EP0384394A2 - Sauger für eine Säuglingsflasche - Google Patents

Sauger für eine Säuglingsflasche Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0384394A2
EP0384394A2 EP90103239A EP90103239A EP0384394A2 EP 0384394 A2 EP0384394 A2 EP 0384394A2 EP 90103239 A EP90103239 A EP 90103239A EP 90103239 A EP90103239 A EP 90103239A EP 0384394 A2 EP0384394 A2 EP 0384394A2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nipple
nursing bottle
papilla
body portion
check valve
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP90103239A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0384394B1 (de
EP0384394A3 (de
Inventor
Reiko Sakashita
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Original Assignee
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd filed Critical Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co Ltd
Publication of EP0384394A2 publication Critical patent/EP0384394A2/de
Publication of EP0384394A3 publication Critical patent/EP0384394A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0384394B1 publication Critical patent/EP0384394B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J11/00—Teats
    • A61J11/001—Teats having means for regulating the flow rate
    • A61J11/0015—Teats having means for regulating the flow rate by size or shape of the opening
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J11/00—Teats
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61J—CONTAINERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR MEDICAL OR PHARMACEUTICAL PURPOSES; DEVICES OR METHODS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR BRINGING PHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS INTO PARTICULAR PHYSICAL OR ADMINISTERING FORMS; DEVICES FOR ADMINISTERING FOOD OR MEDICINES ORALLY; BABY COMFORTERS; DEVICES FOR RECEIVING SPITTLE
    • A61J11/00—Teats
    • A61J11/001—Teats having means for regulating the flow rate
    • A61J11/002—Teats having means for regulating the flow rate by using valves

