chambre 10 soit pratiquement nul, les lignes de force du champ magnétique de chaque aimant se refermant alors sur elles-même à travers l'entrefer ménagé entre l'aimant et la chambre 10 et l'armature associée.The magnets must be separated by a sufficient distance so that the magnetic field in the chamber 10 is practically zero, the lines of force of the magnetic field of each magnet then closing in on themselves through the air gap formed between the magnet and chamber 10 and the associated armature.

Les aimants 12 sont constitués par un assemblage par collage d'aimants élémentaires au samarium-cobalt ou au neodyme-fer-bore, la direction d'aimantation étant perpendiculaire aux grandes faces de la chambre 10. En variante, chaque ensemble aimant 12-armature 14 pourrait être remplacé par un empilage d'aimants 40 et de pièces polaires 42, comme représenté sur la figure 4, la direction d'aimantation des aimants étant paralléle à la direction d'écoulement du produit à traiter dans la chambre 10 (flèche F).The magnets 12 are constituted by an assembly by bonding of elementary magnets with samarium-cobalt or with neodymium-iron-boron, the direction of magnetization being perpendicular to the large faces of the chamber 10. As a variant, each magnet 12-armature assembly 14 could be replaced by a stack of magnets 40 and pole pieces 42, as shown in FIG. 4, the direction of magnetization of the magnets being parallel to the direction of flow of the product to be treated in the chamber 10 (arrow F ).

Les figures 3 a et b montrent une autre forme de réalisation de la chambre de séparation. Celle-ci est ici constituée par un tube 110 élastiquement déformable, en caoutchouc ou matière plastique, qui a normalement une section circulaire (figure 3 b) et prend une forme aplatie lorsqu'il est comprimé entre les aimants 12 (figure 3 a). De préférence, le tube sera rempli d'un matériau, tel que de la paille de fer, pouvant être comprimé élastiquement sans gros effort pour ne pas gêner la déformation du tube et son retour à la forme originale. Des fils en matériau magnétique doux disposés longitudinalement ou tressés pour former une gaine tubulaire pourraient être noyés dans l'épaisseur de la paroi du tube pour créer des gradients de champ magnétique sur la face intérieure du tube. La figure 3 a correspond à la phase de séparation, les aimants étant rapprochés et écrasant le tube 110; dans la phase de lavage (figure 3 b) les aimants sont écartés l'un de l'autre, et le tube a repris sa forme circulaire.Figures 3 a and b show another embodiment of the separation chamber. This is here constituted by an elastically deformable tube 110, made of rubber or plastic, which normally has a circular section (FIG. 3 b) and takes a flattened shape. when it is compressed between the magnets 12 (Figure 3 a). Preferably, the tube will be filled with a material, such as steel wool, which can be compressed elastically without great effort so as not to hinder the deformation of the tube and its return to the original shape. Wires of soft magnetic material arranged longitudinally or braided to form a tubular sheath could be embedded in the thickness of the wall of the tube to create magnetic field gradients on the inside of the tube. Figure 3a corresponds to the separation phase, the magnets being brought together and crushing the tube 110; in the washing phase (Figure 3 b) the magnets are spaced from each other, and the tube has resumed its circular shape.

