EP0391736A2 - Construction de mur submergé - Google Patents

Construction de mur submergé Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0391736A2
EP0391736A2 EP90303734A EP90303734A EP0391736A2 EP 0391736 A2 EP0391736 A2 EP 0391736A2 EP 90303734 A EP90303734 A EP 90303734A EP 90303734 A EP90303734 A EP 90303734A EP 0391736 A2 EP0391736 A2 EP 0391736A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bag
wall
course
boxes
shell
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP90303734A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0391736A3 (fr
Inventor
Ronald Jarman Bridle
Bernard Myles
Benjamin Isaac Georges Barr
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
University College Cardiff Consultants Ltd
Cardiff University
Original Assignee
University College Cardiff Consultants Ltd
Cardiff University
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by University College Cardiff Consultants Ltd, Cardiff University filed Critical University College Cardiff Consultants Ltd
Publication of EP0391736A2 publication Critical patent/EP0391736A2/fr
Publication of EP0391736A3 publication Critical patent/EP0391736A3/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/06—Moles; Piers; Quays; Quay walls; Groynes; Breakwaters ; Wave dissipating walls; Quay equipment
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B17/00—Artificial islands mounted on piles or like supports, e.g. platforms on raisable legs or offshore constructions; Construction methods therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
    • E02D29/0225—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill
    • E02D29/0241—Retaining or protecting walls comprising retention means in the backfill the retention means being reinforced earth elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
    • E02D29/06—Constructions, or methods of constructing, in water

