EP0390227B1 - Elektrozaungerät - Google Patents

Elektrozaungerät Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0390227B1
EP0390227B1 EP90109787A EP90109787A EP0390227B1 EP 0390227 B1 EP0390227 B1 EP 0390227B1 EP 90109787 A EP90109787 A EP 90109787A EP 90109787 A EP90109787 A EP 90109787A EP 0390227 B1 EP0390227 B1 EP 0390227B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pulse
pulse generator
voltage
electric
fence
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90109787A
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0390227A2 (de
EP0390227A3 (en
Inventor
Wilhelm Weinreich
Heinrich Schmidt
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Horizont Geraetewerk GmbH
Original Assignee
Horizont Geraetewerk GmbH
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Publication date
Application filed by Horizont Geraetewerk GmbH filed Critical Horizont Geraetewerk GmbH
Publication of EP0390227A2 publication Critical patent/EP0390227A2/de
Publication of EP0390227A3 publication Critical patent/EP0390227A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0390227B1 publication Critical patent/EP0390227B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05C—ELECTRIC CIRCUITS OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY DESIGNED FOR USE IN EQUIPMENT FOR KILLING, STUNNING, OR GUIDING LIVING BEINGS
    • H05C1/00—Circuits or apparatus for generating electric shock effects
    • H05C1/04—Circuits or apparatus for generating electric shock effects providing pulse voltages

