EP0354905B1 - Injecteur de carburant pour moteurs a combustion interne - Google Patents

Injecteur de carburant pour moteurs a combustion interne Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0354905B1
EP0354905B1 EP88902412A EP88902412A EP0354905B1 EP 0354905 B1 EP0354905 B1 EP 0354905B1 EP 88902412 A EP88902412 A EP 88902412A EP 88902412 A EP88902412 A EP 88902412A EP 0354905 B1 EP0354905 B1 EP 0354905B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
valve
fuel
closing head
nozzle body
valve sleeve
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88902412A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0354905A1 (fr
Inventor
Ernst Linder
Helmut Rembold
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Robert Bosch GmbH
Original Assignee
Robert Bosch GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Robert Bosch GmbH filed Critical Robert Bosch GmbH
Publication of EP0354905A1 publication Critical patent/EP0354905A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0354905B1 publication Critical patent/EP0354905B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M45/00—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having a cyclic delivery of specific time/pressure or time/quantity relationship
    • F02M45/02—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having a cyclic delivery of specific time/pressure or time/quantity relationship with each cyclic delivery being separated into two or more parts
    • F02M45/04—Fuel-injection apparatus characterised by having a cyclic delivery of specific time/pressure or time/quantity relationship with each cyclic delivery being separated into two or more parts with a small initial part, e.g. initial part for partial load and initial and main part for full load
    • F02M45/08—Injectors peculiar thereto
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02M—SUPPLYING COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL WITH COMBUSTIBLE MIXTURES OR CONSTITUENTS THEREOF
    • F02M61/00—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00
    • F02M61/04—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00 having valves, e.g. having a plurality of valves in series
    • F02M61/08—Fuel-injectors not provided for in groups F02M39/00 - F02M57/00 or F02M67/00 having valves, e.g. having a plurality of valves in series the valves opening in direction of fuel flow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B3/00—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition
    • F02B3/06—Engines characterised by air compression and subsequent fuel addition with compression ignition

