EP0418271B1 - Fuel injection nozzle for internal combustion engines - Google Patents
Fuel injection nozzle for internal combustion engines Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP0418271B1 EP0418271B1 EP89906031A EP89906031A EP0418271B1 EP 0418271 B1 EP0418271 B1 EP 0418271B1 EP 89906031 A EP89906031 A EP 89906031A EP 89906031 A EP89906031 A EP 89906031A EP 0418271 B1 EP0418271 B1 EP 0418271B1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- nozzle holder
- ball
- nozzle
- injection nozzle
- holder
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 20
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 title claims description 6
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 claims 2
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000007812 deficiency Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003754 machining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003313 weakening effect Effects 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
- F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
- F02M61/14—Arrangements of injectors with respect to engines; Mounting of injectors
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
- F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
- F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition
Definitions
- the invention is based on a fuel injection nozzle according to the preamble of claim 1.
- the component serving as an anti-rotation device is a ball which is pressed into a radial blind bore of the nozzle holder which is adapted to the ball diameter is.
- This version is simple and despite the requirement of a relatively narrow diameter tolerance of the blind bore and ball also cheap, the achievable dimension of the ball over the outer circumference of the nozzle holder is only limited because on the one hand the center of the ball must lie within the outer diameter of the nozzle holder and on the other hand also For reasons of strength, the diameter of the ball and the blind bore cannot exceed a certain dimension in relation to the other dimensions of the nozzle holder.
- the pin is in a ring collar of the nozzle holder arranged, on which at the same time the shoulder for the concept of the injector tightening the hollow screw is formed.
- This arrangement is disadvantageous in that an additional machining operation on the nozzle holder is necessary to form the ring collar.
- the shoulder for the concept of the hollow screw is formed on a snap ring which is seated in an annular groove on the outer circumference of the nozzle holder.
- the central longitudinal section of the nozzle holder is of smooth-cylindrical design, but it can be disadvantageous in the case of particularly slim nozzle holders, its weakening by the annular groove for the snap ring, the diameter of which must not be less than a certain amount for reasons of strength and function.
- a fuel injection nozzle is known, which is fastened with a hollow screw screwed onto the nozzle holder, which presses via a slotted pressure ring surrounding the nozzle holder onto the end face of the union nut with which the nozzle body on the nozzle holder is attached.
- An anti-rotation device is not arranged on the nozzle holder.
- the invention has for its object to provide a fuel injection nozzle with an anti-rotation device on the nozzle holder, the fastening of the wall of the nozzle holder is weakened as little as possible and which is easy to manufacture by machine.
- the solution to this problem is specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.
- the nozzle holder can be made very slim with a small outside diameter, the connection of the ball with the nozzle holder being able to withstand the high forces when mounting the injection nozzle with certainty.
- the projection dimension of the ball over the circumference of the nozzle holder is sufficiently large. The use of a ball as an anti-rotation device is extremely cost-effective, since balls are available on a large scale as machine components.
- the features specified in claim 2 provide a particularly simple fastening form for injection nozzles with a radially projecting anti-rotation device in the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine.
- FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through the injection nozzle installed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine
- FIG. 2 shows a side view of an individual part of the injection nozzle according to FIG. 1 in the direction of the arrow A shown there.
- the injection nozzle has a nozzle body 20 which, together with an intermediate disk 22, is pressed against a nozzle holder 26 by a union nut 24.
- a valve seat 28 is formed in the nozzle body 20 and a valve needle 30 is slidably supported by a closing spring 34 arranged in a chamber 32 of the nozzle holder 26 is pressed against the valve seat 28 via a pressure piece 36.
- the union nut 24 is screwed onto a threaded section 38 of the nozzle holder 26 and a pressure ring 42 is supported on its upper end face 40, via which the hollow screw 14 screwed into a threaded section 44 of the bore 10 presses the injection nozzle against the bottom 18 of the bore 10.
- a ball 50 is provided which is seated on the mouth edge 52 of a short, radial blind bore 54 in the nozzle holder 26 and is fastened there by resistance welding.
- the ball 50 protrudes by the dimension a over the outer circumference of the nozzle holder 26 and into a longitudinal groove 56 in the wall of the bore 10, so that rotation of the ball 50 is avoided after the nozzle holder 26 has been inserted into the bore 10.
- the ball 50 is arranged in the area of the pressure ring 42, which is provided at this point with a continuous longitudinal slot 58 (FIG. 2) and at the slot edges 60 with the recessed areas 62 adapted to the ball 50 indicated in FIG. 2.
