EP0348324B1 - Opening/closing device with holding means for a pliable plastic sachet - Google Patents

Opening/closing device with holding means for a pliable plastic sachet Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0348324B1
EP0348324B1 EP89470010A EP89470010A EP0348324B1 EP 0348324 B1 EP0348324 B1 EP 0348324B1 EP 89470010 A EP89470010 A EP 89470010A EP 89470010 A EP89470010 A EP 89470010A EP 0348324 B1 EP0348324 B1 EP 0348324B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
handle
sachet
opening
small
wall
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89470010A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0348324A1 (en
Inventor
Daniel Chatourel
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Societe Generale des Eaux Minerales de Vittel SA
Original Assignee
Societe Generale des Eaux Minerales de Vittel SA
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Societe Generale des Eaux Minerales de Vittel SA filed Critical Societe Generale des Eaux Minerales de Vittel SA
Priority to AT89470010T priority Critical patent/ATE94838T1/en
Publication of EP0348324A1 publication Critical patent/EP0348324A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0348324B1 publication Critical patent/EP0348324B1/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65DCONTAINERS FOR STORAGE OR TRANSPORT OF ARTICLES OR MATERIALS, e.g. BAGS, BARRELS, BOTTLES, BOXES, CANS, CARTONS, CRATES, DRUMS, JARS, TANKS, HOPPERS, FORWARDING CONTAINERS; ACCESSORIES, CLOSURES, OR FITTINGS THEREFOR; PACKAGING ELEMENTS; PACKAGES
    • B65D77/00Packages formed by enclosing articles or materials in preformed containers, e.g. boxes, cartons, sacks or bags
    • B65D77/04Articles or materials enclosed in two or more containers disposed one within another
    • B65D77/06Liquids or semi-liquids or other materials or articles enclosed in flexible containers disposed within rigid containers
    • B65D77/062Flexible containers disposed within polygonal containers formed by folding a carton blank
    • B65D77/065Spouts, pouring necks or discharging tubes fixed to or integral with the flexible container
    • B65D77/067Spouts, pouring necks or discharging tubes fixed to or integral with the flexible container combined with a valve, a tap or a piercer