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a new nipple for a nursing bottle through which a baby can take milk with a chewing type muscle action.
  • the first stage corresponds to a period during which the basic muscle force of masticatory system is obtained, at the same time, the pattern of chewing movement is acquired.
  • a hollow body portion 83 is formed between a hemispherical papilla portion 80 provided with a milk sucking hole 81 and a flange-shaped connecting portion 82 connected to a neck portion of the nursing bottle, as shown in Fig. 3.
  • the baby can take the milk in the nursing bottle through the sucking hole 81 by performing a sucking operation with the above papilla portion 80 being kept in its mouth. More specifically, the baby can take the milk by entirely performing the sucking operation.
  • the inventor of the present application has found that the masticatory system of bottle fed infants are not sufficiently developed because a chewing operation is not required to take artificial milk.
  • the masticatory system of breast fed infants are satisfactorily developed because chewing type muscle action is required to take mother's milk.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a nipple for a nursing bottle through which a bottle fed baby can take drinks by not a sucking operation but by a chewing type muscle action so that the masticatory system of the baby should be satisfactorily developed.
  • a nipple for a nursing bottle such as follows:
  • a nipple comprises a connecting portion connected to a neck portion of the nursing bottle, a hollow body portion which is contiguous to the connecting portion, a papilla portion which is contiguous to the body portion, a dispensing hole through which drinks are sended out from the papilla portion, and a check valve provided inside of the body portion for stopping the circulation of the drinks by compressing the body portion and/or the papilla portion, and allow the circulation of the drinks with the compression of the body portion and/or the papilla portion being released.
  • the above described check valve comprises a diaphragm for partitioning the inside of the body portion and a slit formed in the diaphragm.
  • the diaphragm has a spherical shape.
  • flat sidewalls opposed to each other are formed in the papilla portion and/or the body portion, and the slit is formed in parallel with the above flat sidewalls.
  • the nipple may comprise an outer member and an inner member removably fitted to the inside of the outer member, and the check valve may be formed in the inner member.
  • the check valve may be formed in the inner member.
  • the check valve allows the circulation of the drink with the compression of the body portion and/or the papilla portion being released. Accordingly, the drink such as milk in the nursing bottle can be introduced into the papilla portion side through the check valve. In this state, if the nipple is shrunken by chewing the body portion and/or the papilla portion, the check valve stops the circulation of the drink. Accordingly, the drink introduced into the papilla portion side can be sent into the mouth through the dispensing hole in the papilla portion. Consequently, a baby can sequentially take the drink contained in the nursing bottle by repeatedly chewing the body portion and/or the papilla portion in the nipple.
  • the structure of the check valve can be simplified.
  • the check valve has desired resistance of pressure.
  • the check valve has desired resistance of pressure.
  • the direction of the nipple in a case where the baby is made hold the nipple in its mouth can be easily identified.
  • the baby can easily chew the body portion.
  • the nipple comprises an outer member and an inner member removably fitted to the inside of the outer member and the check valve is formed in the inner member, the inside of the outer member on the papilla portion side can be easily and effectively cleaned by removing the inner member from the outer member.
  • the inner member can be easily prevented from coming off the outer member.
  • Fig. 1 is a cross sectional view illustrating a nipple A for a nursing bottle according to the present invention.
  • a hollow hemispherical papilla portion 1 and a flange-shaped connecting portion 3 connected to a neck portion B1 of a nursing bottle B are continuously connected to each other smoothly through a tapered tube-shaped body portion 2.
  • a dispensing hole 11 for sending a drink such as artificial milk into the mouth of a baby from the inside of the nipple A is formed at the top of the above papilla portion 1.
  • nipple A is manufactured by molding a rubber material such as isoprene rubber, silicone rubber or polyurethane rubber in a predetermined shape by injection molding, blow molding, dip molding or the like.
  • the papilla portion side A1 and the connecting portion side A2 inside of the above described nipple A are partitioned by a check valve 5 provided in a halfway portion of the body portion 2.
  • This check valve 5 is provided with a slit 52 having a length in the longitudinal direction of approximately 0.5 to 5 mm in the center of a circular diaphragm 51.
  • This slit 52 comprises two circular arc surfaces 52a opposed to each other and gradually narrows to both ends thereof.
  • the check valve 5 is closed by a chewing type muscle action and at the same time, the papilla portion 1 is shrunken. Consequently, the drink introduced into the papilla portion 1 is sent into the mouth of the baby through the dispensing hole 11.
  • the papilla portion side A1 in the nipple A is released, the papilla portion side A1 is restored to its original shape by an elastic restoring force and correspondingly, the slit 52 in the check valve 5 is opened. Consequently, the drink is introduced again into the papilla portion side A1 from the connecting portion side A2.
  • the baby can take the drink by the chewing type muscle action. It is desirable that the dispensing hole 11 in the above papilla portion 1 is made small such that the drink in the nipple A is not easily sent into the mouth of the baby by a sucking operation of the baby. This can force the baby to take the drink by not the sucking operation but the chewing type muscle action.