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the construction of retaining walls underwater.
  • Retaining walls are required to be constructed underwater for various purposes, for example, in carrying out land reclamation, barrage and bridge construction, as well as in coastal protection work. Such walls may be straight sections or may be constructed so as to enclose a volume in order to create an artificial island.
  • GB-A-2 205 883 also proposes a method of constructing a wall whereby a polymer material sleeve is wrapped round a ring of guidelines. Each of the lines is weighted and the polymer material is fixed to each line so that, as the lines are lowered, the polymer material defines a retaining face for the final wall.
  • This technique suffers from the disadvantage that the prevailing currents in the water tend to cause the guidelines to be dragged out of vertical due to the lightness of the assembly being lowered. This limits the applicability of this technique to small constructions or to use in relatively calm waters.
  • the present invention provides a method of constructing an underwater wall which is built up in courses, each course being created in a buoyant shell, the shell of each course being connected to the shell of the next uppermost course. Using this method it is possible to control the construction from the surface.
  • the shells for the courses are successive, integral, folds of a concertina-folded bag of plastics material.
  • the bag is secured to the bed on which the wall is to rest and each fold released and filled to develop each course in succession from the bottom of the wall upwardly.
  • the bag can be allowed to submerge as each fold is filled to produce a course of the wall.
  • the shells for the separate courses are defined by buoyant - eg polymer concrete-boxes with open top and bottom faces, which are capable of being secured to each other laterally to create a course of any length.
  • the boxes also interconnect vertically.
  • the shell of each course can be assembled from boxes at the surface and then filled with hydraulic fill material. Before the course is totally submerged, the shell of the next course is connected to it. Because of the greater rigidity of the structure the wall tends to remain vertical as it is submerged.
  • the material used to weight the shells of the courses is preferably hydraulic fill material consisting of dredged material derived from the local area where the wall is being constructed which is pumped in a suspension in water into the shell.
  • Other filling materials may be employed.
  • the construction methods of the present invention will be described with reference to the construction of an artificial island.
  • the wall to be produced is a closed annular wall.
  • the methods are equally applicable to the construction of elongate walls for coastal protection works or similar.
  • the methods may also be used for the construction of a support as for a bridge pier.
  • a single bag as described in more detail with reference to Figures 1 - 3 may be employed.
  • This method makes use of a single concertina-folded polymer plastics bag to define the shells of vertically adjacent courses of a portion of the wall.
  • a number of such bags are used adjacent one another to form an elongate wall with the spaces between adjacent bags closed by the lateral earth pressure exerted by the filling of the bags.
  • a single bag with three filled shells defining three courses of a wall is illustrated in Figure 1.
  • the bag 2 is made of a strong polymer plastics material which is porous or perforate to allow water to pass through it as it sinks, or as material is added to its interior.
  • the bag 2 initially has its side walls concertina-folded with each fold being secured by a series of colour-coded twine straps 4 around the periphery of the bag.
  • the neck of the bag is defined by a buoyant rim 6.
  • This rim is preferably a glass-reinforced concrete (GRC) sprayed polystyrene rim.
  • GRC glass-reinforced concrete
  • an inflatable rim or a rim constructed of polymer concrete having a specific gravity of approximately 0.8 may be employed instead.
  • the base of the bag 2 is surrounded by a flange of matting 8 which carries artificial seaweed fronds 10.
  • the rim 6 provides pulley supports 12 for a series of ties 14 which have sections extending into the interior of the bag and outside the bag.
  • Each end of each tie 14 is anchored to the bed by a pin 16, which is preferably driven into the bed by means of a launcher driven by the pressure of compressed air.
  • a launcher driven by the pressure of compressed air.
  • an air launcher as promoted by Ryan International for use in the "soil nailing" technique may be employed.
  • Additional pins 16 may be used to secure the matting 8 to the bed. The use of such pins provides a secure foundation for the wall.
  • the pinning of the bag to the bed may be carried out from the surface by lowering the launchers on a winch rope closer to the bed.
  • the wall of the bag 2 may be double skinned as shown in Figure 2 in order to provide a cavity into which concrete may be pumped as the bag is filled in order to provide a more durable retaining surface to the filled bag on completion of the wall construction.
  • geogrids 18 may be incorporated into the interior of the bag and, optionally, secured to the interior of the bag by ties. Alternatively, the geogrids may be formed in the bag during manufacture.
  • the geogrids are preferably made of polymer material such as polyethylene or polypropylene or other geotextile such as TENSAR. A high strength metal mesh could also be employed as a reinforcing geogrid 18. However, geotextiles are cheaper and are more conveniently incorporated on site as the material is available in rolls.
  • the technique of filling the bag is referred to as "pulling up" as the bag is extended fold by fold upwardly as it is filled to define each course of the wall.
  • pairs of diametrically opposed bags are “pulled up” together.
  • the bags 2A and 2B as shown in Figure 3 could be pulled up simultaneously.
  • all of the bags 2A to 2H could be pulled up at the same time with intermediate bags 2 pulled up subsequently to fill the gaps between the bags 2A to 2H.
  • Each bag which is to be pulled up is first towed out to the required position and secured on the bed.
  • the bottom of the bag can be forced onto the bed by placing a heavy weight such as a concrete block in the bag when it is in position.
  • towing into position is preferably done at low tide.
  • the height of the rim 6 must be sufficient to allow the upper edge of the rim to float above the surface of the water while the base of the bag 2 is anchored to the bed by means of the ties 14 and anchor pins 16.
  • the ties 4 securing the lowermost fold of the bag are released and hydraulic fill material pumped into the interior of the bag.
  • a geogrid 18 may then be inserted.
