EP0410085B1 - Lift-driving mechanism - Google Patents

Lift-driving mechanism Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0410085B1
EP0410085B1 EP90108553A EP90108553A EP0410085B1 EP 0410085 B1 EP0410085 B1 EP 0410085B1 EP 90108553 A EP90108553 A EP 90108553A EP 90108553 A EP90108553 A EP 90108553A EP 0410085 B1 EP0410085 B1 EP 0410085B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
cage
counterweight
guide
pulley
car
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
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EP90108553A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0410085A3 (en
EP0410085A2 (en
Inventor
Gerhard Schlosser
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Individual
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B7/00—Other common features of elevators
    • B66B7/06—Arrangements of ropes or cables
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B66—HOISTING; LIFTING; HAULING
    • B66B—ELEVATORS; ESCALATORS OR MOVING WALKWAYS
    • B66B11/00—Main component parts of lifts in, or associated with, buildings or other structures
    • B66B11/04—Driving gear ; Details thereof, e.g. seals
    • B66B11/08—Driving gear ; Details thereof, e.g. seals with hoisting rope or cable operated by frictional engagement with a winding drum or sheave

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an elevator.
  • an elevator is known with an overhead drive unit with a traction sheave and a cable pull comprising the traction sheave for a car and a counterweight.
  • the car is guided asymmetrically to the side.
  • the counterweight and the traction sheave are arranged in a vertical plane next to the car. It is also provided that the car and counterweight are carried by pulleys for translation reasons.
  • the machine house above the elevator shaft very often interferes for structural reasons.
  • the drive is already arranged next to the elevator shaft, often for structural reasons in the lowest floor, and in particular to shift the noise from the upper floor areas, e.g. in the basement, which normally cannot be inhabited anyway.
  • the object of the invention is therefore to provide a drive device for an elevator, which allows the use of the cable-driven, so-called backpack-guided car with simple constructional means and with a compact design.
  • This design of the elevator allows the use of a cable drive for the car and the counterweight when using a backpack-guided car with a compact design and vertical cable routing.
  • At least two and in particular three or more deflection sheaves are preferably provided which overlap one another with their sheave surfaces in the direction transverse to their axes. This enables not only a compact design, but rather a vertical cable guide using as few pulleys as possible.
  • the use of a small number of rope sheaves already allows the general solution to the problem set out in claim 1.
  • the frame of the guide rails for the car and At least two bow-shaped cross members are formed, with the guide rails for the counterweight, the drive unit with traction sheave and the deflection disks being attached to each cross member.
  • This is a very easy-to-assemble design variant, since the complete drive and all guide rails can be arranged on one side of the elevator shaft and the bow-shaped cross members for the car rails and the counterweight rails can be prefabricated exactly before installation.
  • the forces of the upper ropes in the axis of the two car guide rails are diverted through the guide rails onto the pit.
  • the drive winch with the traction sheave can be set up on the spot, which ensures a space-saving construction.
  • the car deflection sheave and the counterweight deflection sheave are each designed as triple or multiple sheaves, insofar as the TÜV requirements are met, whereby it is provided that these deflection sheaves are slotted and thus enable the individual sheaves to be nested into one another, which enables the drive cables to be inclined in each Respects avoided.
  • FIG. 1 shows an elevator shaft 10 which is delimited by walls 12.
  • a frame-shaped frame 14 which consists of two car guide rails 16 and bow-shaped cross members 18, 19 and possibly further intermediate cross members 20.
  • a triple traction sheave 22, which is connected to a drive motor 24, is fastened to the cross member 19 as shown in FIG. 2.
  • This frame-shaped scaffold 14 is located on the side of a car 26 in the shaft 10, guide rails 30 for a counterweight 32 being attached to struts 28 on a cross member 20 as shown in FIG. 2.
  • These counterweight guide rails 30 lie between the guide rails 16 of the car. It can be seen from FIG. 2 that the guide rails 16 for the car lie outside the car 26 or laterally therefrom. So it is a so-called backpack-guided car.
  • a cantilever 34 extends from the car 26 into the space between the car guide rails 16.
  • a deflection plate 36 for a car cable 38 and a deflection plate for a counterweight cable 40 are rotatably arranged on the upper cross member 18.
  • the car cables 38 run vertically downward from the traction sheave 22 in FIG. 1 on the left-hand side to the associated deflection pulley 36 and from there vertically downward to the boom 34.
  • the counterweight cable 40 runs vertically upward to the deflection sheave 37 and runs from there to the counterweight 32 to which it is connected.
  • the ropes all run vertically and therefore parallel.
  • the parallel guidance of the car cable 38 is made possible by nesting the deflection sheaves 36 and 37 in connection with the arrangement of the car guide rails 16, the drive pulley 22, the counterweight 32, the counterweight guide rails 30, the arm 34 and the deflection sheaves 36 and 37 essentially in one vertical plane perpendicular to the axes of rotation of the deflection sheaves and the traction sheave, which allows the accommodation of these parts in a confined space next to the car and on the frame-shaped structure described.
  • the nesting of the triple deflection disks 36 and 37 can be seen in particular from FIG. 3.
  • the boom 34 protrudes into the space between a guide rail 30 of the counterweight and the cable course of the counterweight cable section 40 'between the traction sheave 22 and the deflection pulley 37 without touching the parts during the movement of the car would be feared, although the parts are arranged in a confined space.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Lift-Guide Devices, And Elevator Ropes And Cables (AREA)
  • Cage And Drive Apparatuses For Elevators (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf einen Aufzug.The invention relates to an elevator.

