EP0358083B1 - Emballage pour produit alimentaire - Google Patents

Emballage pour produit alimentaire Download PDF

Info

Publication number
EP0358083B1
EP0358083B1 EP89115876A EP89115876A EP0358083B1 EP 0358083 B1 EP0358083 B1 EP 0358083B1 EP 89115876 A EP89115876 A EP 89115876A EP 89115876 A EP89115876 A EP 89115876A EP 0358083 B1 EP0358083 B1 EP 0358083B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
closure
packaging container
edge
closure wall
tube
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89115876A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0358083A2 (fr
EP0358083A3 (en
Inventor
Wilhelm Reil
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Original Assignee
Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Tetra Alfa Holdings SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA, Tetra Alfa Holdings SA filed Critical Tetra Laval Holdings and Finance SA
Priority to AT89115876T priority Critical patent/ATE96111T1/de
Publication of EP0358083A2 publication Critical patent/EP0358083A2/fr
Publication of EP0358083A3 publication Critical patent/EP0358083A3/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0358083B1 publication Critical patent/EP0358083B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D51/00—Closures not otherwise provided for
    • B65D51/18—Arrangements of closures with protective outer cap-like covers or of two or more co-operating closures
    • B65D51/20—Caps, lids, or covers co-operating with an inner closure arranged to be opened by piercing, cutting, or tearing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D15/00—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, sections made of different materials
    • B65D15/02—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, sections made of different materials of curved, or partially curved, cross-section, e.g. cans, drums
    • B65D15/04—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, sections made of different materials of curved, or partially curved, cross-section, e.g. cans, drums with curved, or partially curved, walls made by winding or bending paper
    • B65D15/08—Containers having bodies formed by interconnecting or uniting two or more rigid, or substantially rigid, sections made of different materials of curved, or partially curved, cross-section, e.g. cans, drums with curved, or partially curved, walls made by winding or bending paper with end walls made of plastics material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2251/00—Details relating to container closures
    • B65D2251/0003—Two or more closures
    • B65D2251/0006—Upper closure
    • B65D2251/0015—Upper closure of the 41-type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2251/00—Details relating to container closures
    • B65D2251/0003—Two or more closures
    • B65D2251/0068—Lower closure
    • B65D2251/0093—Membrane
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65D—CONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D2577/00—Packages formed by enclosing articles or materials in preformed containers, e.g. boxes, cartons, sacks, bags
    • B65D2577/10—Container closures formed after filling
    • B65D2577/20—Container closures formed after filling by applying separate lids or covers
    • B65D2577/2041—Pull tabs
    • B65D2577/205—Pull tabs integral with the closure