Pour pouvoir traiter un produit en continu, il est nécessaire d'associer plusieurs unités de séparation. Dans le cas général où la phase de lavage est plus courte que la phase de séparation, il suffit de deux unités pour assurer un fonctionnement en continu. Le schéma d'une telle installation est représenté sur la figure 5. Les conduites d'alimentation en produit à traiter 16 et en eau sous-pression 20 sont reliées aux chambres 10′ et 10˝ à travers des électro-vannes 18′ et 18˝ et 22′ et 22˝, respectivement. Des collecteurs 24′ et 24˝ placés sous les chambres 10′ et 10˝ permettent de diriger les produits sortant des chambres vers une sortie de produit épuré ou une sortie de produit magnétique, suivant la position d'un sélecteur schématisé par un volet pivotant 50′, 50˝. Les vannes 18′, 18˝, 22′ et 22˝, les sélecteurs 50′ et 50˝ ainsi que les vérins, non représentés, déplaçant les aimants 12′, 12˝ sont commandés par un automate programmable ou un micro-ordinateur suivant un programme préétabli et modifiable de telle sorte qu'à tout instant, au moins une des unités soit en phase de séparation.To be able to process a product continuously, it is necessary to combine several separation units. In the general case where the washing phase is shorter than the separation phase, two units are sufficient to ensure continuous operation. The diagram of such an installation is shown in FIG. 5. The supply lines for the product to be treated 16 and for pressurized water 20 are connected to the chambers 10 ′ and 10˝ through solenoid valves 18 ′ and 18 ˝ and 22 ′ and 22˝, respectively. Collectors 24 ′ and 24˝ placed under the chambers 10 ′ and 10˝ make it possible to direct the products leaving the chambers towards an outlet for purified product or an outlet for magnetic product, depending on the position of a schematic selector by a pivoting flap 50 ′, 50˝. The valves 18 ′, 18˝, 22 ′ and 22˝, the selectors 50 ′ and 50˝ as well as the jacks, not shown, moving the magnets 12 ′, 12˝ are controlled by a programmable controller or a microcomputer according to a pre-established and modifiable program so that at least one of the units is in the separation phase at all times.

Le nombre d'unités à utiliser dans une installation dépendra du débit de produit à traiter. L'utilisation d'unités standard permet de réduire les coûts et facilite l'entretien, une unité défaillante pouvant être rapidement remplacée par une unité de rechange.The number of units to be used in an installation will depend on the flow of product to be treated. The use of standard units saves costs and facilitates maintenance, as a faulty unit can be quickly replaced by a spare unit.

Une phase intermédiaire de rinçage avec maintien du champ magnétique, pourra être prévue pour éliminer les grains de constituants non magnétiques retenus par floculation magnétique.An intermediate rinsing phase with maintenance of the magnetic field may be provided to remove the grains of non-magnetic constituents retained by magnetic flocculation.

Il est bien entendu que toutes les modifications qui peuvent être apportées aux formes de réalisation décrites par la substitution de moyens techniques équivalents et notamment les variantes exposées dans le préambule de la description entrent dans le cadre de l'invention.It is understood that all the modifications which can be made to the embodiments described by the substitution of equivalent technical means and in particular the variants set out in the preamble to the description fall within the scope of the invention.

Claims (9)