- the pressure ring 42 can be pushed over the ball 50 with temporary expansion and is held by this on the nozzle holder against unwanted loosening as long as the injection nozzle is not yet installed in the cylinder head 12.
- the projection dimension a of the ball 50 is considerably larger than in the known embodiment, in which the ball is pressed into the blind bore, and in addition neither the ball 50 nor the blind bore 54 need to be tolerated particularly precisely.
- an annular collar on the nozzle holder 26 or an annular groove which weakens the cross section for receiving a snap ring is not necessary, so that the nozzle holder can be designed to be both smooth-cylindrical and particularly slim and yet a reliable safeguard against rotation of the nozzle holder when tightening in the mounting hole is guaranteed.
- the only work step which is not available in the prior art, namely the resistance welding of the ball 50 at the opening edge 52 of the blind bore 54, can be carried out with simple and tried and tested means without any noteworthy production expenditure.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Die Erfindung geht aus von einer Kraftstoff-Einspritzdüse nach der Gattung des Anspruchs 1. Bei bekannten Einspritzdüsen dieser Gattung (DE-A-23 03 506) ist das als Verdrehsicherung dienende Bauteil eine Kugel, die in eine dem Kugeldurchmesser angepaßte radiale Sackbohrung des Düsenhalters eingepreßt ist. Diese Ausführung ist zwar einfach und trotz dem Erfordernis einer verhältnismäßig engen Durchmessertolerierung von Sackbohrung und Kugel auch billig, jedoch ist das erzielbare Vorstehmaß der Kugel über den Außenumfang des Düsenhalters nur begrenzt, weil einerseits der Kugelmittelpunkt innerhalb des Außendurchmessers des Düsenhalters liegen muß und andererseits auch die Durchmesser von Kugel und Sackbohrung aus Festigkeitsgründen ein gewisses Maß im Verhältnis zu den übrigen Abmessungen des Düsenhalters nicht überschreiten können. Zur Behebung dieses Mangels ist es bekannt, anstelle einer Kugel einen Stift radial in den Düsenhalters nicht überschreiten zu den übrigen Abmessungen des Düsenhalters nicht überschreiten können. Zur Behebung diese Mangels ist es bekannt, anstelle einer Kugel einen Stift radial in den Düsenhalter einzupressen (DE-A-21 21 127) oder einen Gewindestift einzuschrauben (US-A-3 845 748). Diese Ausführung ist jedoch teurer als die vorbeschriebene und außerdem muß der Stift entsprechend lang im Düsenhalter geführt sein, damit die geforderte Festigkeit seines Sitzes im Düsenhalter gewährleistet ist. Zu diesem Zweck ist der Stift in einem Ringbund des Düsenhalters angeordnet, an welchem gleichzeitig die Schulter für den An begriff der die Einspritzdüse festspannenden Hohlschraube gebildet ist. Diese Anordnung ist insofern nachteilig, weil zur Bildung des Ringbundes ein zusätzlicher spanabhebender Arbeitsgang am Düsenhalter notwendig ist. Bei der anderen bekannten Ausführung mit der eingepreßten Kugel als Verdrehsicherung ist die Schulter für den begriff der Hohlschraube an einem Sprengring gebildet, der in einer Ringnut am Außenumfang des Düsenhalters sitzt. Bei dieser Ausführung ist zwar der mittlere Längsabschnitt des Düsenhalters glattzylindrisch ausgeführt, nachteilig kann jedoch bei besonders schlanken Düsenhaltern dessen Schwächung durch die Ringnut für den Sprengring sein, dessen Durchmesser aus Festigkeits- und Funktionsgründen ein gewisses Maß nicht unterschreiten darf.The invention is based on a fuel injection nozzle according to the preamble of claim 1. In known injection nozzles of this type (DE-A-23 03 506), the component serving as an anti-rotation device is a ball which is pressed into a radial blind bore of the nozzle holder which is adapted to the ball diameter is. This version is simple and despite the requirement of a relatively narrow diameter tolerance of the blind bore and ball also cheap, the achievable dimension of the ball over the outer circumference of the nozzle holder is only limited because on the one hand the center of the ball must lie within the outer diameter of the nozzle holder and on the other hand also For reasons of strength, the diameter of the ball and the blind bore cannot exceed a certain dimension in relation to the other dimensions of the nozzle holder. To remedy this deficiency, it is known that instead of a ball radially in the nozzle holder can not exceed the other dimensions of the nozzle holder can not. To remedy this deficiency, it is known to press a pin radially into the nozzle holder instead of a ball (DE-A-21 21 127) or to screw in a set screw (US-A-3 845 748). However, this version is more expensive than the one described above and, in addition, the pin must be guided in the nozzle holder for a correspondingly long period of time, so that the required firmness of its seat in the nozzle holder is ensured. For this purpose the pin is in a ring collar of the nozzle holder arranged, on which at the same time the shoulder for the concept of the injector tightening the hollow screw is formed. This arrangement is disadvantageous in that an additional machining operation on the nozzle holder is necessary to form the ring collar. In the other known embodiment with the pressed-in ball as an anti-rotation device, the shoulder for the concept of the hollow screw is formed on a snap ring which is seated in an annular groove on the outer circumference of the nozzle holder. In this embodiment, the central longitudinal section of the nozzle holder is of smooth-cylindrical design, but it can be disadvantageous in the case of particularly slim nozzle holders, its weakening by the annular groove for the snap ring, the diameter of which must not be less than a certain amount for reasons of strength and function.