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a packaging container for liquids, pastes or the like, in particular for food, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • a packaging container for liquids, pastes or the like, in particular for food, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • Such a container is e.g. known from EP-A-0052261.
  • packaging containers which have a tubular part with the features mentioned above.
  • closures there are also the most varied designs of closures, but none of the closures is designed as a screw closure with a screw cap, especially since this would not guarantee the required tightness of the package.
  • the object of the present invention is to provide a packaging container for liquids, in particular foodstuffs, which has the features mentioned at the outset and nevertheless has a screw closure which has the necessary tightness and can be put together, filled and closed in particular by similar manufacturing processes as the containers for milk, Fruit juices and the like.
  • a jam container made of glass also has an annular collar with an external thread in its upper area, but this is made of glass and is open both during manufacture and during use.
  • the necessary closure is provided by the separate screw cap with internal thread, which can be screwed onto the ring collar and is generally provided with suitable sealants in order to make the jam or honey jar sufficiently tight for storage and transport.
  • sealants which act and are given in particular by pressing the screw cap onto the end edge of the ring collar, cannot be achieved with packaging containers, the closure of which is made of plastic without a carrier material and is also molded onto the edge of a paper tube.
  • the invention strives for the contradictory solution, namely that a closure which is initially sealed by the tear-out closure wall is provided and additionally has the characteristics of a jam jar; namely for the state when the end user has removed the closure wall after opening the packaging container for the first time, so that from then on the new packaging container is used like a jam jar.
  • the main advantage is the inexpensive manufacture of the new packaging container in large quantities on machines on which packaging for milk, juices and the like can also be produced.
  • the spraying techniques for injecting closures onto tubular parts made of paper are known.
  • the screw cap can be manufactured on separate machines and kept in stock. These machines can even have complicated shapes, so that the internal thread of the separate screw cap can be designed to match the external thread of the ring collar with certainty.
  • the liquid container that can be produced with known high-performance machines only needs to be connected to the screw cap in a separate processing station. All other stages and processes of manufacture are the same as for milk packs.
  • the closure wall lies in the plane running through the free edge of the ring collar.
  • the ring collar forms the uppermost section in the filled packaging container, so that the plane running through its free edge at the top represents the essentially uppermost plane of the entire packaging. This not only enables simple injection molds to be manufactured, but also the optimum volume for the new packaging container can be achieved.
  • the line of weakness extending around 360 ° along the free edge of the ring collar for tearing out the closure wall by means of the gripping device can thus also be produced very practically in one plane and is accessible to the user.
  • the ring surface of the closure extends from the edge of the tubular part in a flat or truncated cone shape to the inner shoulder edge of the ring collar.
  • the edge on the ring collar opposite the free edge of the ring collar mentioned above, which is arranged at the top, is the inner shoulder edge just mentioned, because the ring collar is attached to this edge on the inside, ie down towards the main container.
  • the mentioned ring surface of the closure extends radially outward from this inner attachment edge, which, viewed in cross section, can also be flat in one embodiment and frustoconical or oblique in the other embodiment.
  • the annular surface contains a component with respect to the tubular part perpendicular to the longitudinal central axis of the tube, so that such an annular surface provides a very favorable stiffening of the packaging container.
  • the stiffness required for the consumer and also for the manufacturer and dealer results from the material, since thick glass is generally used. If the expert wanted to replace this with paper coated with plastic, he should rightly have considerable doubts about the rigidity, especially in the upper area of the closure.
  • the above-mentioned ring surface gives the upper edge of the tubular part the required rigidity, because the forces within the ring surface are supported on the generally circular edge of the tube.
  • annular surface of the closure it can also be shaped differently, i.e. the upper edge of the tubular part can also be polygonal.
  • the outer edge of the closure is essentially polygonal when one looks at the closure in the longitudinal direction of the tube.
  • the preferred embodiment consists of a round closure which is sprayed onto a round tubular part.
  • the closure wall is designed as a film.
  • the packaging manufacturer always strives to save material.
  • thin walls are dense, they are also material-saving, but they are generally not suitable for end use, because a jam jar without a screw cap, the closure of which is only sealed by a film at the top, would be too easy to damage.
  • the invention is by the external thread on the ring collar and the screwing option with the separate screw cap ensures adequate protection of the film.
