EP0328030B1 - Natural stone element to cover building façades - Google Patents

Natural stone element to cover building façades Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0328030B1
EP0328030B1 EP89102036A EP89102036A EP0328030B1 EP 0328030 B1 EP0328030 B1 EP 0328030B1 EP 89102036 A EP89102036 A EP 89102036A EP 89102036 A EP89102036 A EP 89102036A EP 0328030 B1 EP0328030 B1 EP 0328030B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
natural stone
plate
element according
ceramic
ceramic plate
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EP89102036A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP0328030A2 (en
EP0328030A3 (en
Inventor
Gottfried Dr. Cremer
Martin Bard
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Buchtal GmbH
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Buchtal GmbH
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Priority to AT89102036T priority Critical patent/ATE66513T1/en
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
    • E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
    • E04F13/0801—Separate fastening elements
    • E04F13/0832—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements
    • E04F13/0833—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable
    • E04F13/0835—Separate fastening elements without load-supporting elongated furring elements between wall and covering elements not adjustable the fastening elements extending into the back side of the covering elements
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04F—FINISHING WORK ON BUILDINGS, e.g. STAIRS, FLOORS
    • E04F13/00—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings
    • E04F13/07—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor
    • E04F13/08—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements
    • E04F13/14—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass
    • E04F13/144—Coverings or linings, e.g. for walls or ceilings composed of covering or lining elements; Sub-structures therefor; Fastening means therefor composed of a plurality of similar covering or lining elements stone or stone-like materials, e.g. ceramics concrete; of glass or with an outer layer of stone or stone-like materials or glass with an outer layer of marble or other natural stone