Definitions

  • the subject of the present invention is an opening-closing device intended to be used in combination with a flexible bag, in particular for packaging liquids, of the type comprising a closure and pouring assembly constituted by a cylindrical barrel and by a plug cooperating with said barrel and provided with means for cutting and perforating the wall of said bag by screwing or pressure to allow opening.
  • the flexible bags concerned have, for example, been the subject, but not limited to, of the patent application in France FR-A-2 554 785 also in the name of the applicant.
  • document WO-A-8 000 556 which shows a flexible sachet in a rigid container equipped with a pouring-sealing assembly allowing the perforation of the flexible sachet and preventing the perforation of its opposite wall.
  • this assembly is attached to the container, which complicates the implementation and increases the cost.
  • the object of the present invention is to remedy all the aforementioned drawbacks by proposing a device in which there is a rigid or semi-rigid gripping means during the perforation and prohibiting the perforation of the wall opposite to said perforation, means to be simple and inexpensive.
  • an opening-closing device intended to be used in combination with a flexible bag, in particular for packaging liquid of the type comprising a closure and pouring assembly constituted by a barrel.
  • a closure and pouring assembly constituted by a barrel.
  • the barrel comprises means extending radially relative to that and allowing gripping by the user when drilling said wall, said means having come integrally with the barrel and consisting of a tongue.
  • said means will consist of two triangular tabs, preferably symmetrical.
  • FIG. 1A shows a device composed of a barrel (1) provided with a thread (2) adapted on a bag of which a wall (3) has been shown which must be torn by a plug coming to be screwed on the barrel (1) and provided with cutting teeth.
  • a tongue (4) of generally triangular shape with rounded corners is used as means, as shown more clearly in FIG. 1B.
  • the user holds the tongue (4) with one hand and gives the cap a rotational movement with his other hand, which leads to the perforation of the wall (3), therefore the opening of the flexible bag and the possibility of 'pour the contents.
  • a boss (5) can be provided on the tip of the tongue which will help the user to grasp it.
  • the structure is identical but double, that is to say that there are two symmetrical tongues (6,7) of structure similar to the previous one.
  • the tongues can be taken between the fingers with one hand and folded back. They then also guarantee, in addition to gripping, that there is no perforation of the opposite wall, which will be explained for the following variant.
  • FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C have in fact shown a variant in which each lateral wing (8), two in number, consists of trapezoidal sectors (9, 10) whose small bases (9 ', 10') are arranged towards the upper horn (17) of the bag (18) shown in Figure 3C.
  • the sectors are linked together by lines of least resistance (11,12).
  • the line (12) will allow a real articulation of the sector (10) on the sector (9) and the line (11) between the sector (9) and the base itself.
  • the sector (10) will be striated or grooved to facilitate gripping.
  • Lines (11) and (12) are also involved in the production of the product.
  • the line (11) is used to fold the horn before use.
  • FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an embodiment in which the barrel (1) came integrally with a tamper-evident ring (13) comprising a gripping tab (14), said ring being connected to said barrel by a flexible bridge (15).
  • the operation is as follows. To open the bag and perforate it, the user unscrews the cap. Then he releases the tamper-evident ring by taking it by the tongue (14) passing his finger through the orifice (16) of said ring, he can have a gripping point which allows him to screw the cap on the barrel to pierce the wall of the film.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Bag Frames (AREA)
  • Closures For Containers (AREA)
  • Supplying Of Containers To The Packaging Station (AREA)
  • Packages (AREA)
  • Lift Valve (AREA)
  • Lock And Its Accessories (AREA)
  • Specific Sealing Or Ventilating Devices For Doors And Windows (AREA)
  • Shaping Of Tube Ends By Bending Or Straightening (AREA)
  • Blast Furnaces (AREA)
  • Cartons (AREA)

Abstract

Opening/closing device intended to be used in combination with a pliable sachet (18) especially for the packaging of liquid, of the type comprising a shut-off and pouring assembly consisting of a cylindrical shank (1) and of a plug interacting with the said shank and equipped with means for cutting and perforating the wall of the said sachet by screwing or pressure, to allow it to be opened, characterised in that the shank (1) has a means (4) extending radially relative to the latter and allowing it to be grasped by the user at the moment when the said wall is pierced. <IMAGE>

Description

La présente invention a pour objet un dispositif d'ouverture-fermeture destiné à être utilise en combinaison avec un sachet souple en particulier pour le conditionnement de liquides, du type comportant un ensemble d'obturation et de versage constitué par un fût cylindrique et par un bouchon coopérant avec ledit fût et muni de moyens de découpe et de perforation de la paroi dudit sachet par vissage ou pression pour en permettre l'ouverture.The subject of the present invention is an opening-closing device intended to be used in combination with a flexible bag, in particular for packaging liquids, of the type comprising a closure and pouring assembly constituted by a cylindrical barrel and by a plug cooperating with said barrel and provided with means for cutting and perforating the wall of said bag by screwing or pressure to allow opening.

Des dispositifs de ce type sont en eux-mêmes connus.Devices of this type are known per se.

Ils ont par exemple fait l'objet du brevet US-A-4 440 316 ainsi que de la demande de brevet en France FR-A-2 600 974 au nom de la demanderesse.For example, they were the subject of patent US-A-4,440,316 as well as of the patent application in France FR-A-2,600,974 in the name of the applicant.

Les sachets souples concernés ont par exemple fait l'objet, ceci non limitativement, de la demande de brevet en France FR-A-2 554 785 également au nom de la demanderesse.The flexible bags concerned have, for example, been the subject, but not limited to, of the patent application in France FR-A-2 554 785 also in the name of the applicant.