  • the strength of the closure wall is sufficient as a film. After closing, it is provided in any case to screw on the screw cap, the handle device and the closure wall, ie in this case the film, being completely covered and thus also protected against external impacts or imprinting forces.
  • the radially outermost part of the closure engages around the front edge of the tubular part and thus not only securely covers the paper in the unprotected areas, but also ensures particularly strong and secure bonding by heating thermoplastic materials, if such are used.
  • this three-sided encapsulation of the edge of the tubular part results in good strength both on the cover side for the tubular part itself and for the molded closure. Especially when handling a jam jar, the consumer desires good stability of such a packaging container on the lid side.
  • the gripping device is designed as a strand running diagonally across the closure wall and fastened at both ends. Gripping devices for tearing out films or sealing fields are widely known. Such gripping devices can be thought of as hooks, eyes, loops or the like. With certain liquid packs, it is already provided that the closure wall be torn out by a gripping ring which engages at one point on the circle. According to the invention, the diagonal arrangement and straight design in plan view of the gripping device in strand form is selected because this not only improves the possibility of the gripping device attacking the closure wall to be torn out, but such a strand-shaped gripping device can also be better covered by the screw cap.
  • the center of the strand serves as the center for a material inflow point for the plastic from which the entire closure is made.
  • the production machine thus uses the strand-shaped gripping device or the channel provided for this purpose to flow in the still liquid plastic to form the closure when it is molded onto the edge of the tubular part.
  • the tubular part is round at the edge on the closure side and square at the opposite end and is closed by folding tabs. It is understandable for the person skilled in the art that round tools are more technically manageable than polygonal ones, so that a round shape at the closure-side end of the tubular part is therefore already sought.
  • the new packaging container is said to be usable as a jam container, and the end user also desires practical emptying openings which, in round form, have shown good success in practice. Since the main body of the packaging container consists of paper or the like coated with plastic, so that the paper or cardboard does not become permeable to liquid, the bottom-side closure of the tubular part can be designed differently than the cover side.
  • the screw cap 1 shown in FIG. 1 has the shape of a cylinder with an internal thread 2 that is closed on one side.
  • the screw cap 1 is therefore closed at the top and open at the bottom in order to be screwed onto an external thread 3 of an annular collar 4 of a closure, generally designated 5.
  • FIG. 5 shows in perspective the entire container with the tubular part 6, which is square in cross section on the bottom side and therefore folded along the four side folding edges and the front edges, of which only the edges 7 and 8 are shown, and forming triangular flaps (not shown) on the bottom side is closed.
  • the upper front free edge 9 of the tubular part 6, which in the embodiment shown here is circular and defines a first inner plane 10.
  • the closure 5 shown in top view in FIG. 4 and in cross section in FIGS. 2 and 3 is injection-molded onto the latter in the region of this edge 9 of the tubular part 6 such that both the end edge 9 of the tubular part 6 (in FIGS 3 above) as well as the ring area outside and inside the same, which are designated by 11 and 12, are extrusion-coated.
  • the closure 5 is firmly anchored at the end of the tubular part 6 on the cover side.
  • annular surface 13 which in the first embodiment according to FIGS. 2, 4 and 5 can be seen as flat, namely lying approximately in or parallel to the plane 10.
  • this ring surface is designated 13 'and has the shape of a truncated cone.
  • the external thread 3 of this ring collar 4 can be seen from the figures.
  • the ring collar 4 closes outwards and upwards in a free edge 15, this likewise circular free edge 15 defining a plane running parallel to the plane 10, in which the closure wall 16 lies. It is connected to the ring collar 5 via a line of weakness 17 extending over 360 °.
  • the line of weakness 17 is interrupted at the two ends 18 and 19 of a strand-like gripping device 20 to form engagement points, i.e. the material is stronger at points 18 and 19 than in the area of weakening line 17.
  • the center 21 of the gripping strand 20 also serves as a material inflow point for the plastic during manufacture. It can thus be seen how the gripping strand 20 runs diagonally across the entire closure wall 16.
  • the paper tube 6 is first created, which is initially open on both sides and has the folding and embossing lines at the bottom end, of which only the lines 7 and 8 are designated in FIG. 5 in order to produce the block bottom closure can.
  • This tube which is open on both sides, is then closed at the edge 9 with the closure 5 by injection molding, then turned upside down, filled and sealed and sealed along the fold lines mentioned.
  • the screw cap 1 is then screwed onto the external thread 3, both the strand-shaped handle 20 and the closure wall 16 being completely covered and thus protected.
  • the packaging container created in this way can be stored and transported.
  • the end user first unscrews the screw cap 1, grips the strand-shaped gripping device 20 and tears out the closure wall 16.
  • the container has an opening like a jam jar and still has a quite rigid closure 5.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)
  • Packging For Living Organisms, Food Or Medicinal Products That Are Sensitive To Environmental Conditiond (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Wrappers (AREA)