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a natural stone element according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • such panels are attached to the structure with the help of tab-like fastening elements.
  • these brackets are connected to the load-bearing structure of the building in a suitable manner, on the other hand, they hold the natural stone slabs at their edges in the chosen position.
  • the tabs engage in recesses provided for this purpose on the edge of the plate.
  • weight-saving solutions are proposed by combining natural stone slabs with reduced wall thickness and thin-walled, light-weight support slabs made of other materials, such as aluminum, plastic or the like.
  • the use of aluminum for the formation of support plates has the advantage that the brittle natural stone plates, which are fragile in particular in the case of large formats, are combined with a rigid material which can be used with small wall thicknesses, saves weight and with the natural stone plate without can be combined into a composite panel system. Furthermore, an aluminum plate allows a variety of material-specific fastening options to fasten the large plate to the building, without having to accept the disadvantages of edge storage for natural stone, which are largely due to the brittleness and the lack of flexural strength of this material.
  • composite panels are already known (DE-OS 2745250), in which an attempt is made to reduce the occurrence of thermal expansion stresses and any cracks caused thereby by the fact that the materials of the composite element have approximately the same thermal expansion coefficient and the adhesive connecting the panel elements has elastic properties owns.
  • the plate forming the visible surface is made of ceramic material and the carrier plate is made of acrylic concrete.
  • stiffening ribs running around the edge of the slab and extending across the back of the slab on the back of the acrylic concrete slab.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a large-format natural stone slab with limited weight for the facade area, which can also be used safely and inexpensively in the event of extreme temperature changes.
  • the pairing of natural stone element / ceramic enables the thickness of even large-format natural stone slabs to be reduced even to the range from 3 to 4 mm, the thickness of the ceramic slab being from 6 to 8 mm. This results in considerable weight savings compared to conventional natural stone slabs as facade elements.
  • Such a natural stone element is also relatively easy to manufacture.
  • the production is possible because a prefabricated natural stone slab with twice the wall thickness of the natural stone slab contributing to the bond, taking into account the loss of material of a later middle cut in the slab plane, can be easily produced in such a way that on both sides the Natural stone slabs are permanently applied with the help of an adhesive and then the natural stone slab is cut.
  • This leads to non-destructive production even in large formats thin-walled natural stone slabs, with the connection of the ceramic slabs advantageously already taking place in this manufacturing process, which then serve both as a support for the natural stone slab in the manufacture as supporting support plates for the separating cut of the natural stone slab and also in the slab suspended on the building facade.
  • the invention further proposes to take into account the coefficient of thermal expansion in the selection of the natural stone to be used in such a way that it corresponds at least approximately to that of the ceramic plate in order to avoid the negative effects of different coefficients of thermal expansion described above.
  • the coefficient of thermal expansion for the material from which the large-format ceramic plates are made is 5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 m / m, that of natural stones varies between 1.5 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 and 8.2 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 6 m depending on the starting material / m.
  • the integration of these fasteners should take place in a force-fitting and / or form-fitting manner, whereby for receiving the metallic fastener either the ceramic plates can have countersunk holes for receiving the screw head or the like, or the reception in the natural stone plate takes place through recesses, the ceramic plate rounding holes or Has bushings of different cross-section.
  • the wall thickness of the natural stone slab so that its rigidity corresponds to that of the ceramic slab, so that when the composite element is loaded, the neutral fiber (neutral surface) that is, the area in which no normal stresses affect the plane of the composite body filled by the adhesive.
  • the determination of the wall thickness of a certain natural stone material is based on a constant modulus of elasticity for a desired natural stone material and an modulus of elasticity and a constant plate thickness for the ceramic supporting plate.
  • the natural stone slabs denoted by 1 are suspended directly from the structure 3 by means of tab-like fastening means 2.
  • the natural stone slabs 1 are fastened via the brackets 2 by means of projecting elements 4 formed on the brackets, which engage in correspondingly formed recesses 5 of the natural stone slabs.
  • two tabs 4 are arranged on each tab 2, the upper tabs 4 in the recesses 5 machined at the lower edge of the upper natural stone slab 1 and the lower tabs 4 in the upper edge of the lower natural stone slab 1 engage recesses 5.
  • 1 is a pure natural stone slab, which for structural reasons must have a wall thickness of approximately 3 cm with a format of 1.5 m ⁇ 0.5 m. Such a plate has a significant Weight on, so that the fasteners for the suspension of the natural stone slab must be dimensioned accordingly strong.
  • the natural stone element is formed from a natural stone plate 7, which is considerably narrower than in FIG. 1, and a ceramic plate 8, which is arranged on the back of the natural stone plate 7 and serves as a supporting plate for the natural stone plate 7 also attack the fasteners.
  • the ceramic plate 8 is fastened to the bracket 2 by means of a plurality of screws, in particular in the case of hammer head screws 9, which are fastened in a conventional manner to the building structure designated by 3.
  • a countersunk screw is used, which is received in a correspondingly conical opening in the ceramic plate 8.
  • a hammer head screw 9 is again used, the head of which is received in a corresponding recess in the natural stone plate 7.
  • the bore provided for the hammer head screw 9 is formed in the ceramic plate 8 with a circular cross section.
  • the bore cross section is rectangular or in another Way out of round, so that a positive fit of the screw is guaranteed.
  • FIG. 2 the arrangement away from the edge or the attack away from the edge of the fastening means on the ceramic plate can be seen, which can be seen quite clearly from FIG. 6, which purely schematically shows an edge-side arrangement of the fastening means at 12 and in on the left right illustration shows the arrangement of the fasteners at 10 away from the edge.
  • the composite of ceramic plate and natural stone plate is brought about by a suitable adhesive, which is designated 11 in FIG. 2 and is arranged between the adjacent surfaces of the two plates.
  • a suitable adhesive which is designated 11 in FIG. 2 and is arranged between the adjacent surfaces of the two plates.
  • Particularly suitable as an adhesive is a solvent-free, two-component epoxy resin adhesive, which can be cold or warm curing.
  • the slab thickness of the natural stone slab can be 10 mm and below. Thicknesses of 3 to 4 mm are easily possible.
  • the plate thickness of the ceramic plate is advantageously 6 to 8 mm.
  • the natural stone slab has a format of 1.5 m ⁇ 0.5 m and has a slab thickness of 3 or 4 mm.
  • the natural stone slab is glued to a ceramic slab with a thickness of 8 mm, using a 2-component epoxy resin adhesive that is slightly thixotropic.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Finishing Walls (AREA)
  • Panels For Use In Building Construction (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Load-Bearing And Curtain Walls (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Floor Finish (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Aiming, Guidance, Guns With A Light Source, Armor, Camouflage, And Targets (AREA)
  • Walking Sticks, Umbrellas, And Fans (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
  • Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
  • Dowels (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Processing Of Stones Or Stones Resemblance Materials (AREA)