Séparateur magnétique à haute intensité travaillant en humide comportant au moins une unité de séparation constituée par une chambre où le produit à traiter circule du haut vers le bas et des moyens pour créer un champ magnétique perpendiculaire à la direction d'écoulement du produit à traiter, caractérisé en ce que les moyens engendrant le champ magnétique sont constitués par des aimants permanents (12), éventuellement associés à des pièces polaires (14), et en ce que des moyens (34) sont prévus pour déplacer lesdits aimants, et éventuellement les pièces polaires, entre une première position où les aimants ou les pièces polaires sont intimement appliqués contre les parois de ladite chambre (10) et une seconde position telle que, les aimants ou les pièces polaires étant écartés desdites parois, le champ magnétique dans la chambre (10) est suffisamment faible pour que les particules magnétiques puissent être évacuées de la chambre par un courant d'un liquide de lavage.High intensity magnetic separator working in wet conditions comprising at least one separation unit constituted by a chamber where the product to be treated flows from top to bottom and means for creating a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of flow of the product to be treated, characterized in that the means generating the magnetic field consist of permanent magnets (12), possibly associated with pole pieces (14), and in that means (34) are provided for moving said magnets, and possibly the pieces polar, between a first position where the magnets or the pole pieces are intimately applied against the walls of said chamber (10) and a second position such that, the magnets or pole pieces being spaced from said walls, the magnetic field in the chamber ( 10) is sufficiently weak that the magnetic particles can be removed from the chamber by a current of washing liquid. Séparateur magnétique selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens pour déplacer les aimants (12), et éventuellement les pièces polaires, sont constitués par des vérins (34) commandés par un automate programmable ou un micro-ordinateur, en même temps que des vannes (18, 22, 30, 32) placées sur des conduites (16, 20, 26, 28) raccordées à l'entrée et à la sortie de ladite chambre (10), de telle sorte que les aimants, éventuellement les pièces polaires, soient appliqués sur les parois de la chambre pendant une phase de séparation et soient écartés de celles-ci pendant une phase de lavage.Magnetic separator according to claim 1, characterized in that said means for moving the magnets (12), and possibly the pole pieces, consist of jacks (34) controlled by a programmable controller or a microcomputer, at the same time as valves (18, 22, 30, 32) placed on pipes (16, 20, 26, 28) connected to the inlet and the outlet of said chamber (10), so that the magnets, possibly the pole pieces are applied to the walls of the chamber during a separation phase and are separated from them during a washing phase. Séparateur magnétique selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que ladite chambre (10) est constituée par un boitier tubulaire en un matériau amagnétique contenant une matrice ferromagnétique perméable au produit à traiter.Magnetic separator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said chamber (10) consists of a tubular casing made of a non-magnetic material containing a ferromagnetic matrix permeable to the product to be treated. Séparateur magnétique selon la revendication 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce que ladite chambre (110) est constituée par un tronçon de tube en un matériau élastiquement déformable ayant à l'état normal une section circulaire ou bombée et contenant une matrice ferromagnétique élastiquement compressible et perméable au produit à traiter, et en ce que pendant la phase de séparation ledit tube est écrasé entre les aimants ou les pièces polaires et prend la forme d'un tube plat.Magnetic separator according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that said chamber (110) consists of a section of tube made of an elastically deformable material having in the normal state a circular or curved section and containing an elastically compressible and permeable ferromagnetic matrix to the product to be treated, and in that during the separation phase said tube is crushed between the magnets or the pole pieces and takes the form of a flat tube. Séparateur magnétique selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4 caractérisé en ce que les dits moyens de production du champ magnétique sont constitués par un assemblage d'aimants élémentaires dont la direction d'aimantation est perpendiculaire à la direction d'écoulement du produit à traiter dans ladite chambre (10).Magnetic separator according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the said means for producing the magnetic field consist of an assembly of elementary magnets whose direction of magnetization is perpendicular to the direction of flow of the product to treat in said chamber (10). Séparateur magnétique selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé en ce que lesdits moyens de production du champ magnétique sont constitués par un empilage d'aimants et de pièces polaires, la direction d'aimantation des aimants étant parallèle à la direction d'écoulement du produit à traiter dans ladite chambre (10).Magnetic separator according to any one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the said means for producing the magnetic field consist of a stack of magnets and pole pieces, the direction of magnetization of the magnets being parallel to the direction of flow of the product to be treated in said chamber (10). Séparateur magnétique selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que l'unité ou chaque unité de séparation comporte deux chambres ou plus, des moyens pour déplacer les chambres entre une première zone où sont placés les aimants et qui est équipée de moyens d'alimentation en produit à traiter et de collecte du produit épuré et une seconde zone équipée de moyens de distribution d'un liquide de lavage et de collecte des constituants magnétiques et les amener l'une après l'autre dans la première puis dans la seconde zone et des moyens pour coordonner les mouvements des chambres et des aimants et/ou des pièces polaires.Magnetic separator according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the unit or each separation unit comprises two or more chambers, means for moving the chambers between a first zone where the magnets are placed and which is equipped with means supply of product to be treated and collection of the purified product and a second zone equipped with means for dispensing a washing liquid and for collecting the magnetic constituents and bringing them one after the other in the first then in the second zone and means for coordinating the movements of the chambers and of the magnets and / or of the pole pieces. Séparateur magnétique selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6 caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte plusieurs unités de séparation et des moyens (18′, 18˝, 22′, 22˝) pour relier cycliquement chaque unité de séparation d'une part, à une alimentation de produit à traiter (16) et à un collecteur de produits épurés (2b) et, d'autre part, à une source d'un liquide de lavage (20) et à un collecteur de constituants magnétiques (28).Magnetic separator according to any one of claims 1 to 6 characterized in that it comprises several separation units and means (18 ′, 18˝, 22 ′, 22˝) for cyclically connecting each separation unit on the one hand , to a supply of product to be treated (16) and to a collector of purified products (2b) and, on the other hand, to a source of a washing liquid (20) and a collector of magnetic constituents (28). Séparateur magnétique selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 6 caractérisé en ce qu'il comporte plusieurs unités de séparation et des moyens pour les amener l'une après l'autre dans une zone de séparation équipée de moyens d'alimentation en produit à traiter et de collecte du produit épuré puis dans une zone de lavage équipée de moyens de distribution d'un liquide de lavage et de collecte des constituants magnétiques.Magnetic separator according to any one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that it comprises several separation units and means for bringing them one after the other into a separation zone equipped with means for supplying product to treat and collect the purified product then in a washing zone equipped with means for dispensing a washing liquid and for collecting the magnetic constituents.
EP90403669A 1989-12-20 1990-12-19 High intensity wet magnetic separator Expired - Lifetime EP0434556B1 (en)