Claims (6)

  1. Récipient d'emballage pour des liquides, des pâtes ou analogues, notamment pour des denrées alimentaires, comportant une partie tubulaire (6) fermée côté fond et qui est constituée par un papier enduit d'une matière synthétique ou analogue et à laquelle est moulé par injection, côté couvercle, un dispositif de fermeture (5) réalisé en matière synthétique sans matériau de support et qui possède une surface annulaire (13, 13') comportant une ouverture centrée, qui est entourée par un collet annulaire saillant (4), qui comporte, côté tête (15), une paroi de fermeture (16), qui présente une ligne d'affaiblissement (17) avec un dispositif de préhension (20) associé, caractérisé par les caractéristiques suivantes:
    a) l'ouverture s'étend, comme dans le cas d'un pot à confiture en verre, au-dessus de la majeure partie du côté du couvercle,
    b) le collet annulaire (4) comporte un filetage extérieur (3), dont le bord libre (15), situé du côté de la paroi de fermeture, se termine par une surface plane, et sur lequel le couvercle vissable séparé (1) comportant un filetage intérieur (2) peut être vissé tout en recouvrant la paroi de fermeture (16) ainsi que le dispositif de préhension (20) et en s'appliquant de façon étanche par sa surface plane contre le bord libre (15),
    (c) le dispositif de préhension (20) est réalisé sous la forme d'une barrette qui s'étend en diagonale au-dessus de la paroi de fermeture (16) et est fixée, aux deux extrémités (18, 19), dans la zone de la ligne d'affaiblissement (17) et sert à permettre l'arrachement de la paroi de fermeture.
  2. Récipient d'emballage selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la surface annulaire (13) est une surface plane perpendiculaire à l'axe longitudinal du tube.
  3. Récipient d'emballage selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que la surface annulaire (13) s'étend avec une forme tronconique depuis le bord (9), situé du côté du couvercle, du tube jusqu'au collet annulaire (4).
  4. Récipient d'emballage selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la paroi de fermeture (16) est réalisée sous la forme d'une feuille.
  5. Récipient d'emballage selon l'une des revendications 1 à 4, caractérisé par un enrobage par injection d'ancrage du dispositif de fermeture, consistant en ce que le bord (9), situé du côté du couvercle, de la partie de forme tubulaire est enrobé par injection par une matière plastique aussi bien frontalement qu'intérieurement et extérieurement.
  6. Récipient d'emballage selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce que la partie tubulaire (6) est fermée circulairement au bord (9) situé du côté du dispositif de fermeture et avec une configuration carrée (7, 8) à l'extrémité opposée, et par l'intermédiaire de pattes repliables.
EP89115876A 1988-09-06 1989-08-29 Emballage pour produit alimentaire Expired - Lifetime EP0358083B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89115876T ATE96111T1 (de) 1988-09-06 1989-08-29 Verpackung fuer nahrungsmittel.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3830224A DE3830224A1 (de) 1988-09-06 1988-09-06 Verpackungsbehaelter fuer nahrungsmittel
DE3830224 1988-09-06

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0358083A2 EP0358083A2 (fr) 1990-03-14
EP0358083A3 EP0358083A3 (en) 1990-10-17
EP0358083B1 true EP0358083B1 (fr) 1993-10-20

Family

ID=6362354

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89115876A Expired - Lifetime EP0358083B1 (fr) 1988-09-06 1989-08-29 Emballage pour produit alimentaire