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a fuel injection nozzle according to the preamble of the main claim.
  • a known injection nozzle of this type (DE-A1-32 13 751, Figure 1)
  • the first housing-fixed stop serving to intercept the valve needle in the closed position is formed by an annular shoulder arranged upstream of the closing spring in the nozzle holder, on which the valve needle is located via the valve sleeve and supports a further tubular intermediate piece surrounding the valve needle, the closing spring simultaneously forming the spring element for pressing the valve sleeve against the closing head of the valve needle in its closed position.
  • the arrangement according to the invention with the characterizing features of the main claim has the advantage that the valve sleeve follows the valve needle immediately and inevitably under the influence of the additional spring element of the valve needle up to the stop, so that the predetermined chronological sequence of opening the spray openings for the bundled fuel jets and the central valve gap for the fuel shield jet is observed exactly.
  • the influence of the force of the additional spring element counteracting the closing spring on the valve needle is eliminated, so that the fuel pressure must first increase by a predetermined level before the central valve gap opens and the fuel shield jet emerges. so that good atomization of the fuel is ensured even with the main injection.
  • valve gap for the fuel shield jet is securely sealed when the valve needle is in the closed position if the end of the valve sleeve facing the closing head of the valve needle is conically shaped inwards and its cone angle is chosen to be smaller than the cone angle of the valve seat surface of the closing head. This results in an edge-shaped contact between the two parts delimiting the valve gap, in which a high surface pressure, which also determines the tightness, can be achieved.
  • valve seat cooperating with the closing head of the valve needle on the nozzle body is designed as a sealing edge, the diameter of which preferably corresponds approximately to the guide diameter of the valve sleeve in the nozzle body.
  • Claims 5 to 10 contain advantageous measures for designing the course of the injection and for spatially separating the pre-injection and the main injection, by means of which the tendency towards soot formation at the injection nozzle is reduced.
  • FIG. 1 shows an enlarged longitudinal section through the exemplary embodiment and FIG. 2 shows the end section of the exemplary embodiment on the combustion chamber side on an even larger scale.
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 show variants of the valve sleeve of the exemplary embodiment and FIG. 5 is a section along the line V-V in FIG. 4.
  • the injection nozzle has a nozzle body 10 which is clamped by a union nut 12 to a nozzle holder 14 which has a connecting piece 16 for a fuel supply line.
  • a valve needle 18 is slidably mounted in the nozzle body 10 by means described in more detail below, and is provided with a closing head 20 at the end on the combustion chamber side. This has a tapered valve seat surface 22 (FIG. 2) which is pressed by a closing spring 24 against a valve seat 26 on the nozzle body 10 which is designed as a sealing edge.
  • the closing spring 24 is supported via an annular disk 27 on an annular shoulder 28 of a bush 30 screwed into the nozzle body 10 and engages via a support body 31 in the usual way at the upper end of the valve needle 18, which is shown in FIG a collar-shaped extension 32 of the socket 30 is guided.
  • the support body 31 assumes an axial distance hg from the upper end face of the bushing 30, 32, which corresponds to the total stroke of the valve needle 18.
  • the valve needle 18 is mounted upstream of the closing head 20 in a valve sleeve 34, which in turn is displaceable in the nozzle body 10 but is non-rotatably guided by means not shown.
  • the guide diameter corresponds to the diameter of the valve seat 26 on the nozzle body 10.
  • a pressure chamber 38 is formed which is filled with fuel and which has an oblique longitudinal groove 40 in the guided section of the valve needle 18 with a chamber 42 is connected in the nozzle body 10.
  • This has an annular space 44 and transverse bores 46 in the socket 30 connection to a chamber 48 in the nozzle holder 14, in which the closing spring 24 is arranged and into which the connecting piece 16 opens.