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an electric fence device for generating electric fence pulses, which contains at least two pulse generators connected to the same electric fence and which can be operated at the same time, each of the two pulse generators determining a complete oscillation system, each with one pulse transformer, which determines the energy content of the electrical pulse placed on the electric fence by the respective pulse generator, contains an energy storage capacitor and a switching element that switches the energy storage capacitor for discharging via the primary winding of the pulse transformer.
  • An electric fence device is known from EP 0 179 435 A2, in which two identical pulse generator circuit arrangements are provided, one of which is connected to the electric fence via a high-voltage diode and the other via an ohmic resistor as an additional impedance and a high-voltage diode.
  • the purpose of this arrangement is to generate pairs of pulses on the electric fence.
  • the peak voltage of each pair's pulse is much more dependent on the electrical load on the fence than the pulse given directly to the fence.
  • the comparison of the two impulses of each pair gives a statement about the current electrical load on the fence. An interaction of the two impulses in the sense of a mutual reinforcement is not achieved and is not intended there either.
  • a pulse generator is known from DE 30 09 838 C2, in which the energy storage capacitor, pulse transformer and Given the capacitance of the vibration system, a weak energy pulse used as the first pulse is caused by the transient process of the vibration system, whereby this first pulse, which is guided by the leakage inductance of the pulse transformer, depends to a very large extent on the current electrical load on the fence and is used to develop a low electrical load on the fence abort the high-energy impulse from the main vibration of the vibration system prematurely or allow the development of the high-energy impulse from the main vibration at higher electrical fence loads.
  • the aim of this pulse generator is to significantly reduce the energy consumption for the operation of the energizer. Mutual reinforcement of the first impulse and the main impulse is neither sought nor achieved.
  • an electric fence device in which a single pulse generator circuit arrangement is provided and from this circuit arrangement a flat post-pulse following the generated pulse is to be derived in order to thereby increase the pulse duration.
  • the aim is to increase the energy content of the impulses given to the electric fence somewhat while circumventing existing safety regulations, whereby a solution known from DE-AS 1 514 726 for dressage devices is assumed. In such dressage devices, which are attached directly to the body of the animal to be trained, the pulse duration and thus the shock effect of the pulse should be increased by a subsequent pulse of lower voltage.
  • the invention is concerned with the problem that in electric fence devices a limit has been reached with regard to the energy given in each electric fence pulse, and yet, under unfavorable conditions in the interest of safety, increased energy in each pulse would be desirable.
  • electric fencing devices operated from the electrical supply network the amount of energy given to the electrical impulses in unfavorable conditions is already approaching the hazard limit for humans and animals, so that a noteworthy increase in the pulse energy in such devices should no longer be considered.
  • the energy content of the impulses is limited by the amount of energy available in a dry battery or in an accumulator, which should be sufficient for the longest possible period of time during operation of the energizer, if possible over the entire herding period.
  • an electric fence device could be equipped with two pulse generators, the first of which, as in EP 179 435 A2, is designed for normal operation of the electric fence and the second, in contrast to EP 179 435 A2 could be designed much stronger than the first pulse generator and switched on as an amplifier if the electrical load on the electric fence, in particular a drop in the fence insulation, exceeds the performance of the first pulse generator.
  • the above-mentioned danger limit would be exceeded or a battery of this size would be used for battery-operated energizers required, which is inadequate in terms of manageability and price for such energizers.
  • this object is achieved by that the first pulse generator of the energizer is provided with an oscillation system for generating electrical high-voltage pulses with a longer pulse duration and the second pulse generator with an oscillation system for generating electrical high-voltage pulses with a significantly shorter pulse duration, the oscillation system of the second pulse generator having a substantially lower internal impedance than the oscillation system of the first pulse generator is formed and that the first pulse generator contains devices for energy recovery (recovery diode), the secondary winding of the pulse transformer in the first pulse generator being connected directly and the secondary winding of the pulse transformer in the second pulse generator being connected to the electric fence via a high-voltage diode.
  • the particular advantage achieved by the invention is that the electrical pulses corresponding to the previous electric fence pulses of longer pulse duration can still be used under favorable and normal operating conditions.
  • electric fence impulses of the second type namely electrical impulses of noticeably shorter pulse duration, are also effective.
  • These electrical impulses are of the second kind according to the invention considerably less dependent on the state of the electrical load on the electric fence than the electrical impulses of the first type.
  • the mixed use of electrical impulses with a longer pulse duration and electrical impulses with a shorter pulse duration offers the advantage of different physiological effects on the animals to be guarded.
  • the electrical impulses of short pulse duration produce the physiological impression of a sting in the animals to be guarded.
