EP0412896A1 - Elektrostatischer Elektronenbeschleuniger - Google Patents

Elektrostatischer Elektronenbeschleuniger Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0412896A1
EP0412896A1 EP90402251A EP90402251A EP0412896A1 EP 0412896 A1 EP0412896 A1 EP 0412896A1 EP 90402251 A EP90402251 A EP 90402251A EP 90402251 A EP90402251 A EP 90402251A EP 0412896 A1 EP0412896 A1 EP 0412896A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
capacitors
column
electrodes
tube
enclosure
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90402251A
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Michel Roche
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
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Publication date
Application filed by Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA filed Critical Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Publication of EP0412896A1 publication Critical patent/EP0412896A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H5/00—Direct voltage accelerators; Accelerators using single pulses
    • H05H5/04—Direct voltage accelerators; Accelerators using single pulses energised by electrostatic generators
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
    • H05H5/00—Direct voltage accelerators; Accelerators using single pulses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an electrostatic electron accelerator. It applies in particular but not exclusively to sterilization, disinfection, debacterization by ionizing radiation.
  • electrostatic accelerators with a continuous electron beam are used in known manner.
  • Such devices are for example marketed under the trade name of DYNAMITRON by the American company RDI. They use a Greinacher type DC voltage multiplier to distribute the acceleration voltage along an accelerator tube connected to an electron gun. Depending on the type of accelerator and the intensity of the electron beam, this multiplier delivers a DC voltage in a range from approximately 100 kV to 10 MV.
  • FIG. 1 schematically represents a Greinacher type DC voltage multiplier as found in known devices.
  • This multiplier is supplied by an alternating voltage VE having a frequency which can usually go up to 100 kHz and delivered by a high frequency electrical signal generator 10.
  • the voltage VE has an amplitude Vo.
  • the Greinacher type multiplier comprises two columns comprising an equal number of capacitors 12, 14: the first 11, commonly called variable or alternative column, comprises the capacitors 12 connected together in series; it is connected at its base to the high frequency electrical signal generator 10.
  • a series of diodes 16 capable of supporting an inverse voltage equal to 2Vo connects the two columns 11, 13 so that each of the capacitors 14 belonging to the continuous column 13 charges at a voltage equal to 2Vo.
  • the capacitors 12 of the alternative column 11 are also charged at the voltage 2 Vo except that connected to the generator 10 which is charged at the voltage Vo.
  • the Greinacher type multiplier has several stages connected together in series; each stage is formed by a diode pump produced by two diodes 16 connected in series and in the same passing direction. Between these two diodes 16, an armature of a capacitor 12 is connected while the other armature is subjected to a periodic voltage. The output of the diode pump, in DC voltage, takes place in parallel at the terminals of a capacitor 14 connected to the ends of the chain formed by the two diodes 16 connected together in series.
  • the orientation of the diodes determines the sign of the output voltage Vs of the multiplier. In the example shown, Vs is positive.
  • Vs 2NVo.
  • the accelerators marketed by RDI therefore use such Greinacher type multipliers.
  • the latter are supplied by an electrical signal with a frequency in the region of 100 kHz.
  • Greinacher type multipliers are contained in pressurized enclosures making the accelerators compact.
  • the present invention overcomes these drawbacks.
  • the Greinacher multiplier is formed of air capacitors or the like and co-located in a pressurized enclosure.
  • the present invention relates to an electrostatic accelerator comprising: - an electron gun, - a first source of electrical power connected to the electron gun, an accelerator tube aligned along an axis AA and containing equidistant conductive diaphragms, this accelerator tube being connected to the electron gun, - a Greinacher type DC voltage multiplier connected to the accelerator tube and comprising: a first column of capacitors, a second column of capacitors, diodes connecting the second column of capacitors to the first to form several stages of diode pumps connected together in series, - a high frequency electrical signal generator connected to the Greinacher type voltage multiplier and comprising: a generator of square electrical signals, and a resonant circuit connected in series to the generator of square electrical signals.
  • the electron gun, the first power source, the Greinacher type voltage multiplier and part of the tube are contained in a pressurized enclosure;
  • the first column of capacitors is formed by cup-shaped electrodes substantially drawing a U in section, these electrodes being nested one inside the other, centered on the axis AA and distributed at equal distance from each other along this axis AA ;