  • Successive courses of the wall are built up by repeating the preceding steps. As the height of the wall under water increases, the rim 6 can be dismantled so that it does not project too far above the surface.
  • Figure 2 shows an intermediate stage in the pulling up of the bag 2 in which two courses have been completed. In Figure 1 three completed courses are shown. Once the wall has been completed to the required height concrete may be pumped into the space between the double skinned walls of the bag.
  • the interior space may be filled with hydraulic or other fill material and reinforced with geogrids.
  • the geogrids provides horizontal ties, either across the whole width of the island as shown in Figure 3 or tying the walls back to a distance sufficient to resist the shear forces exerted by water pressure on the retaining face of the wall as described in GB-A-2 205 883.
  • the filling of the island may take place at the same time as the courses of the wall are being built up.
  • a wall may be built up by placing bags one on top of another.
  • the structure may be completed by driving piles through it into the bed. This is facilitated by the fact that the pile driver can rest on a solid structure.
  • the described technique of building the wall in courses using a concertina-folded bag may still require a certain amount of diving assistance in some circumstances, particularly to secure the base of the bag to the bed in the first instance.
  • the technique described with reference to Figures 4 - 6 overcomes this disadvantage since, although the wall is constructed from the bottom up as before, the courses are each created at the surface. Therefore, this second method is more appropriate for walls which are required to have greater height, or where the water depth is not shallow at low tide.
  • each course is constructed from polymer concrete boxes 30.
  • Polymer concrete is chosen because it can be produced with a specific gravity of 0.8, that is lighter than water so that it will float.
  • Polymer concrete is made from polymers derived from vegetable or fish oils. The concrete is a mixture of the selected polymer and a filler such as sand or fly ash. The resulting concrete can be cast by pouring and the boxes 30 can be produced relatively cheaply.
  • the concrete is impermeable and has a tensile capacity of approximately 28N/m2. Its compressive strength is equal to that of high strength concrete.
  • the concrete also has high insulation values and can be reinforced with fibre to increase allowable stress.
  • the proposed concrete boxes 30 shown in Figure 4 are simple fabrications of 4 polymer concrete panels provided with fixing means 32 whereby the boxes can be interconnected laterally and vertically.
  • the fixing means may comprise coupling ties 32 which slot into receiving holes in adjacent faces of the boxes.
  • the boxes may also be bolted together through adjacent side walls as shown at 34 in Figure 4 and 36 in Figure 5 where adjacent courses are interconnected vertically. It is preferred that the fixing means for vertical interconnection allow a push-fit type of connection so that the courses can readily be assembled together at the surface from a vessel.
  • the adjacent courses of boxes are staggered relative to one another in order to produce a conventional type of bonding so that there is no continuous vertical joint extending up the entire height of the wall.
  • the boxes 30 in the lowermost course of a wall each has attached to its base a polymer plastics bag 36, which provides a closure at its open base.
  • the wall descends in a substantially vertical path.
  • the purpose of the bags 36 can be seen in Figure 6B which shows the manner in which the bags compensate for variations in the depth of the bed over the length of the wall. If surveys show that sea bed fluctuates in depth to a greater extent than can be accommodated by the use of bags 36, it may be necessary for the initial courses to be of staggered length in order that subsequent courses remain horizontal.
  • the polymer boxes may be secured to geogrids 38 by connectors 40.
  • the geogrids are used to reinforce the filling material placed behind the retaining wall.
  • the grids may extend horizontally across the entire island or, alternatively, they may be secured to an internal wall at a sufficient distance behind the retaining face of the wall to resist the shear forces of the water.
  • a flange of matting 42 carrying artificial seaweed can be connected to the boxes or polymer bags 36 at the base of the lowermost course of the wall.
  • the matting can be anchored by pins as described with reference to the first embodiment.
  • the purpose of the artificial seaweed is to entrap debris in the water and provide a protective mound of polymer reinforced earth around the base of the wall. This mound serves to reduce the velocity of water striking the wall and thereby protects the base of the wall from erosion damage.
  • Ties may be used to secure the wall to the bed during construction in order to minimise drifting, particularly during the early stages of construction. It will be noted that the stiffness of the wall increases as each course is added. With this method of construction, it is possible to partially construct the wall away from its intended site and then tow it into position before completion of the final courses.
  • any other lightweight material may be used to define the shells for the courses.
  • boxes may be made of glass reinforced concrete or even of steel provided with some buoyant material to give an equivalent specific gravity of around 0.8. However, room must be left to allow the units to be filled with the hydraulic fill or other filling material.
  • the rim 50 may be an inflatable structure in which additional compartments may be inflated to increase the buoyancy.
  • FIG. 8A An alternative rim structure is illustrated in Figure 8A.
  • a buoyant section 56 of the rim supports the neck of the bag above it so that the submerging courses are given lateral stability by their engagement with the edges of the buoyant rim 56.
  • Such a rim may be made of GRC coated polystyrene.
  • geogrids 58 may extend in a vertical plane through the bag. Preferably such grids are incorporated during the manufacture of the bag and, being flexible, will fold up internally when the bag is concertina folded.
  • the geogrids 58 are visible in the plan view of Figure 8B and are shown tying opposing walls of the bag to one another. Horizontal ties 52 to tie the wall back into the interior fill material are preferably secured to the bag at the same locations as the internal vertical geogrids.
  • the upper surface of the wall may be protected by precast concrete edging sections in order to prevent damage from erosion.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
EP19900303734 1989-04-07 1990-04-06 Construction de mur submergé Withdrawn EP0391736A3 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB8907855A GB2230038A (en) 1989-04-07 1989-04-07 Underwater wall construction
GB8907855 1989-04-07