  • the dependency of the peak voltage of the pulses of a longer pulse duration on the operating conditions results in a dependence in the sensitivity of an electric shock on the current electrical load on the fence, while the high voltage pulses of a shorter pulse duration always have a practically independent sensation of a bite due to their very low dependence on the operating conditions mediate, but the sensation of a sting alone will generally not be sufficient to ensure the desired security.
  • the safety of the hat is sufficient when electric shock and puncture interact, even if the sensation of an electric shock is very largely weakened.
  • the direct galvanic connection between the secondary winding of the pulse transformer and the electric fence initially fears that the electrical pulses coming from the second pulse generator of shorter pulse duration could flow off via the pulse transformer of the first pulse generator.
  • the pulse pulse formed in the first pulse generator is larger for the generation of electrical pulses designed oscillation circuit is a very high impedance for the high-voltage pulses coming from the second pulse generator of shorter pulse duration.
  • the design can be provided in practice so that the output of the pulse generator for high-voltage pulses of the larger pulse duration as a lock for the high-voltage pulses of the shorter pulse duration generated by the pulse generator Forms a low-pass filter.
  • the safety conditions can still be fully met if the pulses emitted by the first pulse generator with a low R load (fence insulation 5000 ⁇ and more) of the electric fence peak voltages up to 10,000 V with a pulse duration between 80 microseconds and 300 ⁇ s and the pulses emitted by the second pulse generator have peak voltages between 3000 V and 5000 V with a pulse duration of approximately 5 ⁇ s to 50 ⁇ s.
  • a particularly expedient design of the electric fence device can, however, provide that the oscillation system of the first pulse generator for generating electric pulses with a low R-load (fence insulation 5000 ⁇ and more) of the electric fence peak voltage at about 4000 V to 7000 V and temporal pulse width at about 100 ⁇ s is formed, while the vibration system of the second pulse generator for the generation of electrical pulses with peak voltage at about 3000 V to 5000 V and pulse width at about 5 to 10 ⁇ s both at low R-load (fence insulation 5000 and more) and at medium and high R-load (fence insulation below 5000 ⁇ to below 500 ⁇ ).
  • the possibility, at least in the oscillation system for generating energy-loaded pulses with a longer pulse duration before the actual energy-loaded pulse, to produce a transient process in connection with the invention has the particular importance that the transient process is not only dependent on the load condition of the device, as in DE 30 09 838 C2 Electric fencing either prevents or permits the development of the subsequent energy-laden pulse, but also gives the option of also acting on the control device of the overall generator in such a way that, depending on the desired setting on these control devices, the transient process can also suppress the generation of the high-voltage pulses of shorter pulse duration.
  • the electric fence device according to the invention can be designed to be particularly energy-saving.
  • the vibration systems of both pulse generators are designed to charge their energy storage capacitors to the same electrical voltage, while the electrical capacitance of the Energy storage capacitor in the first pulse generator can be significantly larger than the electrical capacity of the energy storage capacitor in the second pulse generator.
  • the electrical capacity of the energy storage capacitor in the first pulse generator can be between about double to ten times the electrical capacity of the energy storage capacitor in the second pulse generator. Since the mutual inductance of the pulse transformer is also decisive for the frequency of the electrical vibrations generated in the vibration system, a pulse transformer can also be provided in the second pulse generator, which is much lower than in the first pulse generator.
  • the vibration system in the first pulse generator it is also possible to design the vibration system in the first pulse generator to charge its energy storage capacitor to a higher electrical voltage than the vibration system in the second pulse generator. Since the electrical energy contained in the energy storage capacitor is dependent on the square of the electrical voltage applied to the energy storage capacitor, the electrical energy absorbed by the energy storage capacitor and converted in the vibration system can also be adjusted in this way. However, since the pulse duration depends on the frequency of the electrical oscillation generated in the oscillation system and this in turn on the mutual inductance, in such a case a pulse transformer with a significantly lower mutual inductance would have to be used in the second pulse generator than in the first pulse generator.
  • the pulse transformer in the second pulse generator can also be designed with a close electrical coupling between its primary winding and its secondary winding and only a small scattering factor.
  • the control devices for the pulse generators can be designed within the scope of the invention to set the vibration systems with a time offset for the generation of the respective pulse in accordance with the respectively desired time assignment of the pulses.
  • the control device is preferably designed or made adjustable in such a way that the pulses of the two pulse generators are arranged in such a time sequence that they result in optimal functional interaction, for example in the sense of ionizing the air present on and in the animal fur and transmitting the energy of the second occurring impulse via the electrical conduction path thus created to the animal to be deterred.
  • the pulse generator for high-voltage pulses of short pulse duration should preferably only be switched on when the fence load has fallen below a certain resistance value, e.g. 5 k ⁇ .
  • the energy-loaded pulses with a longer pulse duration are naturally more strongly damped with ohmic fence loading than the high-voltage pulses with a short and very short pulse duration. This means that the peak voltage of the energy-loaded pulse of longer pulse duration is reduced to 1000 V with, for example, 500 ⁇ insulation resistance with decreasing fence insulation.