  • the second column of capacitors is formed by cup-shaped electrodes substantially drawing a U in section and pierced in its center, these electrodes being nested one inside the other along the axis AA and distributed along the electron accelerator tube in connection with the diaphragms conducting this tube, the electrodes forming the capacitors of the first column having their concavity opposite the concavity of the electrodes forming the capacitors of the second column, the gas under pressure contained in the enclosure playing the role of dielectric for the capacitors of the first and second columns.
  • the enclosure contains a pressurized gas preferably chosen from SF6 or freon.
  • the resonant circuit of the high frequency electrical signal generator is also contained in the pressurized enclosure.
  • the resonant circuit includes a coil connected in series to a capacitor.
  • the enclosure constitutes a first electrode of this capacitor and the outermost electrode of the first column constitutes the second electrode of this capacitor.
  • the coil is constituted by a winding of two substantially coaxial pipes, the first, external, being conductive, the second, internal, being made of insulating material, one end of the external pipe being closed so as to allow a fluid to cooling to circulate between the two pipes after having circulated in the internal pipe.
  • Each diode is advantageously made up of a set of elementary diodes connected together in series by means of conductive sheets with which the elementary diodes are in electrical contact and between which the elementary diodes are held so as to form a stack, each conductive sheet being pierced with at least one hole, insulating means joining the conductive sheets together, insulating spacers separating the conductive sheets, a heat-shrinkable sheath surrounding the stack, a resistive tube surrounding the heat-shrinkable sheath while maintaining the stack.
  • FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 represent, respectively, an overall view, in section, of an electrostatic electron accelerator and two partial views, in section, of the latter.
  • a conductive enclosure 20 contains a gas, SF6 or freon for example, at a pressure of around 8.105 Pa. It consists of three elements 22, 24, 26 hermetically assembled. It has a symmetry of revolution around an axis AA which is the longitudinal axis of the enclosure 20.
  • This enclosure 20 is separated into two communicating parts by an insulating plate 56 pierced with holes 58 which allow equal pressure in the first part formed by all of the elements 22 and 24 and the second part constituted by the element 26.
  • the part of the enclosure 20 formed by the assembly of the elements 22 and 24 contains an assembly 21 constituted by an electron gun and its power source, the electron gun being connected to an electron accelerator tube 44 whose acceleration voltage is distributed along its length by a Greinacher type voltage multiplier.
  • the part of the enclosure 20 formed by the element 26 contains a resonant circuit connected to a generator 98 of square electrical signals (located outside the enclosure 20).
  • the assembly formed by the resonant circuit and the generator 98 constitutes a high frequency signal generator supplying the Greinacher type voltage multiplier.
  • the high frequency is contained in a range from 0.5 to 1 MHz.
  • FIG. 3 the part of the enclosure 20 formed by the elements 22 and 24 is shown more particularly. These are hermetically assembled by flanges 28, 30 held integral and enclosing a seal 36.
  • the electron gun 40 connected to an electrical power source 42, is connected to an electron accelerator tube 42 aligned along the axis AA.
  • the latter opens tightly from the enclosure 20 to deliver the electron beam produced.
  • the tube 44 contains equidistant conductive diaphragms 46 and connected together by resistors 48.
  • the tube itself is made of a resistive material playing the role of these resistors.
  • the acceleration voltage is distributed along the tube 44 by a Greinacher type voltage multiplier.
  • the first column of multiplier capacitors, or variable column consists, according to the invention, of a series of electrodes 50 in the form of a cup roughly drawing a U in section.
  • the electrodes 50 are nested one inside the other along the axis AA. In addition, they are centered and regularly distributed along this axis.
  • the electrodes 50 are pierced in their center so as to obtain equal pressure throughout the column.
  • Insulating spacers 52 in the form of a cylinder, separate the electrodes 50 from one another while maintaining them.
  • the spacers 52 and the stacked electrodes 50 are pierced with orifices allowing the passage of rods 54 (a single rod is shown diagrammatically in FIG. 3) made of insulating material. These rods 54 are fixed to the plate 56 separating the central element 24 from the terminal element 26 (FIG. 2); the electrodes 50 and the spacers 52 are threaded alternately on the latter.
  • the outermost electrode 50 is held between a spacer 52 and the plate 56.