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FR8916880 1989-12-20
FR8916880A FR2655881B1 (en) 1989-12-20 1989-12-20 HIGH INTENSITY MAGNETIC SEPARATOR WORKING IN WET.

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WO2002066166A1 (en) * 2001-02-16 2002-08-29 Ausmetec Pty Ltd An apparatus and process for inducing magnetism
EP1368127A1 (en) * 2001-02-16 2003-12-10 Ausmetec Pty Ltd An apparatus and process for inducing magnetism
AP1578A (en) * 2001-02-16 2006-02-22 Ausmetec Pty Ltd An apparatus and process for inducing magnetism.
EP1368127A4 (en) * 2001-02-16 2008-07-09 Ausmetec Pty Ltd An apparatus and process for inducing magnetism
US7429331B2 (en) 2001-02-16 2008-09-30 Ausmetec Pty. Ltd. Apparatus and process for inducing magnetism
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US7223345B2 (en) 2001-04-09 2007-05-29 Steinert Electromagnetbau Gmbh High-gradient magnetic filter and method for the separation of weakly magnetisable particles from fluid media
US8679313B2 (en) 2007-03-28 2014-03-25 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Method and apparatus for concentrating molecules
WO2008130618A1 (en) * 2007-04-19 2008-10-30 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Method and apparatus for separating particles, cells, molecules and particulates
US8292083B2 (en) 2007-04-19 2012-10-23 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Method and apparatus for separating particles, cells, molecules and particulates
US7837379B2 (en) 2007-08-13 2010-11-23 The Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc. Devices for producing a continuously flowing concentration gradient in laminar flow
DE102008035695A1 (en) 2008-07-30 2010-02-04 Martin Lipsdorf Particle e.g. sensitive target particle, processing method for use in biotechnology field, involves deflecting magnetic field of permanent magnet between flow paths of magnetic field by impulse at magneto electric control element

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CA2032579A1 (en) 1991-06-21
CA2032579C (en) 1995-10-03
EP0434556B1 (en) 1995-03-01
ATE119076T1 (en) 1995-03-15
PL288358A1 (en) 1991-12-02
CS633890A3 (en) 1992-06-17
RO103410B1 (en) 1993-04-15
PL164766B1 (en) 1994-10-31
GR3015260T3 (en) 1995-06-30
RU2052299C1 (en) 1996-01-20
OA09280A (en) 1992-08-31
ZA909953B (en) 1991-10-30
ES2069720T3 (en) 1995-05-16
DE69017401T2 (en) 1995-07-13
BR9006337A (en) 1991-09-24
AU6814890A (en) 1991-06-27
AU628698B2 (en) 1992-09-17
MX172887B (en) 1994-01-18
FR2655881B1 (en) 1992-07-24
DE69017401D1 (en) 1995-04-06
US5137629A (en) 1992-08-11
FR2655881A1 (en) 1991-06-21

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