Aus der CH-C-436619 ist ein Aufzug bekannt mit einem oben liegenden Antriebsagregat mit Treibscheibe und einem die Treibscheibe umfassenden Seilzug für einen Fahrkorb und ein Gegengewicht. Der Fahrkorb ist entsprechend einem sogenannten Rucksacksystem asymetrisch seitlich geführt. Das Gegengewicht und die Treibscheibe sind in einer vertikalen Ebene neben dem Fahrkorb angeordnet. Ferner ist vorgesehen, daß Fahrkorb und Gegengewicht aus Übersetzungsgründen von Umlenkrollen getragen werden.From CH-C-436619 an elevator is known with an overhead drive unit with a traction sheave and a cable pull comprising the traction sheave for a car and a counterweight. According to a so-called backpack system, the car is guided asymmetrically to the side. The counterweight and the traction sheave are arranged in a vertical plane next to the car. It is also provided that the car and counterweight are carried by pulleys for translation reasons.

Bei hohen Bauten, die mit einem Aufzug ausgestattet werden, stört aus baulichen Gründen sehr häufig das Maschinenhaus oberhalb des Aufzugschachtes. Zur Vermeidung dieses negativen Aspektes wird bereits der Antrieb neben dem Fahrschacht angeordnet, häufig aus baulichen Gründen im untersten Geschoß, und insbesondere zur Verlagerung der Geräuschentwicklung aus den oberen Wohngeschoßbereichen, z.B. in das Kellergeschoß, welches normalerweise ohnehin nicht bewohnt werden kann.In the case of tall buildings that are equipped with an elevator, the machine house above the elevator shaft very often interferes for structural reasons. To avoid this negative aspect, the drive is already arranged next to the elevator shaft, often for structural reasons in the lowest floor, and in particular to shift the noise from the upper floor areas, e.g. in the basement, which normally cannot be inhabited anyway.

Bei einem zentral geführten Fahrkorb ist häufig eine sehr aufwendige Seilführung mit einer Anzahl von Seilrollen notwendig, insbesondere, wenn die vorgeschriebene Überfahrhöhe keinen Rolleneinbau oberhalb des Fahrkorbes zuläßt. Derartiges ergibt sich auch aus der DE-OS 35 42 220 und aus "der Aufzugbau" von C.F. Franzen/Th. Englert S. 53, 1972.In the case of a centrally guided car, very complex cable routing with a number of rope pulleys is often necessary, in particular if the prescribed drive-over height does not permit the installation of a roller above the car. Such results also from DE-OS 35 42 220 and from "the elevator construction" by C.F. Franzen / Th. Englert p. 53, 1972.