Pour des sachets munis d'un dispositif d'ouverture-fermeture du type décrit précédemment, il est nécessaire de maintenir la corne supérieure du sachet d'une main pendant le vissage du bouchon, vissage qui entraine la perforation du film formant la paroi du sachet à cet endroit.For sachets provided with an opening-closing device of the type described above, it is necessary to hold the upper horn of the sachet with one hand during the screwing of the cap, screwing which causes the perforation of the film forming the wall of the sachet in this location.

Cette solution est assez peu pratique pour la plupart des consommateurs.This solution is quite impractical for most consumers.

Par ailleurs, il y a risque, en cas de manipulation mal réalisée, que les dents du bouchon viennent percer la paroi opposée ce qui vient à rendre le sachet inutilisable après un premier usage.Furthermore, there is a risk, in the event of improper handling, that the teeth of the stopper will pierce the opposite wall, which will render the sachet unusable after a first use.

Par ailleurs on connait le document WO-A-8 000 556 qui montre un sachet souple dans un contenant rigide équipé d'un ensemble de versage-obturation permettant la perforation du sachet souple et interdisant la perforation de sa paroi opposée. Cependant cet ensemble est rapporte sur le contenant ce qui complique la mise en oeuvre et augmente le coût.Furthermore, document WO-A-8 000 556 is known which shows a flexible sachet in a rigid container equipped with a pouring-sealing assembly allowing the perforation of the flexible sachet and preventing the perforation of its opposite wall. However, this assembly is attached to the container, which complicates the implementation and increases the cost.

La présente invention a pour objet de remédier à tous les inconvénients précités en proposant un dispositif dans lequel il existe un moyen rigide ou semi-rigide de préhension lors de la perforation et interdisant la perforation de la paroi opposée à ladite perforation, moyen devant être simple et peu onéreux.The object of the present invention is to remedy all the aforementioned drawbacks by proposing a device in which there is a rigid or semi-rigid gripping means during the perforation and prohibiting the perforation of the wall opposite to said perforation, means to be simple and inexpensive.

Conformément à l'invention, ce résultat est obtenu avec un dispositif d'ouverture-fermeture destine à être utilise en combinaison avec un sachet souple en particulier pour le conditionnement de liquide du type comportant un ensemble d'obturation et de versage constitué par un fût cylindrique et par un bouchon coopérant avec ledit fût et muni de moyens de découpe et de perforation de la paroi dudit sachet par vissage ou pression pour en permettre l'ouverture caractérisé en ce que le fût comporte un moyen s'étendant radialement par rapport à celui-ci et permettant la préhension par l'utilisateur au moment du perçage de ladite paroi, ledit moyen étant venu de matière avec le fût et consistant en une languette.In accordance with the invention, this result is obtained with an opening-closing device intended to be used in combination with a flexible bag, in particular for packaging liquid of the type comprising a closure and pouring assembly constituted by a barrel. cylindrical and by a plug cooperating with said barrel and provided with means for cutting and perforating the wall of said sachet by screwing or pressure to allow opening thereof characterized in that the barrel comprises means extending radially relative to that and allowing gripping by the user when drilling said wall, said means having come integrally with the barrel and consisting of a tongue.

En variante, ledit moyen consistera en deux languettes triangulaires, de préférence symétriques.As a variant, said means will consist of two triangular tabs, preferably symmetrical.

On pourra prévoir que, dans le cas d'une double languette, celles-ci soient suffisamment flexibles ou munies chacune d'une ligne d'affaiblissement pour autoriser le repliage de leurs extrémités vers l'arrière du fût, en même temps que la préhension, de manière à limiter la course des dents du bouchon.We can provide that, in the case of a double tongue, these are flexible enough or each provided with a weakening line to allow the folding of their ends towards the rear of the barrel, at the same time as the gripping. , so as to limit the travel of the plug teeth.