  • a compression spring 50 is arranged in the chamber 42, which is supported via an annular disk 52 on the lower end face 54 of the bushing 30 and engages an annular collar 56 of the valve sleeve 34.
  • the lower end face of the valve sleeve 34 is conical inwards and its cone angle is selected to be smaller than the cone angle of the valve seat surface 22 on the closing head 20. This results in a sealing edge 58 on the outer circumference of the valve sleeve 34 which, together with the closing head 20, forms or controls a valve gap for central fuel shielding jets.
  • the sealing edge 58 of the valve sleeve 34 is in sealing contact with the closing head 20 under the influence of the compression spring 50, the annular collar 56 of the valve sleeve 34 being at an axial distance h v from an annular disk 59 which rests on an annular shoulder 60 of the nozzle body 10 rests.
  • the valve sleeve 34 is provided on the circumference of the jacket with a plurality of radial slots 62 which lead out of the pressure chamber 38 and form spray openings for bundled fuel jets, so-called cord jets.
  • the slots 62 are sealed off from the combustion chamber by the bore wall of the nozzle body 10 and additionally by the closing head 20 resting on the valve seat 26.
  • the valve seat 26 is followed by a spherically curved guide wall 64 for the fuel shield jets, which extends to the end wall 66 of the nozzle body 10 on the combustion chamber side and ends there with a cone angle that is smaller than the cone angle of the valve seat surface 22 on the closing head 20.
  • the annular edge region of the nozzle body 10 surrounding the guide wall 64 is likewise provided in the radial planes of the slots 62 with radial slots 68 through which the bundled fuel cord jets reach the combustion chamber unhindered.
  • valve needle 18 and the valve sleeve 34 are moved downwards together, the slots 62 in the valve sleeve 34 being released and bundled fuel jets in the desired direction in the Combustion chamber are injected.
  • the valve sleeve 34 comes to rest against the annular disk 59 or the annular shoulder 60 of the nozzle body 10.
  • the compression spring 50 no longer acts in the opening direction on the valve sleeve 34 and the valve needle 18, so that the fuel pressure must first increase by a certain level before it can move the valve needle 18 alone into the end position in which the support body 31 strikes the bushing 30.
  • the closing head 20 lifts off the valve sleeve 34, so that the annular valve gap between these parts is opened and the fuel sprayed under high pressure also enters the combustion chamber in the form of an umbrella jet.
  • the movements of the parts run in reverse order.
  • the spray openings for the bundled fuel jets are formed by radial slots 62 which are open at the end and are therefore immediately released at the beginning of the valve needle opening movement.
  • it may be advantageous that the bundled fuel jets are not sprayed radially or that the jet direction changes over the stroke of the valve sleeve 34.
  • FIG. 3 shows a variant 34a of the valve sleeve, which has two diametrically opposed slots 62 for fuel spraying out immediately at the start of opening and a longitudinal slot 72 offset therefrom for fuel spraying out with little delay. This starts from an annular groove 74 which is connected to the pressure chamber 38 via transverse bores 76 and ends at an axial distance s in front of the sealing edge 58 of the valve sleeve 34a, which corresponds to the desired deceleration.
  • valve sleeve 34b is provided with slots 78 which, like the slots 62, penetrate the entire wall of the valve sleeve and also open out on the end face thereof.
  • the peculiarity of the slots 78 is that they have a different exit angle w with respect to a radial plane 80 over their entire axial length.
  • These slots 78 can be machined, for example, by a laser beam with the valve sleeve 34b rotating and displacing.
  • a similar effect can be achieved if one instead of a tortuous slot 78 fold hole or a straight longitudinal slot is provided and the valve sleeve 34b is forced to rotate when it is displaced longitudinally. This can be done, for example, by a pin fixed to the housing, which engages in a correspondingly shaped curved groove in the collar of the valve sleeve 34b.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)