Aus der DE-OS 38 02 386 ist eine Zugseil-Fahrstuhlanlage bekannt, bei der nicht angegeben ist, wo die Führung des Fahrkorbes erfolgt. Allerdings befindet sich hier eine obenliegende, mit einem Antrieb versehene Seilscheibe in etwa in einer vertikalen Ebene mit einer am Gegengewicht angebrachten Umlenkscheibe seitlich des Fahrkorbes derart, daß ein sog. rucksack-geführter Fahkorb nicht realisierbar ist, da für eine derartige Führung die Tragseilanordnung im Wege wäre.From DE-OS 38 02 386 a pull rope elevator system is known, in which it is not specified where the leadership of the Car. However, there is an overhead rope pulley provided with a drive in approximately a vertical plane with a deflection pulley attached to the counterweight on the side of the car such that a so-called backpack-guided cart is not feasible since the suspension cable arrangement is in the way for such guidance would.

Im Zusammenhang mit einem derartigen rucksack-geführten Fahrkorb hat sich der hydraulische Antrieb als sehr praktisch erwiesen, da er wenig Platz in Anspruch nimmt und daher neben dem Fahrkorb innerhalb der Achse zwischen den beiden Führungsschienen für den Fahrkorb angeordnet werden kann. Jedoch ist dieses System durch einen relativ hohen Energieverbrauch und damit verbundener höherer Betriebskosten als nachteilig anzusehen.In connection with such a backpack-guided car, the hydraulic drive has proven to be very practical since it takes up little space and can therefore be arranged next to the car within the axis between the two guide rails for the car. However, this system is to be regarded as disadvantageous due to the relatively high energy consumption and the associated higher operating costs.

Die Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht daher darin, eine Antriebsvorrichtung eines Aufzugs zu schaffen, die die Anwendung des seilangetriebenen, sog. rucksack-geführten Fahrkorbes mit einfachen konstruktiven Mitteln und bei kompakter Bauweise erlaubt.The object of the invention is therefore to provide a drive device for an elevator, which allows the use of the cable-driven, so-called backpack-guided car with simple constructional means and with a compact design.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß gelöst durch einen Aufzug gemäß den Merkmalen des Anspruches 1.According to the invention, this object is achieved by an elevator according to the features of claim 1.

Diese Ausgestaltung des Aufzugs gestattet bei kompakter Bauweise und bei Realisierung einer vertikalen Seilführung den Einsatz eines Seilantriebs für den Fahrkorb und das Gegengewicht bei Anwendung eines rucksack-geführten Fahrkorbes.This design of the elevator allows the use of a cable drive for the car and the counterweight when using a backpack-guided car with a compact design and vertical cable routing.

Bei mehreren, nebeneinander angeordneten Tragseilen sind vorzugsweise mindestens zwei und insbesondere drei oder mehr Umlenkscheiben vorgesehen, die sich in Richtung quer zu ihren Achsen mit ihren Scheibenflächen einander überlappen. Dies ermöglicht nicht nur eine kompakte Bauweise, sondern vielmehr eine vertikale Seilführung unter Verwendung möglichst weniger Seilscheiben. Die Verwendung einer geringen Anzahl von Seilscheiben erlaubt auch bereits die allgemeine Lösung der gestellten Aufgabe gemäß Anspruch 1.In the case of a plurality of support ropes arranged next to one another, at least two and in particular three or more deflection sheaves are preferably provided which overlap one another with their sheave surfaces in the direction transverse to their axes. This enables not only a compact design, but rather a vertical cable guide using as few pulleys as possible. The use of a small number of rope sheaves already allows the general solution to the problem set out in claim 1.