Ferner ist aus der US-A-27 77 431 eine Kraftstoff-Einspritzdüse bekannt, die mit einer auf dem Düsenhalter aufgeschraubten Hohlschraube befestigt ist, welche über einen den Düsenhalter umgebenden, geschlitzten Durckring auf die Stirnseite der Überwurfmutter drückt, mit der der Düsenkörper am Düsenhalter befestigt ist. Eine Verdrehsicherung ist am Düsenhalter nicht angeordnet.Furthermore, from US-A-27 77 431 a fuel injection nozzle is known, which is fastened with a hollow screw screwed onto the nozzle holder, which presses via a slotted pressure ring surrounding the nozzle holder onto the end face of the union nut with which the nozzle body on the nozzle holder is attached. An anti-rotation device is not arranged on the nozzle holder.
Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Kraftstoff-Einspritzdüse mit einer Verdrehsicherung am Düsenhalter zu schaffen, bei deren Befestigung die Wand des Düsenhalters möglichst wenig geschwächt wird und die maschinell einfach herstellbar ist. Die Lösung dieser Aufgabe ist im Kennzeichen des Anspruchs 1 angegeben.The invention has for its object to provide a fuel injection nozzle with an anti-rotation device on the nozzle holder, the fastening of the wall of the nozzle holder is weakened as little as possible and which is easy to manufacture by machine. The solution to this problem is specified in the characterizing part of claim 1.
Bei der erfindungsgemäßen Kraftstoffeinspritzdüse kann der Düsenhalter sehr schlank mit kleinem Außendruchmesser ausgeführt werden, wobei die Verbindung der Kugel mit dem Düsenhalter den hohen Kräften beim Montieren der Einspritzdüse mit Sicherheit standhält. Außerdem ist das Vorstehmaß der Kugel über den Umfang des Düsenhalters ausreichend groß. Die Verwendung einer Kugel als Verdrehsicherung ist äußerst kostengünstig, da Kugeln als Maschinenbauelemente in großem Umfang zur Verfügung stehen.In the fuel injection nozzle according to the invention, the nozzle holder can be made very slim with a small outside diameter, the connection of the ball with the nozzle holder being able to withstand the high forces when mounting the injection nozzle with certainty. In addition, the projection dimension of the ball over the circumference of the nozzle holder is sufficiently large. The use of a ball as an anti-rotation device is extremely cost-effective, since balls are available on a large scale as machine components.
Durch die im Anspruch 2 angegebenen Merkmale ist eine besonders einfache Befestigungsform für Einspritzdüsen mit radial abstehender Verdrehsicherung im Zylinderkopf einer Brennkraftmaschine gegeben.The features specified in claim 2 provide a particularly simple fastening form for injection nozzles with a radially projecting anti-rotation device in the cylinder head of an internal combustion engine.
Ein Ausführungsbeispiel der Erfindung ist in der Zeichnung dargestellt und in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert. Es zeigen Figur 1 einen Längsschnitt durch die in einen Zylinderkopf einer Brennkraftmaschine eingebaute Einspritzdüse und Figur 2 eine Seitenansicht eines Einzelteiles der Einspritzdüse nach Figur 1 in Richtung des dort eingezeichneten Pfeiles A.An embodiment of the invention is shown in the drawing and explained in more detail in the following description. FIG. 1 shows a longitudinal section through the injection nozzle installed in a cylinder head of an internal combustion engine, and FIG. 2 shows a side view of an individual part of the injection nozzle according to FIG. 1 in the direction of the arrow A shown there.
