EP0335575B2 - Herstellung von Papier und Pappe - Google Patents

Herstellung von Papier und Pappe Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0335575B2
EP0335575B2 EP89302842A EP89302842A EP0335575B2 EP 0335575 B2 EP0335575 B2 EP 0335575B2 EP 89302842 A EP89302842 A EP 89302842A EP 89302842 A EP89302842 A EP 89302842A EP 0335575 B2 EP0335575 B2 EP 0335575B2
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
polymer
molecular weight
suspension
low molecular
stock
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP89302842A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0335575A3 (en
EP0335575B1 (de
EP0335575A2 (de
Inventor
John Graham Langley
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Ciba Specialty Chemicals Water Treatments Ltd
Original Assignee
Ciba Specialty Chemicals Water Treatments Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
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Priority claimed from GB888807444A external-priority patent/GB8807444D0/en
Priority claimed from GB888815219A external-priority patent/GB8815219D0/en
Application filed by Ciba Specialty Chemicals Water Treatments Ltd filed Critical Ciba Specialty Chemicals Water Treatments Ltd
Priority to AT89302842T priority Critical patent/ATE86693T1/de
Publication of EP0335575A2 publication Critical patent/EP0335575A2/de
Publication of EP0335575A3 publication Critical patent/EP0335575A3/en
Publication of EP0335575B1 publication Critical patent/EP0335575B1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0335575B2 publication Critical patent/EP0335575B2/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
    • D21H23/76—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by choice of auxiliary compounds which are added separately from at least one other compound, e.g. to improve the incorporation of the latter or to obtain an enhanced combined effect
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
    • D21H23/76—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by choice of auxiliary compounds which are added separately from at least one other compound, e.g. to improve the incorporation of the latter or to obtain an enhanced combined effect
    • D21H23/765—Addition of all compounds to the pulp
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
    • D21H17/28—Starch
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H23/00—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper
    • D21H23/02—Processes or apparatus for adding material to the pulp or to the paper characterised by the manner in which substances are added
    • D21H23/04—Addition to the pulp; After-treatment of added substances in the pulp
    • D21H23/06—Controlling the addition
    • D21H23/14—Controlling the addition by selecting point of addition or time of contact between components
    • D21H23/16—Addition before or during pulp beating or refining
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
    • D21H11/08—Mechanical or thermomechanical pulp
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
    • D21H11/14—Secondary fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/21—Macromolecular organic compounds of natural origin; Derivatives thereof
    • D21H17/24—Polysaccharides
    • D21H17/28—Starch
    • D21H17/29—Starch cationic
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
    • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
    • D21H17/34—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D21H17/41—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups
    • D21H17/44—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds containing ionic groups cationic
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
    • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
    • D21H17/68—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments siliceous, e.g. clays
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/06—Paper forming aids
    • D21H21/10—Retention agents or drainage improvers