On comprendra mieux l'invention à l'aide de la description ci-après faite en référence aux dessins annexes dans lesquels :

  • la figure 1A est une vue en coupe longitudinale d'un dispositif conforme à l'invention,
  • la figure 1B est une vue de dessus du dispositif de la figure 1A,
  • la figure 1C illustre le fonctionnement dudit dispositif, avec une variante de préhension 1D,
  • les figures 2A et 2B sont des variantes des figures précédentes,
  • la figure 3A est une vue partielle en coupe longitudinale d'un autre mode de mise en oeuvre avec limitation de la pénétration du bouchon,
  • la figure 3B est une vue de dessus du dispositif de la figure 3A,
  • la figure 3C illustre le fonctionnement dudit mode de mise en oeuvre,
  • la figure 4A est une vue en coupe longitudinale d'un dispositif conforme à l'invention dans lequel le moyen de préhension est la bague d'inviolabilité,
  • la figure 4B est une vue de dessus du dispositif de la figure 4A,
  • la figure 4C illustre le fonctionnement dudit mode de mise en oeuvre.
The invention will be better understood using the description below made with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:
  • FIG. 1A is a view in longitudinal section of a device according to the invention,
  • FIG. 1B is a top view of the device of FIG. 1A,
  • FIG. 1C illustrates the operation of said device, with a variant of gripping 1D,
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B are variants of the previous figures,
  • FIG. 3A is a partial view in longitudinal section of another embodiment with limitation of the penetration of the plug,
  • FIG. 3B is a top view of the device of FIG. 3A,
  • FIG. 3C illustrates the operation of said mode of implementation,
  • FIG. 4A is a view in longitudinal section of a device according to the invention in which the gripping means is the tamper-evident ring,
  • FIG. 4B is a top view of the device of FIG. 4A,
  • FIG. 4C illustrates the operation of said mode of implementation.

On a représenté à la figure 1A un dispositif composé d'un fût (1) muni d'un filetage (2) adapté sur un sachet dont on a représenté une paroi (3) qui doit être déchirée par un bouchon venant se visser sur le fût (1) et muni de dents de découpe.FIG. 1A shows a device composed of a barrel (1) provided with a thread (2) adapted on a bag of which a wall (3) has been shown which must be torn by a plug coming to be screwed on the barrel (1) and provided with cutting teeth.

Pour la préhension du sachet, qui est souple, on utilise comme moyen une languette (4) de forme générale triangulaire aux angles arrondis, telle que représentée plus clairement à la figure 1B. Ainsi l'utilisateur maintient d'une main la languette (4) et imprime au bouchon un mouvement de rotation par son autre main, ce qui entraine la perforation de la paroi (3), donc l'ouverture du sachet souple et la possibilité d'en verser le contenu.For gripping the sachet, which is flexible, a tongue (4) of generally triangular shape with rounded corners is used as means, as shown more clearly in FIG. 1B. Thus the user holds the tongue (4) with one hand and gives the cap a rotational movement with his other hand, which leads to the perforation of the wall (3), therefore the opening of the flexible bag and the possibility of 'pour the contents.

On pourra prévoir sur la pointe de la languette un bossage (5) qui aidera à la préhension par l'utilisateur.A boss (5) can be provided on the tip of the tongue which will help the user to grasp it.

Dans la variante des figures 2A et 2B, la structure est identique mais double, c'est-à-dire que l'on trouve deux languettes symétriques (6,7) de structure analogue à la précédente.In the variant of FIGS. 2A and 2B, the structure is identical but double, that is to say that there are two symmetrical tongues (6,7) of structure similar to the previous one.

Dans cette structure les languettes peuvent être prises entre les doigts d'une seule main et repliées vers l'arrière. Elles garantissent alors également, outre la préhension, qu'il n'y ait pas perforation de la paroi opposée, ce qui sera explicité pour la variante suivante.In this structure, the tongues can be taken between the fingers with one hand and folded back. They then also guarantee, in addition to gripping, that there is no perforation of the opposite wall, which will be explained for the following variant.

On a en effet représenté aux figures 3A, 3B et 3C une variante dans laquelle chaque aile latérale (8) au nombre de deux, est constituée de secteurs trapézoidaux (9,10) dont les petites bases (9',10') sont disposées vers la corne supérieure (17) du sachet (18) représenté à la figure 3C.FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C have in fact shown a variant in which each lateral wing (8), two in number, consists of trapezoidal sectors (9, 10) whose small bases (9 ', 10') are arranged towards the upper horn (17) of the bag (18) shown in Figure 3C.