Die Einspritzdüse nach Fig. 1 ist in einer Bohrung 10 eines Zylinderkopfes 12 eingesetzt und durch eine Hohlschraube 14 unter Zwischenschaltung einer Dichtung 16 gegen den Boden 18 der Bohrung 10 gepreßt. Die Einspritzdüse hat einen Düsenkörper 20, der zusammen mit einer Zwischenscheibe 22 durch eine Überwurfmutter 24 gegen einen Düsenhalter 26 gepreßt ist. Im Düsenkörper 20 ist ein Ventilsitz 28 gebildet und eine Ventilnadel 30 verschiebbar gelagert, die durch eine in einer Kammer 32 des Düsenhalters 26 angeordnete Schließfeder 34 über ein Druckstück 36 gegen den Ventilsitz 28 gepreßt ist. Die Überwurfmutter 24 ist auf einen Gewindeabschnitt 38 des Düsenhalters 26 aufgeschraubt und auf ihrer oberen Stirnseite 40 stützt sich ein Druckring 42 ab, über welchen die in einen Gewindeabschnitt 44 der Bohrung 10 eingeschraubte Hohlschraube 14 die Einspritzdüse gegen den Boden 18 der Bohrung 10 preßt.1 is inserted in a
Zur Sicherung des Düsenhalters 26 gegen Drehen beim Anziehen der Hohlschraube 14 ist eine Kugel 50 vorgesehen, die auf dem Mündungsrand 52 einer kurzen, radialen Sackbohrung 54 im Düsenhalter 26 aufsitzt und dort durch Widerstandsschweißung befestigt ist. Die Kugel 50 ragt um das Maß a über den Außenumfang des Düsenhalters 26 hervor und in eine Längsnut 56 in der Wand der Bohrung 10 hinein, so daß nach dem Einsetzen des Düsenhalters 26 in die Bohrung 10 eine Drehung durch die Kugel 50 vermieden wird. Die Kugel 50 ist im Bereich des Druckrings 42 angeordnet, welcher an dieser Stelle mit einem durchgehenden Längsschlitz 58 (Figur 2) und an den Schlitzrändern 60 mit der in Fig. 2 angedeuteten Kugel 50 angepaßten ausgesparten Bereichen 62 versehen ist. Der Druckring 42 läßt sich unter vorübergehender Aufweitung über die Kugel 50 schieben und wird durch diese am Düsenhalter gegen ungewolltes Lösen festgehalten, solange die Einspritzdüse noch nicht in den Zylinderkopf 12 eingebaut ist.To secure the
Das Vorstehmaß a der Kugel 50 ist wesentlich größer als bei der bekannten Ausführung , bei welcher die Kugel in die Sackbohrung eingepreßt ist, und außerdem brauchen weder die Kugel 50 noch die Sackbohrung 54 besonders genau toleriert zu sein. Zur Bildung der Schulter für den Angriff der Hohlschraube 14 ist ein Ringbund am Düsenhalter 26 oder eine den Querschnitt schwächende Ringnut zur Aufnahme eines Sprengringes nicht erforderlich, so daß der Düsenhalter sowohl glattzylindrisch als auch besonders schlank ausgeführt werden kann und dennoch eine verläßliche Sicherung gegen Drehen des Düsenhalters beim Festspannen in der Einbaubohrung gewährleistet ist. Der einzige, beim Stand der Technik nicht vorhandene Arbeitsgang, nämlich das Widerstandsschweißen der Kugel 50 an dem Öffnungsrand 52 der Sackbohrung 54, ist mit einfachen und erprobten Mitteln ohne nennenswerten Fertigungsaufwand ausführbar.The projection dimension a of the
Claims (2)
- Fuel injection nozzle for internal combustion engines, with a nozzle holder (26), on which is fixed a ball (50) which projects radially beyond its outer periphery, projects into a corresponding recess (56) in the wall of the installation bore (10) for the injection nozzle in the cylinder head (12) of the internal combustion engine and forms an anti-rotation safeguard for the nozzle holder when the latter is tightened in the installation bore by a hollow screw (14) slipped over it and engaging on a shoulder of the injection nozzle, the ball (50) serving as anti-rotation safeguard being fixed on a recess (54) formed on the periphery of the nozzle holder (26), characterised in that, to fix the ball (50) in position, the nozzle holder (26) has a short radial blind hole (54) as the recess, the diameter of which is smaller than the diameter of the ball, and in that the ball (50) rests radially relative to the centre line of the nozzle holder (26) on the outer rim (52) of the blind hole (54) and is fixed by a welded joint.