  • the high-voltage pulse of short or very short pulse duration from the second pulse generator determines the voltage level with decreasing insulation resistances of the electric fence, since it remains practically undamped, with the result that a basic pulse of a longer pulse duration of low peak voltage and an electrical needle pulse of high peak voltage occur at e.g. 500 insulation resistance.
  • control devices for the vibration systems can be designed to keep the pulse generator switched off for generating pulses of short pulse duration under good and normal operating conditions and only under such operating conditions turn on, under which the pulses generated by the first pulse generator of greater pulse duration are significantly attenuated. In this way, the optimal energy-saving interaction of the two different impulses is guaranteed.
  • the control devices for the oscillation systems can be designed to continuously determine the electrical fence load or the electrical insulation resistance of the fence to earth and if the temperature falls below a specifically defined threshold value Insulation resistance (eg 5 k ⁇ ) to put the second pulse generator into operation for the generation of high-voltage pulses with a short pulse duration.
  • Insulation resistance eg 5 k ⁇
  • This determination of the electric fence load can take place on the basis of the degree of discharge of the energy storage capacitor occurring with each pulse generation or also on the basis of the time for the recharging of the energy storage capacitor.
  • the high-voltage pulse of short pulse duration is to be triggered first after the first pulse triggering the control is intended within the scope of the invention for the next one Pulse pair a change of time take place in such a way that the high-voltage pulse of short pulse duration is combined with the energy-loaded pulse of longer pulse duration.
  • control devices for the pulse generators be designed to trigger such a high-voltage pulse immediately after the end of the energy-loaded pulse with a longer pulse duration when the pulse generator for high-voltage pulses with a short pulse duration is started, and to trigger the next pulse combination for delivery of the high-voltage pulse with a short pulse duration in the range of the voltage maximum of the energy-loaded pulse with a longer pulse duration to set up.
  • the second single pulse i.e. the high-voltage pulse of short pulse duration
  • the second single pulse is shifted in time so that it is placed on the energy-laden single pulse, preferably on the apex or in the vicinity of the next periodic double pulse.
  • it can also occur in the initial phase of the energy-loaded pulse with a longer pulse duration.
  • the invention offers the possibility of carrying out a meaningful fence check without any significant additional expense, in that the activation of the second pulse is indicated optically or acoustically.
  • Conventional electric fence devices have so far not shown any serious changes in the condition of the fence.
  • the electric fence device is an electric fence device which is fed from a dry battery or wet battery (accumulator).
  • the electric fence device has a power supply part 1, which the incoming supply voltage, i.e. converts the DC voltage of the battery and ensures a suitable supply for the downstream modules.
  • a DC-DC converter 2 is connected to the power supply part 1 and converts the generally low supply voltage of the battery (DC voltage 6 V, 9 V or 12 V) into a DC voltage of, for example, 350 V to 400 V.
  • the DC-DC converter 2 is connected to a control module 3.
  • the electric fence device also contains an evaluation unit 4 and a clock generator 5 for the two pulse generators 6 and 7.
  • An electric fence is connected to the two pulse generators 6 and 7, which with a low R load (vegetation-free state without animal contact) is replaced by a electrical capacitor 8 is shown.
  • the capacitance of the electrical capacitor 8 is assumed to be 10nF per 1 km of fence length. If there is a medium R load (reduction of the fence insulation due to vegetation on the electric fence), this is represented by an ohmic resistance 9 of 5000 ⁇ , for example, connected in parallel with the electrical capacitor, in order to simulate a specific vegetation situation on the fence. With very heavy growth and in contact with animals, a high R-load can occur, for example, the fence insulation can drop to 5000 ⁇ or less.
  • Each of the two pulse generators 6 and 7 contains in the example shown a pulse transformer Tr1 or Tr2, an energy storage capacitor C1 or C2 and a discharge switch S1 or S2 to the energy storage capacitor C1 or C2 via the primary winding W11 or W12 of the respective pulse transformer Tr1 or to discharge Tr2.
  • the switches S1 and S2 are controlled electronic switches, for example thyristors, as indicated at Th in Figure 2.
  • the secondary windings W21 and W22 of the pulse transformers Tr1 and Tr2 are connected to the electric fence, namely that a high-voltage diode D3 is inserted between the secondary winding W22 and the electric fence on the pulse generator 7.
  • Each energy storage capacitor C1 or C2 is charged via a diode D1 or D2 from the same DC-DC converter 2 ago, so brought to the same charging voltage.
  • the two pulse generators 6 and 7 differ in that the pulse generator 6 is designed for the generation of high-energy pulses.
  • the pulse transformer Tr2 is designed with a much closer coupling of its two windings W12 and W22, so that the loss factor or the leakage inductance Ls2 can be lower, ie 1 to 2% of the transformer inductance.
  • the pulse transformer Tr2 of the second pulse generator 7 can also be made smaller and with a lower inductance than that of the first pulse generator 6.
  • FIG. 3 shows the electrical circuit diagram (equivalent circuit diagram) which corresponds to the pulse generator 6 according to FIG. 1.
  • L is the equivalent equivalent inductance of the pulse transformer Tr1
  • L is the equivalent inductance of the leakage inductance of the pulse transformer Tr1 and R the equivalent resistance.