  • the dispensing hole 11 can be formed in the same shape as that in the conventional example, such as a cross shape, a Y shape or a so-called super crosscut shape, in addition to a circular shape.
  • the nipple A is connected to the nursing bottle B by interposing the connecting portion 3 between a cap C and the neck portion B1 of the nursing bottle B (see Fig. 1).
  • the slit 52 in the check valve 5 may have a crooked shape as shown in Fig. 4.
  • the slit 52 may have such a shape that the drink can be introduced into the papilla portion side A1 from the connecting portion side A2 in a state where the nursing bottle B is inverted or in a case where the papilla portion side A1 compressed is restored to its original shape and regulating the circulation of the drink by compressing the papilla portion side A1.
  • an opening of the slit 52 may be narrowed such that the slit 52 is closed by a slight shrinkage of the papilla portion 1 caused when the baby sucks the nipple A.
  • the baby can be forced to take the drink by the chewing type muscle action.
  • the wall thickness W of the check valve 5 is generally set to approximately 0.5 to 5 mm.
  • the check valve 5 may be arranged in any position provided that the slit 52 can be opened or closed following the operation of chewing a portion, close to the papilla portion 1, of the body portion 2 and/or the papilla portion 1.
  • the whole shape of the nipple A may be caused to have predetermined directionality such that the nipple A can fit the mouth of the baby, as shown in Fig. 5.
  • the wall thickness of the nipple A may be uniform throughout. However, it is desirable that right and left portions in Fig. 2 are thinner than upper and lower portions because the slit 52 in the check valve 5 is easily closed.
  • Fig. 6 is a cross sectional view illustrating a nipple for a nursing bottle according to another embodiment.
  • the present embodiment is the same as the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 except for the shape in cross section of the papilla portion side A1 in a nipple A.
  • flat sidewalls 21 opposed to each other are formed in a part of a body portion 2 and/or a papilla portion 1.
  • a slit 52 is formed in parallel with the above flat sidewalls 21. According to the present embodiment, the direction of the nipple A in a case where a baby is made hold the nipple A in its mouth can be easily identified.
  • the slit 52 can be pointed in a suitable direction by only making the baby hold the nipple A in its mouth such that the above flat sidewalls 21 are parallel to the gums of the baby. Furthermore, the above sidewalls 21 fit the mouth of the baby. Accordingly, the baby can easily chew the nipple A.
  • Fig. 7 is a cross sectional view illustrating a nipple A according to still another embodiment.
  • the present embodiment is the same as the embodiment shown in Fig. 1 except that a check valve 5 is provided such that it is removable from the inside of a nipple A.
  • this nipple A comprises an outer member O having a papilla portion 1, a body portion 2 and a connecting portion 3 and an inner member I removably fitted to the inside of the outer member O.
  • the above check valve 5 is formed at the end of the inner member I.
  • the above inner member I is brought into contact with the end face of the connecting portion 3 and an inner peripheral surface of the body portion 2.
  • This inner member I is fitted to the inside of the outer member O using a fixture conforming to its inner periphery (see Fig. 8). According to the present embodiment, the check valve 5, along with the inner member I, can be removed from the outer member O. Accordingly, the inside of the outer member O on the papilla portion side A1 can be easily and effectively cleaned.
  • the above outer member O and inner member I are formed of rubber materials similar to a material of the above nipple A, such as isoprene rubber, silicone rubber or polyurethane rubber. Furthermore, it is desirable that the inner member I is made softer than the outer member O because the inner member I is easily brought into contact with the outer member O.
  • Fig. 9 shows a case where a nipple A of such a type that flat sidewalls 21 opposed to each other are formed in a part of a body portion 2 and a papilla portion 1 comprises an outer member O and an inner member I.
  • a stopper 7 prevents the inner member I from coming off the outer member O.
  • the above stopper 7 is removably attached to the outer member O by interposing an inner peripheral portion of a connecting portion 3 in the outer member O between a flange portion 71 provided along the connecting portion 3 and an annular projection 72 formed on the outer periphery of a cylindrical portion 73.
  • a spherical concave portion 22 is formed on the inner periphery of an outer member O, and a spherical convex portion 23 to be fitted to the above concave portion 22 is formed on the outer periphery of an inner member I.
  • fitting of the above concave portion 22 to the above convex portion 23 can prevent the inner member I from coming off the outer member O. Consequently, the stopper 7 shown in Fig. 9 is not required.
  • the papilla portion 1 and the body portion 2 may assume shapes in cross section which are analogous to the shape of the slit 52 in the check valve 5 (see Fig. 11). Also in this case, the direction of the nipple A in a case where the baby is made hold the nipple A in its mouth can be easily identified.
  • the diaphragm 51 in the check valve 5 may have a spherical shape (see Fig. 12). In this case, the resistance to pressure of the check valve 5 can be increased.
  • a baby in the nipple for a nursing bottle according to the present invention, a baby can take a drink contained in a nursing bottle by not a sucking operation but a chewing type muscle action. Accordingly, the pattern of chewing movement of the masticatory system of the baby will be prevented from being replaced by the sucking operation. Consequently, the development of the masticatory system is facilitated, and the function of musticatory system can be ensured. Therefore, the nipple for a nursing bottle proposed in the present invention can prevent dental problems, such as temporomandibular joint disorder, malocclusion, periodontitis and other dental diseases.