In besonders vorteilhafter Ausgestaltungsweise ist der Rahmen von den Führungsschienen Für den Fahrkorb und mindestens zwei bügelförmigen Querträgern gebildet, wobei an Querträgern jeweils die Führungsschienen für das Gegengewicht, das Antriebsaggregat mit Treibscheibe und die Umlenkscheiben angebracht sind. Dies ist eine sehr montagefreundliche Ausführungsvariante, da der komplette Antrieb und alle Führungsschienen auf einer Seite des Aufzugsschachtes angeordnet werden können und dabei die bügelförmigen Querträger für die Fahrkorbschienen und die Gegengewichtsschienen vor der Montage exakt vorgefertigt werden können. Außerdem werden die Kräfte der oberen Seile in der Achse der beiden Fahrkorbführungsschienen durch die Führungsschienen auf die Schachtgrube abgeleitet. Die Antriebswinde mit der Treibscheibe kann an Ort und Stelle aufgestellt werden, was eine platzsparende Konstruktion gewährleistet.In a particularly advantageous embodiment, the frame of the guide rails for the car and At least two bow-shaped cross members are formed, with the guide rails for the counterweight, the drive unit with traction sheave and the deflection disks being attached to each cross member. This is a very easy-to-assemble design variant, since the complete drive and all guide rails can be arranged on one side of the elevator shaft and the bow-shaped cross members for the car rails and the counterweight rails can be prefabricated exactly before installation. In addition, the forces of the upper ropes in the axis of the two car guide rails are diverted through the guide rails onto the pit. The drive winch with the traction sheave can be set up on the spot, which ensures a space-saving construction.

Diese platzsparende Konstruktion erlaubt die Unterbringung der Seilführung in dem zur verfügung stehenden Raum, was bei der konventionellen Seilführung nicht der Fall war.This space-saving design allows the rope guide to be accommodated in the space available, which was not the case with the conventional rope guide.

Die Fahrkorb-Umlenkscheibe und die Gegengewicht-Umlenkscheibe sind jeweils als Dreifach- oder Mehrfachscheibe ausgebildet, soweit die TÜV-Anforderungen erfüllt werden, wobei vorgesehen ist, daß diese Umlenkscheiben geschlitzt sind und somit ein Ineinanderschachteln der Einzelscheiben ermöglicht, was eine Schrägführung der Antriebsseile in jeder Hinsicht vermeidet.The car deflection sheave and the counterweight deflection sheave are each designed as triple or multiple sheaves, insofar as the TÜV requirements are met, whereby it is provided that these deflection sheaves are slotted and thus enable the individual sheaves to be nested into one another, which enables the drive cables to be inclined in each Respects avoided.

Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand der in den Zeichnungen rein schematisch dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiele näher erläutert. Es zeigt:

Fig. 1
eine schematische Vertikalschnittansicht durch einen Aufzugsschacht,
Fig. 2
eine schematische Schnittansicht entlang der Schnittlinie II-II in Fig. 1 in größerem Maßstab, und
Fig. 3
eine Schnittansicht entlang der Linie III-III der Fig. 1, ebenfalls in größerem Maßstab.
The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments shown purely schematically in the drawings. It shows:
Fig. 1
1 shows a schematic vertical sectional view through an elevator shaft,
Fig. 2
is a schematic sectional view taken along section line II-II in Fig. 1 on a larger scale, and
Fig. 3
a sectional view taken along the line III-III of Fig. 1, also on a larger scale.

In Fig. 1 ist ein Aufzugsschacht 10 dargestellt, der von Mauern 12 begrenzt ist. Innerhalb des Schachtes befindet sich ein rahmenförmiges Gerüst 14, welches aus zwei Fahrkorb-Führungsschienen 16 und aus bügelförmigen Querträgern 18, 19 und ggf. weiteren zwischengeschalteten Querträgern 20 besteht. An dem Querträger 19 ist entsprechend der Darstellung in Fig. 2 eine Dreifach-Treibscheibe 22 befestigt, die mit einem Antriebsmotor 24 verbunden ist. Dieses rahmenförmige Gerüst 14 befindet sich seitlich eines Fahrkorbes 26 im Schacht 10, wobei an einem Querträger 20 entsprechend der Darstellung in Fig. 2 an Streben 28 Führungsschienen 30 für ein Gegengewicht 32 angebracht sind. Diese Gegengewicht-Führungsschienen 30 liegen zwischen den Führungsschienen 16 des Fahrkorbes. Es ist aus Fig. 2 ersichtlich, daß die Führungsschienen 16 für den Fahrkorb außerhalb des Fahrkorbes 26 liegen bzw. seitlich davon. Es handelt sich also um einen sog. rucksack-geführten Fahrkorb.1 shows an elevator shaft 10 which is delimited by walls 12. Within the shaft is a frame-shaped frame 14, which consists of two car guide rails 16 and bow-shaped cross members 18, 19 and possibly further intermediate cross members 20. A triple traction sheave 22, which is connected to a drive motor 24, is fastened to the cross member 19 as shown in FIG. 2. This frame-shaped scaffold 14 is located on the side of a car 26 in the shaft 10, guide rails 30 for a counterweight 32 being attached to struts 28 on a cross member 20 as shown in FIG. 2. These counterweight guide rails 30 lie between the guide rails 16 of the car. It can be seen from FIG. 2 that the guide rails 16 for the car lie outside the car 26 or laterally therefrom. So it is a so-called backpack-guided car.