  • the energy storage capacitor C1 be charged to the voltage U1.
  • An ignition pulse makes the thyristor Th conductive.
  • the energy storage capacitor C1 is connected in parallel to the primary winding of the pulse transformer.
  • the equivalent inductance L is large compared to the equivalent leakage inductance Ls, so that the impedance of the path Ls, R, Cz is significantly smaller than the impedance of the path over L.
  • the discharge circuit is closed, an electrical vibration sets in. Because of the smaller values of Ls compared to L and Cz compared to C1, the frequency of this first oscillation is high.
  • the current passes into a second oscillation, which is determined by the capacitance of the energy storage capacitor C 1, the equivalent inductance L of the pulse transformer and the equivalent resistor R.
  • the frequency of this second oscillation is therefore significantly less than the frequency of the first Vibration.
  • a certain amount of electrical energy is stored in the storage capacitor (0.5 C1U12).
  • the sizes of the equivalent leakage inductance Ls, the equivalent resistance R and the secondary capacitance Cz (for example the capacitor 8 indicating the electric fence), as well as the release time of the thyristor Th are selected so that the thyristor is blocked by the negative half-wave of the first oscillation of the transient process.
  • the ignition pulse must have expired at this point in time so that the ignition pulse does not keep the thyristor open.
  • the discharge process of the energy storage capacitor C 1 is interrupted. It is then taken from the energy storage capacitor C1 only as much energy as is necessary to charge the secondary-side capacitance (8 or Cz).
  • the energy emitted by the energy storage capacitor C1 is supplied from the upstream energy source or supplemented by early energy recovery.
  • a bleeder resistor Rz or, in the case of fence vegetation, a bleeder resistor 9 is connected in parallel to the fence capacitance Cz or 8. This leads to a strong damping of the first oscillation, the second half-wave of the first oscillation becoming significantly smaller or no longer appearing. Thyristor Th is no longer blocked. The energy of the energy storage capacitor C1 is now fully discharged via the resistance Rz of the animal body or the resistance 9 of the vegetation.
  • the following functional sequence results for the entire electric fence device according to FIG. 1:
  • the device is only loaded with the capacitance 8. If the circuit arrangement is connected to the power supply, only the first pulse generator 6 initially runs. Voltage pulses of the type explained above are applied to the fence at intervals of approximately 1 s.
  • Figure 1 shows, the periodically actuated by the clock 5 via its output a switch S1 is bridged with an energy recovery diode D4. After the first half-wave of the transient, the switch S1 interrupted again.
  • Figure 4 shows the curve of the voltage across the energy storage capacitor C1 with practically purely capacitive fence loading and in dashed lines with capacitive and ohmic fence loading.
  • the function-related voltage drop depends on the amount of energy withdrawn briefly. If the electric fence (capacitor 8) absorbs all the energy from the energy storage capacitor C1, the zero line is reached, which marks about the maximum of the fence to be connected. A superimposed oscillation can also occur here, the apex of which falls below the zero line.
  • the zero line is reached. Then the voltage across the energy storage capacitor C 1 gradually increases (dashed line in Figures 4 and 5).
  • the different voltage curve according to FIG. 4 and FIG. 5 serves as a criterion for triggering the second pulse generator 7.
  • a plurality of evaluation points or evaluation lines can be set up for this. According to Figure 4, the line X1 intended. If the capacitor voltage falls below the level X 1, for example, the evaluation logic housed in the evaluation unit 4 gives the start command to the clock generator 5 for the switch S 2 in the second pulse generator 7 and triggers a narrow pulse of high peak voltage there. As shown in FIG.
  • the narrow pulse of high voltage that occurs when it is triggered is naturally behind the expiration of the wide pulse that triggers it from the first pulse generator 6.
  • the following narrow high-voltage pulses can preferably be placed, for example, on the apex or in the vicinity of the wide, energy-laden pulse coming from the first pulse generator 6. This results in a partial summation of both voltages, so that the total voltage is significantly higher than the highest partial voltage.
  • the narrow, needle-shaped pulse at the beginning of the broad energy-loaded pulse or, as shown in FIG. 2, at the end of the broad energy-loaded pulse, by appropriate actuation of the setting device 10.
  • the combined effect of the mutually assigned impulses can be adapted to the respective circumstances and the respective application.
  • the energy per pulse combination is almost exclusively in the lower main pulse. It is adapted to the performance of the battery used.
  • the peak value of the energy-laden, wide pulse still reaches a maximum of 1000 V, which is no longer sufficient to generate an electrical spark on an animal touching the fence.
  • the second, practical Energy storage capacitor C1 prevailing voltage it is also important in this case to delay the start of the evaluation if it is to be achieved that only the drop below a leakage resistance on the fence, ie the exceeding of an R-load threshold, is evaluated and to trigger the narrow one , needle-shaped high-voltage pulses of the second pulse generator 7 is to be used.
  • the delay must be selected so that the rapid swinging through of the capacitor voltage with a predominant C load on the electric fence is completed before the evaluation is started.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
  • Catching Or Destruction (AREA)
  • Generation Of Surge Voltage And Current (AREA)
EP90109787A 1987-08-20 1988-08-18 Elektrozaungerät Expired - Lifetime EP0390227B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19873727787 DE3727787A1 (de) 1987-08-20 1987-08-20 Generator zur erzeugung von elektrozaunimpulsen
DE3727787 1987-08-20
EP88113379A EP0304045B1 (de) 1987-08-20 1988-08-18 Elektrozaungerät