- Injection nozzle according to Claim 1, characterised in that the shoulder for the engagement of the hollow screw (14) which tightens the injection nozzle is formed on one end face of a slotted pressure ring (42) which is slipped onto the nozzle holder (26), is supported against the facing end face (40) of a union nut (24) holding the nozzle body (20) on the nozzle holder (26) and, with correspondingly recessed regions (62) of its slot edges (60), surrounds with clearance the ball (50) forming the anti-rotation safeguard.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3819218 | 1988-06-06 | ||
| DE3819218 | 1988-06-06 | ||
| DE3908796A DE3908796A1 (en) | 1988-06-06 | 1989-03-17 | FUEL INJECTION NOZZLE FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES |
| DE3908796 | 1989-03-17 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP0418271A1 EP0418271A1 (en) | 1991-03-27 |
| EP0418271B1 true EP0418271B1 (en) | 1992-08-26 |
Family
ID=25868862
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP89906031A Expired - Lifetime EP0418271B1 (en) | 1988-06-06 | 1989-06-03 | Fuel injection nozzle for internal combustion engines |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0418271B1 (en) |
| JP (1) | JP2766015B2 (en) |
| DE (2) | DE3908796A1 (en) |
| WO (1) | WO1989012162A1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002052147A2 (en) | 2000-12-27 | 2002-07-04 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Injector for an internal combustion engine |
Families Citing this family (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE19605956A1 (en) * | 1996-02-17 | 1997-08-21 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Fuel injection valve for internal combustion engines |
| KR100301383B1 (en) * | 1996-07-18 | 2002-07-03 | 오카메 히로무 | Fuel injection device |
| DE19941054A1 (en) * | 1999-08-28 | 2001-03-01 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Fuel injection valve for internal combustion engines |
| DE19954065A1 (en) * | 1999-11-10 | 2001-05-23 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | Assembly for fastening an injection nozzle in a holder |
| DE10145988A1 (en) * | 2001-09-18 | 2003-05-08 | Siemens Ag | Fastening arrangement for fastening injectors to a cylinder head |
| KR100680785B1 (en) | 2005-12-14 | 2007-02-08 | 현대자동차주식회사 | A mounting structure of a injector tube in cylinder head |
| DE102009052364A1 (en) | 2009-11-07 | 2010-06-17 | Daimler Ag | Torsional secure device for providing torsional secure attachment of injection pipe to cylinder head of diesel engine of commercial vehicle, has bearing surfaces including slots such that surfaces are form fitly connected with each other |
Family Cites Families (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2777431A (en) * | 1953-08-28 | 1957-01-15 | Maschf Augsburg Nuernberg Ag | Injection nozzle arrangement |
| DE2121127A1 (en) * | 1971-04-29 | 1972-11-16 | Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart | Fuel injector |
| US3845748A (en) * | 1972-09-29 | 1974-11-05 | Mack Trucks | Fuel injection nozzle holder installation |
| DE2303506A1 (en) * | 1973-01-25 | 1974-08-01 | Bosch Gmbh Robert | FUEL INJECTION NOZZLE FOR COMBUSTION MACHINES |
-
1989
- 1989-03-17 DE DE3908796A patent/DE3908796A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1989-06-03 JP JP1505412A patent/JP2766015B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-03 DE DE8989906031T patent/DE58902158D1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-03 EP EP89906031A patent/EP0418271B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-06-03 WO PCT/DE1989/000369 patent/WO1989012162A1/en active IP Right Grant
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2002052147A2 (en) | 2000-12-27 | 2002-07-04 | Siemens Aktiengesellschaft | Injector for an internal combustion engine |
| WO2002052147A3 (en) * | 2000-12-27 | 2002-09-06 | Siemens Ag | Injector for an internal combustion engine |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| DE3908796A1 (en) | 1989-12-14 |
| DE58902158D1 (en) | 1992-10-01 |
| EP0418271A1 (en) | 1991-03-27 |
| WO1989012162A1 (en) | 1989-12-14 |
| JP2766015B2 (en) | 1998-06-18 |
| JPH03504752A (en) | 1991-10-17 |
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