Ebenfalls der Fig. 2 ist zu entnehmen, daß vom Fahrkorb 26 in den Raum zwischen den Fahrkorb-Führungsschienen 16 ein Ausleger 34 ausgeht.2 that a cantilever 34 extends from the car 26 into the space between the car guide rails 16.

Am oberen Querträger 18 sind eine Umlenkscheibe 36 für ein Fahrkorbseil 38 und eine Umlenkscheibe für ein Gegengewichtseil 40 drehbar angeordnet.A deflection plate 36 for a car cable 38 and a deflection plate for a counterweight cable 40 are rotatably arranged on the upper cross member 18.

Die Fahrkorbseile 38 verlaufen von der Treibscheibe 22 vertikal in Fig. 1 auf der linken Seite nach oben zur zugehörigen Umlenkscheibe 36 und von dort vertikal nach unten zum Ausleger 34. Auf der anderen Seite, d.h. in Fig. 1 auf der rechten Seite der Treibscheibe 22, verläuft das Gegengewichtseil 40 vertikal nach oben zur Umlenkscheibe 37 und verläuft von dort zum Gegengewicht 32, mit dem es verbunden ist. Die Seile verlaufen alle vertikal und insofern parallel. Insbesondere die Parallelführung des Fahrkorbseiles 38 ermöglicht sich durch die Ineinanderschachtelung der Umlenkscheiben 36 und 37 in Verbindung mit der Anordnung der Fahrkorbführungsschienen 16, der Treibscheibe 22, des Gegengewichtes 32, der Gegengewichtsführungsschienen 30, des Auslegers 34 und der Umlenkscheiben 36 und 37 im wesentlichen in einer vertikalen Ebene senkrecht zu den Drehachsen der Umlenkscheiben und der Treibscheibe, was die Unterbringung dieser Teile in einem beengten Raum neben dem Fahrkorb und an dem beschriebenen rahmenförmigen Gerüst erlaubt. Die Ineinanderschachtelung der Dreifach-Umlenkscheiben 36 und 37 ist insbesondere aus Fig. 3 ersichtlich.The car cables 38 run vertically downward from the traction sheave 22 in FIG. 1 on the left-hand side to the associated deflection pulley 36 and from there vertically downward to the boom 34. On the other side, i.e. In Fig. 1 on the right side of the traction sheave 22, the counterweight cable 40 runs vertically upward to the deflection sheave 37 and runs from there to the counterweight 32 to which it is connected. The ropes all run vertically and therefore parallel. In particular, the parallel guidance of the car cable 38 is made possible by nesting the deflection sheaves 36 and 37 in connection with the arrangement of the car guide rails 16, the drive pulley 22, the counterweight 32, the counterweight guide rails 30, the arm 34 and the deflection sheaves 36 and 37 essentially in one vertical plane perpendicular to the axes of rotation of the deflection sheaves and the traction sheave, which allows the accommodation of these parts in a confined space next to the car and on the frame-shaped structure described. The nesting of the triple deflection disks 36 and 37 can be seen in particular from FIG. 3.