Landscapes

  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
  • Medical Preparation Storing Or Oral Administration Devices (AREA)
EP90103239A 1989-02-20 1990-02-20 Sauger für eine Säuglingsflasche Expired - Lifetime EP0384394B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP38169/89 1989-02-20
JP3816989 1989-02-20
JP236113/89 1989-09-11
JP23611389 1989-09-11

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0384394A2 true EP0384394A2 (de) 1990-08-29
EP0384394A3 EP0384394A3 (de) 1991-09-04
EP0384394B1 EP0384394B1 (de) 1994-08-03

Family

ID=26377367

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90103239A Expired - Lifetime EP0384394B1 (de) 1989-02-20 1990-02-20 Sauger für eine Säuglingsflasche

Country Status (6)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0384394B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2781246B2 (de)
KR (1) KR910015282A (de)
AU (1) AU625111B2 (de)
DE (1) DE69011152T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2060831T3 (de)

Cited By (19)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0496892A1 (de) * 1990-08-20 1992-08-05 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Sauger für säuglingsflasche
US5553726A (en) * 1993-11-08 1996-09-10 Park; Ki H. Dripless feeder nipple system with detachable valve
EP0634922B1 (de) * 1992-04-07 1998-06-10 HABERMAN, Mandy Nicola Trinkgefäss geignet zur verwendung als schnabeltasse oder dergleichen
US5860541A (en) * 1994-10-12 1999-01-19 Robert Dymock McIntyre Teat with relaxed inlet valve
US6050445A (en) * 1998-02-06 2000-04-18 Playtex Products, Inc. Leak-proof cup assembly with flow control element
US6112919A (en) * 1998-07-13 2000-09-05 Ho; Shu-E Leakage preventive device for milk bottles or the like
USRE37016E1 (en) 1995-07-17 2001-01-16 Playtex Products, Inc. Flow control element and covered drinking cup
WO2003013419A1 (en) * 2001-08-09 2003-02-20 The First Years Inc. Nipple for a baby bottle
FR2851913A1 (fr) * 2003-03-07 2004-09-10 Pierre Grasset Biberon d'allaitement
EP1493420A2 (de) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-05 Pierre Grasset Saugflasche
US7578403B2 (en) 2005-12-08 2009-08-25 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Artificial nipple for a nursing bottle
CN102056582A (zh) * 2008-06-12 2011-05-11 美德乐控股公司 抽吸奶嘴单元
EP2473150A1 (de) * 2009-09-03 2012-07-11 François Fave-Lesage Künstliches säugesystem
USD671793S1 (en) 2010-09-13 2012-12-04 Luv N' Care, Ltd. Drinking product
US8597329B2 (en) 2007-06-19 2013-12-03 Mapa Gmbh Gummi- Und Plastikwerke Pacifier
US8636158B2 (en) * 2003-12-11 2014-01-28 Ruchama Frisch Dual chamber nursing bottle
US10214329B2 (en) 2016-06-14 2019-02-26 Abcd Capital Llc Insert to reduce likelihood of contamination through backwash and container with same
CN112224651A (zh) * 2020-10-28 2021-01-15 李燕 一种用于食品包装的重复启闭隔菌液体包装装置
US12029705B2 (en) 2017-05-31 2024-07-09 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Feeding bottle with one-way liquid flow to prevent contamination

Families Citing this family (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
AU644472B2 (en) * 1990-08-20 1993-12-09 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Nipple for nursing bottle
JP2549890Y2 (ja) * 1991-11-08 1997-10-08 大塚製薬株式会社 哺乳瓶用乳首
USD463216S1 (en) 1999-12-30 2002-09-24 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. Trainer cup
USD448242S1 (en) 1999-12-30 2001-09-25 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. Trainer cup
USD448976S1 (en) 1999-12-30 2001-10-09 Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc. Pinched trainer cup
GB0022345D0 (en) 2000-09-12 2000-10-25 Jackel Int Ltd A drinking vessel
JP4979359B2 (ja) * 2005-12-08 2012-07-18 大塚製薬株式会社 哺乳瓶用人工乳首
CN102344012B (zh) * 2011-05-30 2016-03-02 李红彪 一种自动吸水装置
US9913780B2 (en) 2016-07-21 2018-03-13 Carr Lane Quackenbush Bite-safe artificial teat
KR102372867B1 (ko) * 2021-03-30 2022-03-10 주식회사 도리도리 젖병용 젖꼭지 모듈

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE324881C (de) * 1916-01-14 1920-09-06 Carl Cade Zerlegbarer Gummisauger nach Patent 322837 mit an der Eintrittsmuendung der Saugspitze angeordnetem Ventil
US4463859A (en) * 1982-05-18 1984-08-07 Greene Vibert F Baby bottle feeding system

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2446632A1 (fr) * 1979-01-19 1980-08-14 Grasset Joseph Perfectionnements aux biberons d'allaitement
JPS60182949A (ja) * 1984-02-29 1985-09-18 ジエクス株式会社 乳首
JPH01244760A (ja) * 1988-03-26 1989-09-29 Jiekusu Kk 哺乳瓶用乳首