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US4934585A (fr)
EP (1) EP0358083B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH02180138A (fr)
AT (1) ATE96111T1 (fr)
DE (2) DE3830224A1 (fr)
ES (1) ES2043991T3 (fr)
RU (1) RU2015082C1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2645125B1 (fr) * 1989-03-28 1991-07-26 Simon Patrick Dispositif de fermeture etanche pour recipients et procede pour sa fabrication
SE9100921L (sv) * 1991-03-27 1992-09-28 Tetra Alfa Holdings Oeppningsanordning foer en foerpackningsbehaallare samt saett att framstaella densamma
US6766941B1 (en) 1998-02-09 2004-07-27 Sig Combibloc, Inc. Tear-away container top
SE0004864L (sv) 2000-12-22 2002-02-12 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Öppningsanordning
DE10230001A1 (de) * 2002-07-03 2004-01-22 Sig Technology Ltd. Deckel für Getränkekartonverbundpackungen sowie Werkzeuge und Verfahren zur Herstellung eines solchen Deckels sowie damit versehene Getränkekartonverbundpackungen
GB2399814B (en) * 2003-03-26 2007-05-09 Portola Packaging Ltd Closures and containers in combination therewith
SE525982C2 (sv) 2003-10-08 2005-06-07 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Förpackningsbehållare och metod att framställa en förpackningsbehållare
FR2872130B1 (fr) * 2004-06-25 2007-09-21 Giat Ind Sa Dispositif de fermeture pour un tube en carton
US20070075083A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2007-04-05 Mc Clellan W T Non-contaminating milk or food container seal and seal removal system
US20110233211A1 (en) * 2005-10-04 2011-09-29 Mc Clellan W Thomas One-piece non-contaminating milk or food container seal and seal removal system
SE532765C2 (sv) * 2008-06-19 2010-04-06 Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance Metod och anordning för formsprutning vid tillverkning av förpackningsbehållare
US8672165B2 (en) * 2011-11-22 2014-03-18 Spherical Precision, Inc. Containers with dispensing cap and methods of manufacturing the same
JP2016196311A (ja) * 2015-04-03 2016-11-24 日本テトラパック株式会社 注出口栓及び包装容器

Family Cites Families (16)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB351936A (en) * 1930-03-31 1931-06-30 William Clifton Smee An improved form of tin for the packing of dry and perishable goods
US2309341A (en) * 1940-08-06 1943-01-26 Fibre Can Machinery Corp Closure
US2398505A (en) * 1942-07-15 1946-04-16 Pepin Joseph Dispensing tube
US2415906A (en) * 1943-04-07 1947-02-18 Richard E Paige Head construction for collapsible tubes
US3282477A (en) * 1961-01-19 1966-11-01 Continental Can Co Plastic dispensing nozzle with removable seal and captive cap
JPS4712370U (fr) * 1971-03-05 1972-10-13
US3734393A (en) * 1971-07-29 1973-05-22 Clevepak Corp Wide mouth tubular container construction
FR2407141A1 (fr) * 1977-10-28 1979-05-25 Cebal Dispositif d'inviolabilite pour recipient dont le goulot est ferme par une capsule vissee
DE3016922A1 (de) * 1980-05-02 1981-11-05 Kutterer, Franz, 7500 Karlsruhe Tube mit schraubverschluss
DE3043134C2 (de) * 1980-11-15 1986-06-19 Altstädter Verpackungsvertriebs Gesellschaft mbH, 6102 Pfungstadt Packung für fließfähige Füllgüter
CH645585A5 (de) * 1981-05-12 1984-10-15 Neopac Ag Schraubkappen-schneidverschluss.
DE3139780A1 (de) * 1981-10-07 1983-04-28 Altstädter Verpackungsvertriebs GmbH, 2000 Hamburg Packung fuer fliessfaehige fuellgueter mit kunststoffdeckel
DE3217156A1 (de) * 1982-05-07 1983-11-10 Altstaedter Verpack Vertrieb Packung fuer fliessfaehige fuellgueter mit wieder verschliessbarer oeffnungsvorrichtung
US4471882A (en) * 1982-11-19 1984-09-18 Shikoku Kakooki Co., Ltd. Container
DE3601352A1 (de) * 1986-01-18 1987-07-23 Altstaedter Verpack Vertrieb Packung fuer fliessfaehige fuellgueter mit glasendwaenden
DE3628478A1 (de) * 1986-08-22 1988-03-03 Altstaedter Verpack Vertrieb Fluessigkeitspackung mit griff

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
EP0358083A2 (fr) 1990-03-14
DE58905950D1 (de) 1993-11-25
DE3830224C2 (fr) 1993-09-02
ES2043991T3 (es) 1994-01-01
EP0358083A3 (en) 1990-10-17
DE3830224A1 (de) 1990-03-15
US4934585A (en) 1990-06-19
ATE96111T1 (de) 1993-11-15
JPH02180138A (ja) 1990-07-13
RU2015082C1 (ru) 1994-06-30

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