Abstract

In a natural stone element to cover building facades, the natural stone element is suspended via a ceramic slab which is adhesively bonded to the rear side of the natural stone slab. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Natursteinelement gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Patentanspruches 1.The invention relates to a natural stone element according to the preamble of claim 1.

Es ist bekannt, Naturstein, insbesondere Marmor, in plattenförmige Abschnitte zu zerlegen und diese Natursteinplatten für die Verkleidung von Fassaden oder Innenwänden von Bauwerken zu verwenden.It is known to break natural stone, in particular marble, into plate-shaped sections and to use these natural stone slabs for cladding facades or inner walls of buildings.

Hierbei werden in der Regel solche Platten mit Hilfe von laschenartigen Befestigungselementen am Bauwerk angebracht. Dabei sind diese Laschen einerseits in geeigneter Weise mit der tragenden Struktur des Bauwerkes verbunden, andererseits halten sie die Natursteinplatten an deren Rand in der gewählten Lage. Dabei greifen die Laschen in hierfür vorgesehene Ausnehmungen am Plattenrand.As a rule, such panels are attached to the structure with the help of tab-like fastening elements. On the one hand, these brackets are connected to the load-bearing structure of the building in a suitable manner, on the other hand, they hold the natural stone slabs at their edges in the chosen position. The tabs engage in recesses provided for this purpose on the edge of the plate.

Die Anforderungen technischer Art an eine solche Fassadenverkleidung hängen von dieser statischen Randlagerung und den zu erwartenden Windkräften sowie dem Zusammenwirken von Abmessungen, Stärke und Gewicht ab. Durch sie werden aber auch die Kosten für Material und Befestigung bestimmt. Ausgeprägt fester Naturstein, wie Marmor, läßt bei Anwendung als Fassadenbekleidung eine Unterschreitung einer Wandstärke von 30 mm wegen seiner Materialstruktur und seiner Materialeigenschaften sowie der angesprochenen Randlagerung nicht zu. Da die Abmessungen und die Wandstärke gewichtsbestimmend sind, findet die Anwendung von großformatigen Natursteinfassadenplatten eine technische und kostenmäßige Begrenzung bei Abmessungen von ca. 500 × 1500 mm. Diese Begrenzung verschärft sich mit zunehmender Bauwerkshöhe und mit zunehmenden Windlasten.The technical requirements for such a facade cladding depend on this static edge bearing and the wind forces to be expected as well as the interaction of dimensions, strength and weight. They also determine the cost of materials and fastenings. Pronounced solid natural stone, such as marble, does not allow a wall thickness of less than 30 mm when used as facade cladding due to its material structure and properties as well as the mentioned edge storage. Since the dimensions and the wall thickness determine the weight, the use of large-format natural stone facade panels has a technical and cost-related limitation with dimensions of approx. 500 × 1500 mm. This limitation increases with increasing building height and with increasing wind loads.

Für diese Fälle und auch für Anwendungsformen in Bereichen normaler Anforderungen werden Lösungen zur Gewichtseinsparung vorgeschlagen, indem Natursteinplatten mit reduzierter Wandstärke und dünnwandige leichtgewichtige Tragplatten aus anderen Werkstoffen, wie Aluminium, Kunststoff oder ähnlichen zusammengefügt werden.For these cases and also for application forms in areas of normal requirements, weight-saving solutions are proposed by combining natural stone slabs with reduced wall thickness and thin-walled, light-weight support slabs made of other materials, such as aluminum, plastic or the like.