Les secteurs sont reliés entre eux par des lignes de moindre résistance (11,12). La ligne (12) permettra une réelle articulation du secteur (10) sur le secteur (9) et la ligne (11) entre le secteur (9) et l'embase proprement dite.The sectors are linked together by lines of least resistance (11,12). The line (12) will allow a real articulation of the sector (10) on the sector (9) and the line (11) between the sector (9) and the base itself.

Avantageusement, le secteur (10) sera strié ou cannelé pour faciliter la préhension.Advantageously, the sector (10) will be striated or grooved to facilitate gripping.

Les lignes (11) et (12) interviennent également au niveau de la fabrication du produit.Lines (11) and (12) are also involved in the production of the product.

De plus, la ligne (11) sert à replier la corne avant usage.In addition, the line (11) is used to fold the horn before use.

De cette manière, l'utilisateur peut saisir les secteurs entre les doigts, comme représenté à la figure 3C, ce qui réalise à la fois la préhension et limite la pénétration des dents du bouchon, donc évite la perforation de la paroi opposée du sachet.In this way, the user can grasp the sectors between the fingers, as shown in FIG. 3C, which both grips and limits the penetration of the teeth of the stopper, thus avoiding the perforation of the opposite wall of the sachet.

Les figures 4A et 4B illustrent un mode de mise en oeuvre dans lequel le fût (1) est venu de matière avec une bague d'inviolabilité (13) comportant une languette (14) de préhension, ladite bague étant reliée audit fût par un pontet (15) souple.FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate an embodiment in which the barrel (1) came integrally with a tamper-evident ring (13) comprising a gripping tab (14), said ring being connected to said barrel by a flexible bridge (15).

Le fonctionnement est le suivant. Pour ouvrir le sachet et le perforer, l'utilisateur dévisse le bouchon. Puis il dégage la bague d'inviolabilité en la prenant par la languette (14) passant son doigt dans l'orifice (16) de ladite bague, il peut avoir un point de préhension qui lui permet de visser le bouchon sur le fût pour percer la paroi du film.The operation is as follows. To open the bag and perforate it, the user unscrews the cap. Then he releases the tamper-evident ring by taking it by the tongue (14) passing his finger through the orifice (16) of said ring, he can have a gripping point which allows him to screw the cap on the barrel to pierce the wall of the film.

Claims (8)

  1. Opening and closing device intended to be used in combination with a flexible sachet (18), particularly for the packaging of liquid, of the type comprising a sealing and pouring assembly formed by a cylindrical handle (1) and by a stopper co-operating with said handle and provided with means for cutting and perforating the wall of said sachet by screwing or pressure in order to permit the opening thereof, characterised in that the handle (1) comprises a means extending radially relative to the latter and permitting the user to grip at the time when said wall is pierced, said means being integrally formed with the handle and comprising a small tongue (4,6,7,8,14,15).
  2. Device according to the preceding claim, characterised in that said small tongue (4) has a general triangular configuration with rounded corners.
  3. Device according to claim 2, characterised in that the device comprises two symmetrical small tongues (6,7).
  4. Device according to any of claims 2 and 3, characterised in that the device comprises two symmetrical small tongues (6,7).
  5. Device according to claim 1, characterised in that it comprises two lateral wings (8) formed of trapezoidal portions (9,10), the small bases (9',10') of which are disposed towards the upper horn (17) of the sachet (18).
  6. Device according to claim 5, characterised in that said portions are connected to each other and to the collar of the handle by lines of least resistance (11,12).
  7. Device according to any of claims 5 and 6, characterised in that the portions (10) are grooved or channelled.
  8. Device according to claim 1, characterised in that the handle (1) is integrally formed with an indestructible ring (13) comprising a small gripping tongue (14), said ring being connected to said handle by a flexible trigger-guard (15).
EP89470010A 1988-06-22 1989-05-03 Opening/closing device with holding means for a pliable plastic sachet Expired - Lifetime EP0348324B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89470010T ATE94838T1 (en) 1988-06-22 1989-05-03 DEVICE FOR OPENING AND CLOSING A PLASTIC BAG WITH A HOLDING DEVICE.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8808567A FR2633269B1 (en) 1988-06-22 1988-06-22 OPENING-CLOSING DEVICE FOR BAG IN FLEXIBLE SYNTHETIC MATERIAL WITH GRIPPING MEANS
FR8808567 1988-06-22