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0391736A2 true EP0391736A2 (fr) 1990-10-10
EP0391736A3 EP0391736A3 (fr) 1992-05-06

Family

ID=10654620

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19900303734 Withdrawn EP0391736A3 (fr) 1989-04-07 1990-04-06 Construction de mur submergé

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EP (1) EP0391736A3 (fr)
GB (1) GB2230038A (fr)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007013825A1 (fr) * 2005-07-29 2007-02-01 Artificial Surf Reefs Limited Barriere artificielle et procede de construction de barriere artificielle
WO2015059515A1 (fr) * 2013-10-21 2015-04-30 Scheel Hans J Construction de pont à double ponton de barrières immergées et de routes au large
WO2016008710A1 (fr) 2014-07-15 2016-01-21 Sinn Power Gmbh Moule de coffrage de corps-mort

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2008744A1 (fr) * 1968-05-17 1970-01-23 Hydro Betong Ab
FR2193400A5 (fr) * 1972-07-21 1974-02-15 Tech Etud S Ste Gl
EP0060578A1 (fr) * 1981-03-13 1982-09-22 Akzo N.V. Méthode pour former une élévation, partiellement ou complètement sous l'eau, une élévation formée par cette méthode et des moyens de retenue employés pour la formation de cette élévation
GB2106158A (en) * 1981-08-18 1983-04-07 U E B Indistries Limited Permanent formwork

Family Cites Families (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1054659A (fr) *
GB894674A (en) * 1957-08-24 1962-04-26 Nederlanden Staat Improvements in or relating to dykes, embankments or groynes and methods for constructing the same
US3396545A (en) * 1965-04-07 1968-08-13 Tech Inc Const Method of forming concrete bodies
DK141256B (da) * 1967-03-07 1980-02-11 Erik Nielsen Fremgangsmåde til hindring af kysterosion.
GB1424111A (en) * 1973-02-07 1976-02-11 Turzillo L A Method for producing sub-aqueous and other cast-in-place concrete structures in situ
DE2725552C2 (de) * 1977-06-07 1982-10-28 Colcrete-Bau Gmbh & Co Kg, 2902 Rastede Vorrichtung zum Verlegen und gleichzeitigen Verfüllen von im Wasserbau verwendeten Gewebehüllen mit schweren fließfähigen Stoffen bzw. Stoffgemischen
GB2065205A (en) * 1979-11-02 1981-06-24 Burdett D F C Protection of underwater structures

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2008744A1 (fr) * 1968-05-17 1970-01-23 Hydro Betong Ab
FR2193400A5 (fr) * 1972-07-21 1974-02-15 Tech Etud S Ste Gl
EP0060578A1 (fr) * 1981-03-13 1982-09-22 Akzo N.V. Méthode pour former une élévation, partiellement ou complètement sous l'eau, une élévation formée par cette méthode et des moyens de retenue employés pour la formation de cette élévation
GB2106158A (en) * 1981-08-18 1983-04-07 U E B Indistries Limited Permanent formwork

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2007013825A1 (fr) * 2005-07-29 2007-02-01 Artificial Surf Reefs Limited Barriere artificielle et procede de construction de barriere artificielle
WO2015059515A1 (fr) * 2013-10-21 2015-04-30 Scheel Hans J Construction de pont à double ponton de barrières immergées et de routes au large
WO2016008710A1 (fr) 2014-07-15 2016-01-21 Sinn Power Gmbh Moule de coffrage de corps-mort
DE102014213760A1 (de) * 2014-07-15 2016-02-18 Sinn Power Gmbh Muringsteinschalungsform
DE102014213760B4 (de) * 2014-07-15 2016-09-22 Sinn Power Gmbh Muringsteinschalungsform

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0391736A3 (fr) 1992-05-06
GB8907855D0 (en) 1989-05-24
GB2230038A (en) 1990-10-10

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