Definitions

  • Paper or paper board is made by providing a thick stock, diluting the thick stock to form a thin stock, draining the thin stock to form a sheet and drying the sheet.
  • the thick stock can be made either by mixing water into dried pulp or, in an integrated mill, by diluting a drained pulp.
  • the normal way of preparing it for drainage is by adding inorganic material, such as alum, talc or bentonite, at the pulping or thick stock stages.
  • inorganic material such as alum, talc or bentonite
  • a dry strength resin for instance a cationic starch
  • paper or paper board is made by a process comprising providing a cellulosic suspension of which at least 25% by weight is formed by mechanically derived pulp, subjecting this to one or more shear stages selected from cleaning, mixing and pumping stages, adding a main polymer which is a high molecular weight , water soluble , synthetic cationic polymer having molecular weight above 500,000 and intrinsic viscosity above 4 dl/g, before one of the shear stages and adding bentonite after that shear stage, draining the suspension to form a sheet and drying the sheet, and in this process drainage is improved by adding to the suspension before the main polymer a low molecular weight water soluble synthetic cationic polymer having molecular weight lower than the molecular weight of the main polymer, and having intrinsic viscosity below 2 dl/g in an amount in the range 0.01 to 0.2% based on the dry weight of the suspension.
  • a main polymer which is a high molecular weight , water soluble , synthetic cationic poly
  • the inclusion of the low molecular weight cationic polymer in the thin stock before addition of the main polymer leads to improvement in the drainage characteristics obtained by the addition of the main polymer before a shear stage and bentonite after that shear stage. Depending upon the other conditions, it can also lead to reduced problems due to pitch and other sticky materials and can lead to improved wet and/or dry strengths, runability, linting, opacity and other paper qualities.
  • the aqueous cellulosic suspension can be made either from dried pulp or, in an integrated mill, by diluting a drained pulp, all in conventional manner.
  • Intrinsic viscosities herein derived in standard manner from determination of solution viscosities by suspended level viscometer of solutions at 25°C in 1 Molar NaCl buffered to pH about 7 using sodium phosphate.
  • the remainder of the process, after adding the low molecular weight polymer should be similar to the "Hydrocol" process and, thus, should be otherwise conducted as in EP-A-235,893, using a synthetic cationic polymer having molecular weight at least 500,000 and IV above 4 dl/g before one of the shear stages and bentonite after.
  • the materials and processing conditions described in EP-A-235,893 can be used in the invention, subject to the modification that the suspension includes the low molecular weight polymer before addition of the main polymer.
  • the low molecular weight polymer can be present in the thick stock that is diluted to form the thin stock or it may be added to the thin stock.
  • the thick stock is diluted to form the thin stock by use of white water. It is desirable to add the low molecular weight polymer before, or immediately after or during, the dilution with white water and to add the main polymer to the thin stock, after the addition of the low molecular weight polymer.
  • the low molecular weight polymer should have a molecular weight sufficiently lower than the molecular weight of the main polymer that it will provide different process or performance benefits.
  • the low molecular weight polymer has intrinsic viscosity below 2 dl/g and usually has molecular weight below 500,000.
  • the molecular weight is usually above 50,000 and often above 100,000.
  • a preferred relatively low molecular weight polymer is polyethylene imine.
  • a suitable grade of this type of polymer is the material sold under the trade name Polymin SK.
  • Other suitable materials are polymers and copolymers of dially dimethyl ammonium chloride, of dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylates and of dialkylaminoalkyl (meth) acrylamides (both generally as acid addition or quaternary ammonium salts), as well as polyamines and polydicyandiamides-formaldehyde polymers. Amphoteric synthetic polymers may be used.
  • the process according to the invention utilises a relatively crude stock containing significant amounts of pitch and/or having high cationic demand. For instance it may require at least 0.1% Polymin SK to give improved retention when the Polymin SK is used in conventional manner as retention aid.
  • Polymin is a trade mark.
  • Such stocks are those containing more than 25% by weight, usually more than 50% by weight, of mechanically derived pulps and/or deinked pulps.
  • mechanically derived pulps we mean groundwood, pressure refined groundwood, thermo-mechanical, chemi-thermo mechanical or any other high yield mechanically derived fibres.
  • the process is of particular value when the stock is to be used for the manufacture of newsprint, and for this purpose stock is generally substantially unfilled or only contains small amounts of filler, for instance 0 to 15% and often 0 to 10% based on the dry weight of the stock. Benefits are however also achieved if the stock contains filler in amounts to give up to 30% filler in the final paper produced.
  • the process is also of value in the manufacture of board, again from similar crude pulps containing little or no filler.
  • an alternative or additional property of the low molecular weight polymer may be to improve the strength of the board and for this purpose a low molecular weight water soluble synthetic cationic dry strength resin may be used as the polymer.
  • Amphoteric polymers are particularly suitable for this purpose.
  • the amount of low molecular weight polymer is in the range 0.01 or 0.05 to 0.2%, based on the dry weight of the stock, and the optimum can be found by routine experimentation.
  • the pulp, before treatment with the low molecular weight polymer has a cationic demand (as measured by titration with the main cationic polymer) of above 400 g/t and the low molecular weight polymer is included in the stock, or ahead of the stock, in an amount to reduce the cationic demand of the thin stock to below 300 g/t before adding the main polymer.
  • the process of the invention is found to give an improvement in the performance since it can give improved pitch and/or stickies removal, improved paper quality such as opacity and linting characteristics improved wet strength or runnability during manufacture. Furthermore the performance of the process when assessed in terms of the drainage characteristics is improved by the incorporation of the second polymer, as compared to a process without that polymer, for instance a process is described in EP-A-235,893 or US-A-4,388,150.
  • Polymer A is a polymer of IV 7 dl/g formed from 75% acrylamide and 25% dimethylaminoethyl acrylate, MeCl quaternised
  • Polymer B is a modified polyethyleneimine as sold under the trade name Polymin SK.
  • a 100% mixed waste stock having a consistency of 0.5% was prepared. Drainage tests were conducted on the stock using a modified Shopper Riegler freeness tester, the time for 600 mls of backwater to drain from the stock sample being measured. The stock was subjected to shear and the drainage was measured. In one test no additions were made before or after the shear. In other tests bentonite was added after the shear and Polymer A and/or Polymer B was added before the shear. When both Polymers A and B were added, B was added considerably ahead of Polymer A.
  • the low molecular weight polymer is polymer K which is a solution polymer of about IV 1 dl/g and formed from about 20% acrylamide and 80% by weight diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride.
  • the high molecular weight polymers are L, which is 70% acrylamide, 30% methyl chloride quaternised dimethylaminoethyl acrylate IV 8, and polymer M which is 95% acrylamide and 5% methyl chloride quaternised dimethylaminoethyl acrylate IV 11.
  • the drainage rate for each of the treated suspensions is measured, with the best results being those that have the highest drainage figure.