Wie der Fig. 2 entnommen werden kann, ragt der Ausleger 34 in den Raum zwischen einer Führungsschiene 30 des Gegengewichtes und dem Seilverlauf des Gegengewichtseilabschnittes 40′ zwischen der Treibscheibe 22 und der Umlenkscheibe 37, ohne daß bei der Bewegung des Fahrkorbes eine Berührung der Teile zu befürchten wäre, obwohl die Teile auf engstem Raume angeordnet sind.As can be seen in Fig. 2, the boom 34 protrudes into the space between a guide rail 30 of the counterweight and the cable course of the counterweight cable section 40 'between the traction sheave 22 and the deflection pulley 37 without touching the parts during the movement of the car would be feared, although the parts are arranged in a confined space.

Claims (7)

  1. Elevator with a cage (26), a counterweight (32), a drive unit (24) at the bottom with driving pulley (22), a cable (38) for the cage (26) encompassing the driving pulley (22) and a guide pulley (36), and a cable (40) for the counterweight (32) encompassing a guide pulley (37), wherein
    a) the cage (26) is guided asymmetrically laterally according to a so-called rucksack system,
    b) counterweight (32), driving pulley (22), cage guide pulley (36) and counterweight guide pulley (37) are arranged aligned in a vertical plane adjacent to the cage (26) and along the adjacent side wall of the cage (26), and
    c) cage guide pulley (36) and counterweight guide pulley (37) overlap each other with their pulley faces in a direction transversely to their axes, and
    d) the cage (26) for cable suspension is provided with an arm (34) which is arranged between a counterweight guide (30) and a counterweight cable section (40') which runs between the driving pulley (22) and the counterweight guide pulley (37).
  2. Elevator according to claim 1, characterised in that each guide pulley (36, 37) consists of several pulleys arranged adjacent to each other, and several carrying cables arranged adjacent to each other are provided.
  3. Elevator according to claim 1, characterised in that the guide rails (16, 30) for the cage (26) and the counterweight (32), lying more or less in one plane, are provided in a common frame (14).
  4. Elevator according to claim 3, characterised in that on the common frame (14) are mounted the driving pulley (22), the drive unit (24) and the guide pulleys (36, 37).
  5. Elevator according to claims 3 and 4, characterised in that the frame (14) is formed by the guide rails (16) for the cage (26) and at least two U-shaped transverse carriers (18, 19, 20), and in that on transverse carriers are mounted in each case the guide rails for the counterweight (32), the drive unit (24) and driving pulley (22) and the guide pulleys (36, 37).
  6. Elevator according to claim 1, characterised in that the arm (34) is arranged beneath the cage (26).
  7. Elevator according to claim 1, characterised in that the arm (34) extends from the cage (26) into the space between the cage rails (16).
EP90108553A 1989-07-11 1990-05-07 Lift-driving mechanism Expired - Lifetime EP0410085B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3922798 1989-07-11
DE3922798A DE3922798C1 (en) 1989-07-11 1989-07-11

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EP0410085A2 EP0410085A2 (en) 1991-01-30
EP0410085A3 EP0410085A3 (en) 1992-07-08
EP0410085B1 true EP0410085B1 (en) 1995-09-20

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EP90108553A Expired - Lifetime EP0410085B1 (en) 1989-07-11 1990-05-07 Lift-driving mechanism

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DE (2) DE3922798C1 (en)

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DE29718047U1 (en) * 1997-10-10 1999-02-04 Vestner, Paul, 85748 Garching Elevator system
DE19902853C2 (en) * 1998-01-26 2001-10-11 Guenter Kintrup Passenger rope elevator
US7299896B1 (en) * 1998-09-29 2007-11-27 Otis Elevator Company Elevator system having drive motor located adjacent to hoistway door
US6848543B2 (en) 1998-10-30 2005-02-01 Otis Elevator Company Single wall interface traction elevator
WO2002090232A1 (en) * 2001-05-04 2002-11-14 Lift-Tech As Elevator structure
RU2007132738A (en) * 2006-08-31 2009-03-10 Инвенцио АГ (CH) LIFT WITH A CAB AND A COUNTERBALANCE AND A METHOD FOR PLACING A LIFT
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EP0410085A3 (en) 1992-07-08
DE59009678D1 (en) 1995-10-26
DE3922798C1 (en) 1990-09-20
EP0410085A2 (en) 1991-01-30

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