Abstract

Dans un injecteur de carburant pour moteurs à combustion interne, le carburant est premièrement pré-injecté en faisceaux puis injecté en parapluie lors de l'injection principale. Ces deux phases se suivent de manière exacte dans le temps et l'injection principale est isolée de l'injection préliminaire par un étage de compression. A cet effet, une douille de soupape (34) est montée sur une aiguille de soupape (18) pourvue d'une tête de fermeture (20) qui s'ouvre dans le sens d'écoulement du carburant. La douille de soupape (34) est comprimée contre la tête de fermeture (20) par un ressort supplémentaire (50), avec lequel elle coopère pour former une fente annulaire de réglage du jet en parapluie. La douille de soupape (34) est en outre pourvue d'orifices d'injection (62) à travers lesquels sortent les jets de carburant en faisceaux pendant la course préliminaire, pendant laquelle la douille de soupape (34) se déplace avec l'aiguille de soupape (18) sous l'effet du ressort supplémentaire. Après la course préliminaire, la douille de soupape (34) est arrêtée, libérant le ressort supplémentaire (50) et ouvrant la fente annulaire de sortie du jet en parapluie.

Claims (10)

1. Injecteur de carburant pour moteurs à combustion interne avec un pointeau de soupape (18) monté de façon à pouvoir coulisser dans un corps d'intecteur (10) et muni d'une tête de fermeture (20), ce pointeau étant pressé par un ressort de fermeture (24) en sens inverse de l'écoulement du carburant vers une première butée (26) solidaire du boîtier et associée à la tête de fermeture (20) et qui est sollicitée en sens inverse par le carburant dans son sens d'écoulement, la butée (26) solidaire du boîtier étant réalisée sous la forme d'un siège de soupape sur le corps d'injecteur (10), siège avec lequel la tête de fermeture (20) commande un intervalle annulaire externe de la soupape, une douille de soupape (34) montée de façon à pouvoir coulisser dans le corps d'injecteur (10) en amont de la tête de fermeture (20) du pointeau de soupape (18) étant en outre prévu, qui délimite, avec le pointeau de soupape (18) une chambre de pression (38) remplie de carburant, et qui est muni dans la zone de cette chambre de pression (38) d'ouvertures latérales d'injection (62) pour des jets de carburant en faisceaux, et qui avec son bord frontal en aval (58) et une surface conique de siège de soupape (22) sur la tête de fermeture (20) du pointeau de soupape (18), commande un intervalle annulaire interne de soupape pour un jet central en parapluie de carburant, et une seconde butée (60) solidaire du boîtier étant en outre prévue, contre laquelle la douille de soupape (34) entraînée avec le pointeau de soupape (18) lors de la course d'ouverture, vient s'appliquer après une course préalable commandant à l'ouverture les orifices d'injection latéraux (62), après quoi la tête de fermeture (20) se soulève de la douille de soupape (34) et l'intervalle annulaire de soupape interne pour le jet central en parapluie du carburant s'ouvre, injecteur caractérisé en ce que pour appliquer la douille de soupape (34) contre la tête de fermeture (20), il est prévu un élément de ressort supplémentaire (50) qui prend appui en amont contre un épaulement (54) solidaire du boîtier et entoure le pointeau de soupape (18) et agit constamment sur la douille de soupape (34) dans le sens de l'ouverture du pointeau de soupape (18).
2. Injecteur selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que l'épaulement (54) solidaire du boîtier, servant d'appui à l'élément supplémentaire de ressort (50) réalisé de préférence sous la forme d'un ressort de pression hélicoïdal, est ménagé à la face frontale placée en aval d'une douille (30) fixée dans le corps d'injecteur (10), et dont la partie d'extrémité placée en amont guide le pointeau de soupape (18) et est munie d'un épaulement axial (28) servant d'appui pour le ressort de fermeture (24).
3. Injecteur selon la revendication 1 ou la revendication 2, caractérisé en ce que la surface frontale de la douille de soupape (34) tournée vers la tête de fermeture (20) du pointeau de soupape ((18) est conique intérieurement et son angle de cône est plus petit que l'angle de cône de la surface de siège de soupape (22) de la tête de fermeture (20).
4. Injecteur selon une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que le siège de soupape (26) sur le corps de l'injecteur (10), coopérant avec la tête de fermeture (20) du pointeau de soupape (18), est réalisé sous la forme d'une arête d'étanchéité dont le diamètre correspond à peu près au diamètre de guidage de la douille de soupape (34) dans le corps de l'injecteur (10).
5. Injecteur selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce qu'au siège de soupape (26) du corps d'injecteur (10) se raccorde une paroi directrice cintrée sphériquement (64) pour le jet en parapluie de carburant, et dont l'angle de cône mesuré dans le plan de la paroi frontale (66) côté chambre de combustion du corps d'injecteur (10) est plus petit que l'angle de cône de la surface de siège de soupape (22) de la tête de fermeture (20).
6. Injecteur selon la revendication 5, caractérisé en ce que la zone du bord annulaire, entourant la paroi directrice (64), du corps d'injecteur (10) dans les plans radiaux des orifices d'injection (62) dans la douille de soupape (34) guidés sans pouvoir tourner dans le corps d'injecteur (10), est munie de fentes (68) pour le passage des jets de carburant en faisceaux sortant de ces orifices d'injection (62).
7. Injecteur selon une des précédentes revendications, caractérisé en ce que la douille de soupape (34a) est munie de plusieurs orifices d'injection (62, 72) disposés en direction périphérique et décalés axialement.
8. Injecteur selon une des précédentes revendications, caractérisé en ce que la direction d'injection à partir d'au moins un orifice d'injection (78) dans la douille de soupape (34b) se modifie en fonction de la course de cette douille.
9. Injecteur selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un orifice d'injection (78) a une extension axiale et l'angle d'injection (w) de cet orifice d'injection (78) se modifie par rapport à un plan radial (80) au moins sur une partie de la longueur axiale de cet orifice d'injection (78).
10. Injecteur selon la revendication 8, caractérisé en ce que la douille de soupape (34b) est guidée dans le corps d'injecteur (10) de sorte que lors de son déplacement longitudinal, elle effectue forcément une rotation.
EP88902412A 1987-06-11 1988-03-22 Injecteur de carburant pour moteurs a combustion interne Expired - Lifetime EP0354905B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19873719459 DE3719459A1 (de) 1987-06-11 1987-06-11 Kraftstoff-einspritzduese fuer brennkraftmaschinen
DE3719459 1987-06-11