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE324881C (de) * 1916-01-14 1920-09-06 Carl Cade Zerlegbarer Gummisauger nach Patent 322837 mit an der Eintrittsmuendung der Saugspitze angeordnetem Ventil
US4463859A (en) * 1982-05-18 1984-08-07 Greene Vibert F Baby bottle feeding system

Cited By (27)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0496892A4 (en) * 1990-08-20 1992-12-02 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Nipple for nursing bottle
ES2077491A1 (es) * 1990-08-20 1995-11-16 Otsuka Pharma Co Ltd Tetina para biberon.
EP0496892A1 (de) * 1990-08-20 1992-08-05 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Sauger für säuglingsflasche
US6102245A (en) * 1992-04-07 2000-08-15 Haberman; Mandy Nicola Drinking vessel with valve
EP0634922B1 (de) * 1992-04-07 1998-06-10 HABERMAN, Mandy Nicola Trinkgefäss geignet zur verwendung als schnabeltasse oder dergleichen
US5553726A (en) * 1993-11-08 1996-09-10 Park; Ki H. Dripless feeder nipple system with detachable valve
US5860541A (en) * 1994-10-12 1999-01-19 Robert Dymock McIntyre Teat with relaxed inlet valve
USRE37016E1 (en) 1995-07-17 2001-01-16 Playtex Products, Inc. Flow control element and covered drinking cup
US6050445A (en) * 1998-02-06 2000-04-18 Playtex Products, Inc. Leak-proof cup assembly with flow control element
US6112919A (en) * 1998-07-13 2000-09-05 Ho; Shu-E Leakage preventive device for milk bottles or the like
US7210591B2 (en) * 2001-08-09 2007-05-01 The First Years Inc. Nipple with a compromisable seal for a baby bottle
WO2003013419A1 (en) * 2001-08-09 2003-02-20 The First Years Inc. Nipple for a baby bottle
FR2851913A1 (fr) * 2003-03-07 2004-09-10 Pierre Grasset Biberon d'allaitement
EP1493420A2 (de) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-05 Pierre Grasset Saugflasche
FR2856920A1 (fr) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-07 Pierre Grasset Biberon d'allaitement
EP1493420A3 (de) * 2003-07-03 2005-01-19 Pierre Grasset Saugflasche
US8636158B2 (en) * 2003-12-11 2014-01-28 Ruchama Frisch Dual chamber nursing bottle
US7578403B2 (en) 2005-12-08 2009-08-25 Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Artificial nipple for a nursing bottle
US8597329B2 (en) 2007-06-19 2013-12-03 Mapa Gmbh Gummi- Und Plastikwerke Pacifier
CN102056582A (zh) * 2008-06-12 2011-05-11 美德乐控股公司 抽吸奶嘴单元
CN102056582B (zh) * 2008-06-12 2013-12-18 美德乐控股公司 抽吸奶嘴单元
EP2808007A1 (de) 2008-06-12 2014-12-03 Medela Holding AG Saugnippeleinheit
EP2473150A1 (de) * 2009-09-03 2012-07-11 François Fave-Lesage Künstliches säugesystem
USD671793S1 (en) 2010-09-13 2012-12-04 Luv N' Care, Ltd. Drinking product
US10214329B2 (en) 2016-06-14 2019-02-26 Abcd Capital Llc Insert to reduce likelihood of contamination through backwash and container with same
US12029705B2 (en) 2017-05-31 2024-07-09 The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York Feeding bottle with one-way liquid flow to prevent contamination
CN112224651A (zh) * 2020-10-28 2021-01-15 李燕 一种用于食品包装的重复启闭隔菌液体包装装置

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
KR910015282A (ko) 1991-09-30
DE69011152D1 (de) 1994-09-08
AU4988090A (en) 1990-08-23
EP0384394B1 (de) 1994-08-03
ES2060831T3 (es) 1994-12-01
JP2781246B2 (ja) 1998-07-30
DE69011152T2 (de) 1995-01-12
AU625111B2 (en) 1992-07-02
EP0384394A3 (de) 1991-09-04
JPH03176060A (ja) 1991-07-31

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