  • the second column of multiplier capacitors is made up according to the invention of a series of electrodes 64 in the form of a cup pierced at its center. In section, the electrodes 64 roughly draw a U.
  • the electrodes 64 are also symmetrical to those of the first column, nested one inside the other along the axis AA.
  • the concavity of the electrodes 62 of the second column is opposite the concavity of the electrodes 50 of the first column.
  • the accelerator tube 44 passes through the electrodes 64 of the second column via the holes drilled in their center. Each electrode 64 is electrically connected to a conductive diaphragm 46 of the tube 44.
  • the electrodes 64 are regularly distributed along the tube 44. They are separated from each other and held by cylindrical spacers 66 and made of insulating material. Alternating with the electrodes 64, these spacers 66 are threaded on rods 68 (a single rod is symbolized in Figure 3) of insulating material through holes provided for this purpose. These rods are fixed to the terminal end of the element 22 of the enclosure 20 and allow the assembly composed of the electrodes 64 and the spacers 66 to be joined together.
  • the element 22 also has a cup shape drawing approximately a U in section: this element 22 constitutes the outermost electrode for the fixed column. Element 22 is brought to ground potential; the distribution of the potential along the accelerator tube is therefore increasing, starting from the outside towards the inside of the enclosure 20.
  • the pressurized gas contained in the enclosure 20 acts as a dielectric for the capacitors.
  • each electrode 50 and 64 of the first and second columns is constituted by a rounded bulge 62 which makes it possible to stiffen the shape of the electrodes.
  • the ends of the electrodes 50 of the first column are connected to the ends of the electrodes 64 of the second column by means of diodes 70 which must support reverse voltages at least equal to 300 kV. For this reason, a stack of elementary diodes is advantageously used to constitute each of the diodes 70.
  • FIG. 5 schematically represents a partial exploded view of a stack of elementary diodes producing a diode 70.
  • Each elementary diode 72 of the "controlled avalanche" type such as that manufactured by the company RTC under the reference BYM26C for example, is soldered to tin by its underside on a conductive sheet 74, for example of copper and beryllium alloy and having a thickness of about 100 microns.
  • the diameter of a conductive sheet 74 is for example around 20 mm.
  • Each conductive sheet 74 is attached to an insulating sheet 76, for example made of kapton or nylon, playing the role of spacer.
  • Each insulating sheet 76 is pierced in its center so as to allow the passage of an elementary diode 72 and allow electrical contact between the upper face of the latter with the conductive sheet 74 supporting the following elementary diode 72 in the stack. This contact is obtained by mechanical pressure.
  • the insulating sheets 76 stiffen the stack and avoid short-circuits possibly due to flatness defects of the conductive sheets 74.
  • the insulating sheets 76 have a thickness substantially equal to that of the elementary diodes, that is to say 300 microns , in this exemplary embodiment.
  • Two insulating rods 78, 80 pass right through the stack through orifices made for this purpose in the conductive sheets 74 and the insulating sheets 76. These rods 78, 80 allow the stack to be maintained.
  • the consolidation of the latter is obtained by means of a heat-shrinkable sheath 82 surrounding the stack.
  • a resistive tube 84 surrounds the sheath 82. This tube is connected to the elementary diodes by contact with the conductive sheets. It can be made of loaded plastic. carbon powder.
  • the elementary diodes 72 are cooled by a circulation of fluid for which the resistive tube 84 plays the role of channeling.
  • Each conductive sheet 74 is pierced with two holes 86, 88 with a diameter of 5 mm for example, and allowing the passage of the cooling fluid.
  • the hole drilled in the insulating sheets 76 is such that it also allows the circulation of the cooling fluid between the conductive sheets 74.
  • a stack forming a diode 70 comprises 500 elementary diodes 72 of the type mentioned above.
  • ten diodes 70 are necessary and therefore have 5,000 elementary diodes.
  • resistive tubes 84 are connected together to form a pipe for the cooling circuit.
  • the cooling circuit for the diodes 70 comprises a pump 90 located outside the enclosure.
  • This pump 90 delivers, for example, a flow rate of 0.1 l ⁇ s under a pressure of 9.105 Pa. It circulates the cooling fluid which can for example be oil.
  • the fluid flows through two substantially contiguous turns 92 located outside the enclosure 20, near the end part of the element 22 and winding around the latter. These turns 92 ensure the cooling of the fluid, the enclosure 20 playing the role of heat sink (radiator).
  • the fluid traverses a pipe running along the element 22 and penetrating into the enclosure 20 by crossing the flange 28.
  • the fluid then flows through the pipe formed by the resistive tubes 84 connected together.
  • the circulating fluid actuates a hydraulic motor 94, then runs through a pipe which brings it back to the pump 90.