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0354905A1 EP0354905A1 (fr) 1990-02-21
EP0354905B1 true EP0354905B1 (fr) 1990-11-22

Family

ID=6329473

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88902412A Expired - Lifetime EP0354905B1 (fr) 1987-06-11 1988-03-22 Injecteur de carburant pour moteurs a combustion interne

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US5020728A (fr)
EP (1) EP0354905B1 (fr)
JP (1) JPH02503938A (fr)
DE (2) DE3719459A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO1988009869A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2654469A1 (fr) * 1989-11-14 1991-05-17 Bosch Gmbh Robert Injecteur de carburant pour moteur a combustion interne, permettant un jet de carburant en forme de parapluie.
DE3941151A1 (de) * 1989-12-13 1991-06-20 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoff-einspritzduese fuer brennkraftmaschinen
DE4017391C2 (de) * 1990-05-30 1993-10-07 Man Nutzfahrzeuge Ag Spritzquerschnittgesteuerte Einspritzdüse für eine luftverteilte Kraftstoffeinspritzung bei einer luftverdichtenden Brennkraftmaschine
DE4310154A1 (de) * 1993-03-29 1994-10-06 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoff-Einspritzdüse für Brennkraftmaschinen
DE4442764A1 (de) * 1994-12-01 1996-06-05 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoffeinspritzventil für Brennkraftmaschinen
DE19504849A1 (de) * 1995-02-15 1996-08-22 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoffeinspritzeinrichtung für Brennkraftmaschinen
DE19701288C2 (de) * 1997-01-16 1999-10-14 Daimler Benz Ag Ventil zur dosierten Abgabe von Fluiden
GB9811649D0 (en) * 1998-05-29 1998-07-29 Lucas Ind Plc Fuel injector
DE19844868A1 (de) * 1998-09-30 2000-04-06 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoffeinspritzventil für Brennkraftmaschinen
US6042028A (en) * 1999-02-18 2000-03-28 General Motors Corporation Direct injection fuel injector spray nozzle and method
US6510836B2 (en) * 2000-07-03 2003-01-28 Murad M. Ismailov Swirl injector for internal combustion engine
US6454189B1 (en) * 2000-07-03 2002-09-24 Caterpillar Inc. Reverse acting nozzle valve and fuel injector using same
DE10039544A1 (de) * 2000-08-12 2002-04-04 Daimler Chrysler Ag Einspritzventil
DE10051900A1 (de) * 2000-10-19 2002-05-29 Bosch Gmbh Robert Brennstoffeinspritzventil
DE10152416A1 (de) * 2001-10-24 2003-06-18 Bosch Gmbh Robert Brennstoffeinspritzventil
US6748872B2 (en) * 2001-11-08 2004-06-15 Bombardier Motor Corporation Of America Swirl-producing fuel injection nozzle and system and method incorporating same
US7210640B2 (en) * 2001-11-30 2007-05-01 Caterpillar Inc Fuel injector spray alteration through a moveable tip sleeve
US20030102390A1 (en) * 2001-11-30 2003-06-05 Clarke John M. Method and apparatus to control a moveable tip sleeve.
US20030102389A1 (en) * 2001-11-30 2003-06-05 Clarke John M. Method and apparatus to control a movable tip sleeve
DE50305850D1 (de) * 2002-05-18 2007-01-11 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoffeinspritzventil für brennkraftmaschinen
DE10348589A1 (de) * 2003-10-20 2005-05-25 Robert Bosch Gmbh Brennstoffeinspritzventil
DE102004033842A1 (de) * 2004-07-13 2006-02-09 Robert Bosch Gmbh Brennstoffeinspritzventil
JP3989495B2 (ja) * 2004-09-22 2007-10-10 トヨタ自動車株式会社 燃料噴射装置
CN100385109C (zh) * 2005-01-18 2008-04-30 侯德洋 微位移变截面均匀细雾化复合式喷油器
US9683739B2 (en) * 2009-11-09 2017-06-20 Woodward, Inc. Variable-area fuel injector with improved circumferential spray uniformity
KR101144482B1 (ko) * 2010-10-06 2012-05-11 (주)제너진 엔진의 직분사 인젝터
US9488086B2 (en) * 2013-12-23 2016-11-08 Baohua Qi Low pressure atomizing injector
RU2583199C2 (ru) * 2014-05-20 2016-05-10 Российская Федерация, от имени которой выступает Министерство промышленности и торговли Российской Федерации (Минпромторг России) Распылитель форсунки

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FR684482A (fr) * 1928-11-26 1930-06-26 Injecteur pulvérisateur pour moteur à combustion interne à combustible liquide
US2063709A (en) * 1933-03-25 1936-12-08 Taylor John Leonard Atomizer
US2820673A (en) * 1956-11-19 1958-01-21 Gen Motors Corp Fuel injecting valve
DE1808650A1 (de) * 1968-11-13 1970-06-18 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoffeinspritzvorrichtung
US4082224A (en) * 1976-10-07 1978-04-04 Caterpillar Tractor Co. Fuel injection nozzle
US4197997A (en) * 1978-07-28 1980-04-15 Ford Motor Company Floating ring fuel injector valve
DE2948907A1 (de) * 1979-12-05 1981-06-11 Robert Bosch Gmbh, 7000 Stuttgart Kraftstoffeinspritzduese fuer brennkraftmaschinen
GB2097058B (en) * 1981-04-14 1984-05-16 Lucas Ind Plc Fuel injection nozzles
IT1150819B (it) * 1981-04-14 1986-12-17 Lucas Ind Plc Ugelli di iniezione di combustibile
US4817873A (en) * 1985-11-13 1989-04-04 Orbital Engine Company Proprietary Limited Nozzles for in-cylinder fuel injection systems
DE3737896A1 (de) * 1987-11-07 1989-05-18 Bosch Gmbh Robert Kraftstoff-einspritzduese, insbesondere fuer brennkraftmaschinen mit direkteinspritzung
US4958771A (en) * 1989-06-21 1990-09-25 General Motors Corporation Injection nozzle

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH02503938A (ja) 1990-11-15
EP0354905A1 (fr) 1990-02-21
WO1988009869A1 (fr) 1988-12-15
DE3861130D1 (de) 1991-01-03
DE3719459A1 (de) 1988-12-29
US5020728A (en) 1991-06-04

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