Die Verwendung von Aluminium für die Ausbildung von Tragplatten hat den Vorteil, daß die von Hause aus spröden und insbesondere bei großen Formaten unter Lasteinwirkung leicht zerbrechlichen Natursteinplatten mit einem biegesteifen Material kombiniert werden, welches mit geringen Wandstärken einsetzbar ist, Gewichtseinsparung bringt und mit der Natursteinplatte ohne weiteres zu einem Verbundplattensystem zusammengefügt werden kann. Ferner erlaubt eine Aluminiumplatte eine Vielzahl werkstoffgerechter Befestigungsmöglichkeiten, um die Großplatte am Bauwerk zu befestigen, ohne die Nachteile der Randlagerung für Naturstein in Kauf zu nehmen, die maßgeblich durch die Sprödigkeit und die mangelnde Biegesteifigkeit dieses Materials bedingt sind.The use of aluminum for the formation of support plates has the advantage that the brittle natural stone plates, which are fragile in particular in the case of large formats, are combined with a rigid material which can be used with small wall thicknesses, saves weight and with the natural stone plate without can be combined into a composite panel system. Furthermore, an aluminum plate allows a variety of material-specific fastening options to fasten the large plate to the building, without having to accept the disadvantages of edge storage for natural stone, which are largely due to the brittleness and the lack of flexural strength of this material.

Allerdings treten mit zunehmender Formatgröße, insbesondere ab 1 qm und der Anwendung im Fassadenbereich Ablösungen und Brüche der Natursteinplatte auf.However, as the size of the format increases, particularly from 1 sqm and when used in the facade area, detachments and breaks in the natural stone slab occur.

Die Anmelderin hat erkannt, daß diese Nachteile vor allem darauf zurückzuführen sind, daß sich die metallische Tragplatte bei Erwärmung wesentlich stärker ausdehnt als die Natursteinplatte. Die Anwendung scherfester Kleber für die Anbindung der Aluminiumplatte an die Natursteinplatte läßt zwar eine gewisse Kompensation dieser Dehnungsunterschiede zu, jedoch mit steigender Größe der Platten und der im Fassadenbereich auftretenden Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen läßt sich damit kein dauerhafter Erfolg erzielen, so daß die Lebensdauer eines solchen Verbundes begrenzt ist.The applicant has recognized that these disadvantages are primarily due to the fact that the metallic support plate expands considerably more when heated than the natural stone plate. The use of shear-resistant glue for the connection of the aluminum plate to the natural stone plate allows a certain compensation of these expansion differences, but with increasing size of the plates and the temperature change stresses occurring in the facade area, this cannot be permanent Achieve success so that the life of such a composite is limited.

Auf dem Keramiksektor sind bereits Verbundplatten bekannt (DE-OS 2745250), bei denen versucht wird, das Auftreten von Temperaturdehnungsspannungen und eventuell dadurch bedingten Rissen dadurch zu vermindern, daß die Materialien des Verbundelementes einen annähernd gleichen Temperaturdehnungskoeffizienten aufweisen und der die Plattenelemente verbindende Kleber elastische Eigenschaften besitzt. Jedoch besteht hierbei die die Sichtfläche bildende Platte aus keramischem Material und ist die Trägerplatte aus Acrylbeton hergestellt. Ferner wird zur Erhöhung der Plattenstabilität vorgeschlagen, an der Rückseite der Trägerplatte aus Acrylbeton über den Plattenrand umlaufende und sich quer über die Plattenrückseite erstreckende Versteifungsrippen vorzusehen.In the ceramic sector, composite panels are already known (DE-OS 2745250), in which an attempt is made to reduce the occurrence of thermal expansion stresses and any cracks caused thereby by the fact that the materials of the composite element have approximately the same thermal expansion coefficient and the adhesive connecting the panel elements has elastic properties owns. However, the plate forming the visible surface is made of ceramic material and the carrier plate is made of acrylic concrete. Furthermore, in order to increase the stability of the slab, it is proposed to provide stiffening ribs running around the edge of the slab and extending across the back of the slab on the back of the acrylic concrete slab.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, eine großformatige Natursteinplatte mit begrenztem Gewicht für den Fassadenbereich zu schaffen, die auch bei den dort auftretenden extremen Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen unbedenklich einsetzbar und kostengünstig herstellbar ist.The object of the invention is to provide a large-format natural stone slab with limited weight for the facade area, which can also be used safely and inexpensively in the event of extreme temperature changes.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäß durch die im kennzeichnenden Teil des Patentanspruches 1 enthaltenen Merkmale gelöst.This object is achieved by the features contained in the characterizing part of claim 1.