  • This return pipe crosses the succession of electrodes 64 and spacers 66 through holes drilled at this effect to emerge from the enclosure 20 through the terminal end of the element 22; this arrangement makes it possible to reduce the bulk.
  • the return line is connected to the pump 90 to close the cooling circuit.
  • the hydraulic motor 94 is connected to an alternator 96.
  • the latter supplies the electrical energy necessary for the operation of the power source 42 to which it is connected. In this way, the transport of the high voltage necessary for the electron gun 40 is avoided by cables coming from outside the enclosure 20. This also makes it possible to make the accelerator more compact.
  • the diodes 70 connect the capacitors of the first column to the capacitors of the second column so as to produce diode pump stages connected in series: the assembly forms the Greinacher type voltage multiplier.
  • the multiplier has five stages and provides output voltages up to 10 MV.
  • the value of the output voltage depends on the voltage which is applied to the foot of the variable column of the multiplier.
  • the latter is electrically powered by an electrical signal generator high frequency. According to the invention, this frequency is contained in a range from 0.5 to 1 MHz.
  • FIG. 4 schematically represents a partial view of a device according to the invention. More specifically, it relates to an embodiment of the high frequency electrical signal generator, FIG. 6 of which represents an electrical diagram.
  • the circuit of Figure 6 is a known arrangement for obtaining an electrical signal having a frequency in the range from 0.5 to 1 MHz. It consists of a square electrical signal generator connected in series to a resonant circuit 100 comprising a coil 102 of approximately 50 microhenrys for example connected in series to a capacitor 104 of approximately 500 pF for example.
  • the generator of square electrical signals is produced by a circuit usually referred to as a "half-bridge chopper".
  • the transistors T1 and T2 are energized alternately by a power source not shown so that the voltage VG applied to the input of the resonant circuit 100 is composed of slots of amplitude Vo / 2 (Vo is the supply voltage of around 300 V for example).
  • Vo is the supply voltage of around 300 V for example.
  • the output voltage at the desired frequency is supplied across the capacitor 104.
  • FIG. 4 shows the generator 98 of the "half-bridge chopper" type connected in series to the coil 102 of the resonant circuit by means of a sealed connection located at the bottom of the element 26.
  • the element 26 is hermetically assembled with the element 24 by a set of flanges 32, 34 held integral and enclosing a joint 38.
  • the plate 56 is maintained between the elements 24 and 26 of the enclosure 20.
  • Element 26 is an integral part of the resonant circuit: it forms an electrode (brought to ground potential) of the capacitor; the other electrode of this capacitor is produced by the outermost electrode 50 of the variable column of the multiplier.
  • the gas contained in the enclosure 20 acts as a dielectric for this capacitor.
  • the element 26 of the enclosure 20 contains the coil 102 of the resonant circuit. It wraps its turns around two insulating rods 103, 104 fixed on the plate 56 and bearing on the bottom of the element 26. These rods 103, 104 ensure the shape of the coil 102 is maintained.
  • the plate 56 is pierced with a hole for the passage of the terminal end of the coil 102 maintained in electrical contact with the outermost electrode 50 of the variable column of the multiplier.
  • the power expended in the resonant circuit can be around 4 kW; it is therefore necessary to cool it to ensure its proper functioning.
  • Cooling is obtained by a circulation of fluid, for example water, inside the coil 102.
  • FIG. 7 schematically represents a sectional view of the terminal end of the coil 102.
  • this coil 102 consists of a winding of two substantially coaxial pipes 108 and 110.
  • the internal pipe 108 is made of insulating material while the external pipe 110 is made of a conductive material.
  • the cooling fluid for example water
  • a pump 106 Figure 4
  • the external pipe 110 is, for its part, closed at its terminal end.
  • the fluid then circulates between the pipes 108 and 110.
  • the direction of circulation of the fluid is specified by arrows in FIG. 7.
  • the fluid After going back and forth in the coil 102, the fluid is collected in a reservoir 112 located in the box containing the generator 98. This reservoir 112 is connected to the pump 106, which makes it possible to close the hydraulic circuit.
  • the tank 112 is insulating; it is located inside the box containing the generator 98 so as to facilitate the connection of the latter with the coil 102 via the external pipe 110.
  • the electrostatic accelerator according to the invention is very compact, its cost is reduced and its use is simple.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
  • Particle Accelerators (AREA)
EP90402251A 1989-08-08 1990-08-06 Elektrostatischer Elektronenbeschleuniger Withdrawn EP0412896A1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8910653A FR2650935B1 (fr) 1989-08-08 1989-08-08 Accelerateur electrostatique d'electrons
FR8910653 1989-08-08