Related Parent Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88113379A Division-Into EP0304045B1 (de) 1987-08-20 1988-08-18 Elektrozaungerät
EP88113379A Division EP0304045B1 (de) 1987-08-20 1988-08-18 Elektrozaungerät
EP88113379.7 Division 1988-08-18

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0390227A2 EP0390227A2 (de) 1990-10-03
EP0390227A3 EP0390227A3 (en) 1990-12-27
EP0390227B1 true EP0390227B1 (de) 1994-10-19

Family

ID=6334132

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88113379A Expired - Lifetime EP0304045B1 (de) 1987-08-20 1988-08-18 Elektrozaungerät
EP90109787A Expired - Lifetime EP0390227B1 (de) 1987-08-20 1988-08-18 Elektrozaungerät

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88113379A Expired - Lifetime EP0304045B1 (de) 1987-08-20 1988-08-18 Elektrozaungerät

Country Status (2)

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EP (2) EP0304045B1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)
DE (3) DE3727787A1 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html)

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2787964B1 (fr) * 1998-12-23 2001-03-23 Lacme Electrificateur de cloture, a transformateur en faible masse
ATE362304T1 (de) 2004-11-25 2007-06-15 Ako Agrartech Gmbh & Co Kg Weidezaungerät
NZ540066A (en) * 2005-06-23 2007-02-23 Gallagher Group Ltd Improvements in and relating to electric fence systems

Family Cites Families (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1514726B1 (de) * 1965-06-24 1973-02-01 Schecker Geb Block Schaltung zur Erzeugung von Schreckspannungsimpulsen zur Dressur von Tieren
DE3009838C2 (de) * 1980-03-14 1982-09-23 Horizont Gerätewerk GmbH, 3540 Korbach Impulsgenerator
DE3439015A1 (de) * 1984-10-25 1986-04-30 Horizont Gerätewerk GmbH, 3540 Korbach Elektrozaungeraet
NZ219542A (en) * 1986-07-04 1989-04-26 Gallagher Electronics Ltd Electric fence energiser with multiple pulse generators

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0304045B1 (de) 1992-01-02
EP0390227A2 (de) 1990-10-03
DE3727787C2 (GUID-C5D7CC26-194C-43D0-91A1-9AE8C70A9BFF.html) 1991-11-07
DE3867377D1 (de) 1992-02-13
DE3727787A1 (de) 1989-03-02
EP0390227A3 (en) 1990-12-27
EP0304045A1 (de) 1989-02-22
DE3851895D1 (de) 1994-11-24

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