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0348324A1 EP0348324A1 (en) 1989-12-27
EP0348324B1 true EP0348324B1 (en) 1993-09-22

Family

ID=9367728

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89470010A Expired - Lifetime EP0348324B1 (en) 1988-06-22 1989-05-03 Opening/closing device with holding means for a pliable plastic sachet

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (1) US5094367A (en)
EP (1) EP0348324B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH02205548A (en)
CN (1) CN1038622A (en)
AT (1) ATE94838T1 (en)
AU (1) AU3622489A (en)
CA (1) CA1332585C (en)
DE (1) DE68909328T2 (en)
ES (1) ES2045531T3 (en)
FR (1) FR2633269B1 (en)
PT (1) PT90929B (en)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
USD409481S (en) * 1996-08-19 1999-05-11 The Coca-Cola Company Container
US6164825A (en) * 1996-11-26 2000-12-26 The Coca-Cola Company Stable, flexible, easy open pouch
US6076968A (en) * 1996-11-26 2000-06-20 The Coca-Cola Company Easy open flexible pouch
USD455645S1 (en) 2000-05-26 2002-04-16 Kapak Corporation Pouch for holding liquids
USD448988S1 (en) 2001-02-08 2001-10-09 Kapak Corporation Stand-up pouch for holding liquids
US20090080813A1 (en) * 2005-12-21 2009-03-26 Columbus E. Aps Disposable beverage can

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL257289A (en) *
US3119543A (en) * 1961-08-28 1964-01-28 James H Walker Neck securement for containers
US3339812A (en) * 1963-10-29 1967-09-05 Fmc Corp Molded container having discharge spout
GB1168465A (en) * 1965-11-19 1969-10-29 Malpas Charles H Improvements in Bulk Containers
US4202469A (en) * 1978-05-22 1980-05-13 Brandt Michael W Blade holder and nozzle assembly
AT357929B (en) * 1978-09-12 1980-08-11 Teich Ag Folienwalzwerk CONTAINER FOR LIQUID OR GIANT MATERIALS
US4440316A (en) * 1980-02-27 1984-04-03 Trinity Associates Combined piercer and valve for flexible bag
USRE32354E (en) * 1980-07-21 1987-02-17 Scholle Corporation Container for holding and dispensing fluid
FR2554785B1 (en) * 1983-11-15 1986-08-22 Vittel Eaux Min PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A BAG IN FLEXIBLE SYNTHETIC MATERIAL WITH A RIGID OR SEMI-RIGID HANDLE
DE3544244A1 (en) * 1985-12-14 1987-06-25 Minnesota Mining & Mfg DEVICE FOR REMOVING FILLING MATERIAL FROM BAGS
FR2600974B1 (en) * 1986-07-02 1988-09-02 Vittel Eaux Min DEVICE FOR PERFORATING A PACKAGE OF FLEXIBLE SYNTHETIC MATERIAL

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
ES2045531T3 (en) 1994-01-16
ATE94838T1 (en) 1993-10-15
PT90929B (en) 1994-10-31
DE68909328T2 (en) 1994-05-05
CN1038622A (en) 1990-01-10
US5094367A (en) 1992-03-10
AU3622489A (en) 1990-01-04
DE68909328D1 (en) 1993-10-28
PT90929A (en) 1989-12-29
EP0348324A1 (en) 1989-12-27
JPH02205548A (en) 1990-08-15
CA1332585C (en) 1994-10-18
FR2633269B1 (en) 1990-11-09
FR2633269A1 (en) 1989-12-29

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