Publications (1)

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EP0412896A1 true EP0412896A1 (de) 1991-02-13

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Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
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JP2010529640A (ja) * 2007-06-11 2010-08-26 ローレンス リヴァーモア ナショナル セキュリティ，エルエルシー ビーム移送システムおよび線形加速器のための方法
WO2010136235A1 (de) * 2009-05-29 2010-12-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Kaskadenbeschleuniger
DE102010008992A1 (de) * 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 Gleichspannungs-Hochspannungsquelle und Teilchenbeschleuniger
DE102010008993A1 (de) * 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 Beschleuniger für geladene Teilchen
DE102010008995A1 (de) * 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 Gleichspannungs-Hochspannungsquelle und Teilchenbeschleuniger
DE102010008991A1 (de) * 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 Beschleuniger für geladene Teilchen
DE102010008996A1 (de) * 2010-02-24 2011-08-25 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft, 80333 Gleichspannungs-Hochspannungsquelle und Teilchenbeschleuniger
DE102010040855A1 (de) * 2010-09-16 2012-03-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Gleichspannungs-Teilchenbeschleuniger
CN103069929A (zh) * 2010-06-10 2013-04-24 西门子公司 用于两个粒子束以产生碰撞的加速器
WO2013182219A1 (de) * 2012-06-04 2013-12-12 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung und verfahren zum aufsammeln elektrisch geladener teilchen

Citations (1)

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US4309747A (en) * 1980-07-07 1982-01-05 Radiation Dynamics, Inc. High current, high voltage multiplication apparatus

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US4309747A (en) * 1980-07-07 1982-01-05 Radiation Dynamics, Inc. High current, high voltage multiplication apparatus

Non-Patent Citations (3)

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Title
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JOURNAL OF BRITISH NUCLEAR ENERGY SOCIETY, vol. 16, no. 2, avril 1977, pages 133-141, Londres, GB; P. FOWLES et al.: "High intensity electron accelerators in radiation processing" *
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JP2010529640A (ja) * 2007-06-11 2010-08-26 ローレンス リヴァーモア ナショナル セキュリティ，エルエルシー ビーム移送システムおよび線形加速器のための方法
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CN102823332B (zh) * 2010-02-24 2016-05-11 西门子公司 直流电压-高压源和粒子加速器
JP2013520775A (ja) * 2010-02-24 2013-06-06 シーメンス アクティエンゲゼルシャフト Ｄｃ高電圧源及び粒子加速器
JP2013520774A (ja) * 2010-02-24 2013-06-06 シーメンス アクティエンゲゼルシャフト Ｄｃ高電圧源及び粒子加速器
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CN103069929A (zh) * 2010-06-10 2013-04-24 西门子公司 用于两个粒子束以产生碰撞的加速器
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DE102010040855A1 (de) * 2010-09-16 2012-03-22 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Gleichspannungs-Teilchenbeschleuniger
JP2015519000A (ja) * 2012-06-04 2015-07-06 シーメンス アクチエンゲゼルシヤフトＳｉｅｍｅｎｓ Ａｋｔｉｅｎｇｅｓｅｌｌｓｃｈａｆｔ 荷電粒子収集装置及び荷電粒子収集方法
CN104350812A (zh) * 2012-06-04 2015-02-11 西门子公司 用于收集经充电粒子的装置和方法
US9253869B2 (en) 2012-06-04 2016-02-02 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Device and method for collecting electrically charged particles
WO2013182219A1 (de) * 2012-06-04 2013-12-12 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Vorrichtung und verfahren zum aufsammeln elektrisch geladener teilchen

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FR2650935B1 (fr) 1991-12-27
FR2650935A1 (fr) 1991-02-15

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