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  • Paper (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Verfahren, bei dem Papier oder Karton hergestellt werden durch Bilden einer wäßrigen Cellulosesuspension, die zu mindestens 25 Gew.-% von mechanisch abgeleitetem Halbstoff gebildet wird, Führen der Suspension durch eine oder mehrere Scherstufen, ausgewählt aus Reinigungs-, Misch- oder Pumpstufen, Zugeben eines Heuptpolymers, das ein hochmolekulares, wasserlösliches, synthetisches, kationisches Polymer mit einer Grenzviskositätszahl oberhalb 4 dl/g ist, zu der Suspension vor einer der Scherstufen und Zugeben von Bentonit nach dieser Scherstufe, Entwässern der Suspension zur Bildung eines Bogens und Trocknen des Bogens, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Entwässerung verbessert wird durch Zugabe zu der Suspension, vor Zugabe des Hauptpolymers, eines niedrigmolekularen, wasserlöslichen, synthetischen, kationischen Polymers mit einer Grenzviskositätszahl unter 2 dl/g in einer Menge im Bereich von 0,01 bis 0,2%, bezogen auf das Trockengewicht der Suspension.
  2. Verfahren nach irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, bei dem mindestens 50 Gew.-% der Cellulosesuspension von mechanisch abgeleitetem Halbstoff gebildet werden.
  3. Verfahren nach irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, bei dem das Produkt Zeitungspapier ist.
  4. Verfahren nach irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, bei dem das niedrigmolekulare Polymer ein Molekulargewicht von 100000 bis 500000 hat.
  5. Verfahren nach irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, bei dem das niedrigmolekulare Polymer ausgewählt ist aus Polyethylenimin, Polyaminen, Polycyandiamid Formaldehyd-Polymeren, amphoteren Polymeren und Polymeren von Monomeren, die ausgewählt sind aus Diallyldimethylammoniumchlorid, Diallylaminoalkyl(meth)acrylaten und Dialkylaminoalkyl(meth)acrylamiden.
  6. Verfahren nach irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, bei dem die Suspension, welcher das niedrigmolekulare Polymer zugesetzt wird, einen Kationenbedarf von mindestens 400 g/t hat, gemessen am kationischen Hauptpolymer, und die zugesetzte Menge an niedrigmolekularem Polymer diesen Kationenbedarf auf unter 300 g/t verringert.
  7. Verfahren nach irgendeinem vorangehenden Anspruch, bei dem die Suspension, die zur Bildung von Papier oder Karton entwässert wird, ein Dünnstoff ist, der durch Verdünnen eines Dickstoffes erhalten wurde, und das Hauptpolymer dem Dünnstoff zugesetzt wird und das niedrigmolekulare Polymer in dem Dickstoff vorhanden ist.
EP89302842A 1988-03-28 1989-03-22 Herstellung von Papier und Pappe Expired - Lifetime EP0335575B2 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89302842T ATE86693T1 (de) 1988-03-28 1989-03-22 Herstellung von papier und pappe.

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB888807444A GB8807444D0 (en) 1988-03-28 1988-03-28 Production of paper & paper board
GB8807444 1988-03-28
GB8815219 1988-06-27
GB888815219A GB8815219D0 (en) 1988-06-27 1988-06-27 Production of paper & paper board

Publications (4)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0335575A2 EP0335575A2 (de) 1989-10-04
EP0335575A3 EP0335575A3 (en) 1990-12-12
EP0335575B1 EP0335575B1 (de) 1993-03-10
EP0335575B2 true EP0335575B2 (de) 2000-08-23

Family

ID=26293708

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP89302842A Expired - Lifetime EP0335575B2 (de) 1988-03-28 1989-03-22 Herstellung von Papier und Pappe

Country Status (9)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0335575B2 (de)
JP (2) JPH026683A (de)
KR (1) KR960002733B1 (de)
AU (1) AU613465B2 (de)
CA (1) CA1322435C (de)
DE (1) DE68905208T3 (de)
ES (1) ES2053980T5 (de)
FI (1) FI97307C (de)
NO (1) NO174724B (de)

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MY140287A (en) 2000-10-16 2009-12-31 Ciba Spec Chem Water Treat Ltd Manufacture of paper and paperboard
JP3819731B2 (ja) * 2000-11-30 2006-09-13 ハイモ株式会社 中性新聞用紙の抄紙方法
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GB0402470D0 (en) 2004-02-04 2004-03-10 Ciba Spec Chem Water Treat Ltd Production of a fermentation product
GB0402469D0 (en) 2004-02-04 2004-03-10 Ciba Spec Chem Water Treat Ltd Production of a fermentation product
JP4517662B2 (ja) * 2004-02-10 2010-08-04 栗田工業株式会社 紙及び板紙の製造方法
DE102004044379B4 (de) 2004-09-10 2008-01-10 Basf Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Papier, Pappe und Karton und Verwendung einer Retentionsmittelkombination
DE102004058587A1 (de) 2004-12-03 2006-06-14 Basf Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Papieren mit hohen Flächengewichten
US7955473B2 (en) 2004-12-22 2011-06-07 Akzo Nobel N.V. Process for the production of paper
DE102004063005A1 (de) 2004-12-22 2006-07-13 Basf Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung von Papier, Pappe und Karton
US20060254464A1 (en) 2005-05-16 2006-11-16 Akzo Nobel N.V. Process for the production of paper
JP5140000B2 (ja) 2005-12-30 2013-02-06 アクゾ ノーベル ナムローゼ フェンノートシャップ 紙の製造方法
BRPI0717984B1 (pt) * 2006-10-25 2020-11-10 Ciba Holding Inc. processo para preparação de um papel ou um papelão
US7758934B2 (en) 2007-07-13 2010-07-20 Georgia-Pacific Consumer Products Lp Dual mode ink jet paper
JP5190877B2 (ja) * 2008-04-04 2013-04-24 ハイモ株式会社 紙の欠陥発生抑制方法
JP5584505B2 (ja) * 2010-03-30 2014-09-03 日本製紙株式会社 紙の製造方法
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ES2663384T5 (es) 2012-03-01 2024-10-18 Basf Se Proceso para la fabricación de papel y cartón
ES2873105T3 (es) 2013-01-11 2021-11-03 Solenis Technologies Cayman Lp Proceso para la fabricación de papel y cartón
JP6929899B2 (ja) * 2018-06-15 2021-09-01 栗田工業株式会社 紙及び紙板の製造方法
WO2019239819A1 (ja) * 2018-06-15 2019-12-19 栗田工業株式会社 紙及び紙板の製造方法

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FI97307C (fi) 1997-11-11
KR890014836A (ko) 1989-10-25
FI891465A0 (fi) 1989-03-28
EP0335575A3 (en) 1990-12-12
CA1322435C (en) 1993-09-28
JPH026683A (ja) 1990-01-10
ES2053980T5 (es) 2000-12-16
ES2053980T3 (es) 1994-08-01
DE68905208T3 (de) 2001-02-15
NO891301L (no) 1989-09-29
NO174724B (no) 1994-03-14
FI891465L (fi) 1989-09-29
EP0335575B1 (de) 1993-03-10
EP0335575A2 (de) 1989-10-04
JPH05239800A (ja) 1993-09-17
JPH0529719B2 (de) 1993-05-06
NO891301D0 (no) 1989-03-28
KR960002733B1 (ko) 1996-02-26
AU613465B2 (en) 1991-08-01
DE68905208D1 (de) 1993-04-15
DE68905208T2 (de) 1993-10-07
AU3174989A (en) 1989-09-28
FI97307B (fi) 1996-08-15

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