Überraschend hat sich herausgestellt, daß die Verwendung einer keramischen Platte trotz ihrer gegenüber einer metallischen Tragplatte wesentlich spröderen Eigenschaften und höheren Gewichts gleichwohl zu einer Fassadenverkleidung führt, die insbesondere bei großen Formaten und hohen Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen keinerlei Ablösungserscheinungen oder Brüche zeigt. Gegenüber einer Natursteinplatte mit einem Format von 1500 × 500 mm, deren Wandstärke den statischen Verhältnissen entsprechend ausgebildet ist, ergibt sich hierbei eine Gewichtseinsparung von etwa 50%. Mit zunehmender Formatgröße wirkt sich die erzielbare Gewichtseinsparung in noch stärkerem Maße zu Gunsten des erfindungsgemäßen Natursteinelements aus, da die Wandstärke der reinen Natursteinplatte aus statischen Erfordernissen, insbesondere auch wegen der Randlagerung, zunehmend erhöht werden muß, hingegen die Abmessungen des erfindungsgemäßen Natursteinelements im wesentlichen konstant gehalten werden können. Durch die daraus resultierende Materialeinsparung sowie durch die vergleichsweise günstige Ausbildung der Befestigung am Bauwerk lassen sich gegenüber einer Natursteinanwendung erhebliche Kosteneinsparungen erzielen.Surprisingly, it has been found that the use of a ceramic plate despite its significantly brittle properties and higher weight compared to a metallic support plate nevertheless results in a facade cladding which shows no signs of detachment or breaks, especially in the case of large formats and high temperature changes. Compared to a natural stone slab with a format of 1500 × 500 mm, whose wall thickness is designed according to the static conditions, this results in a weight saving of about 50%. With increasing format size, the achievable weight saving has an even greater advantage in favor of the natural stone element according to the invention, since the wall thickness of the pure natural stone slab has to be increased increasingly due to static requirements, in particular also because of the edge storage, while the dimensions of the natural stone element according to the invention are kept essentially constant can be. The resulting material savings and the comparatively inexpensive design of the attachment to the structure enable considerable cost savings to be achieved compared to natural stone applications.

In sehr erstaunlicher Weise ermöglicht es die Paarung Natursteinelement/Keramik, daß die Dicke selbst großformatiger Natursteinplatte sogar auf den Bereich von 3 bis 4 mm reduziert werden kann, wobei die Dicke der Keramikplatte im Bereich von 6 bis 8 mm liegt. Dadurch ergeben sich erhebliche Gewichtseinsparungen gegenüber konventionellen Natursteinplatten als Fassadenelemente.In a very surprising way, the pairing of natural stone element / ceramic enables the thickness of even large-format natural stone slabs to be reduced even to the range from 3 to 4 mm, the thickness of the ceramic slab being from 6 to 8 mm. This results in considerable weight savings compared to conventional natural stone slabs as facade elements.

Ein solches Natursteinelement läßt sich ferner relativ einfach herstellen. Trotz der geringen Wandstärke des Natursteins und der Großformatigkeit ist die Herstellung möglich, weil eine vorgefertigte Natursteinplatte mit der doppelten Wandstärke der zum Verbund beitragenden Natursteinplatte unter Berücksichtigung des Materialverlustes eines später folgenden mittleren Trennschnittes in Plattenebene dadurch in einfacher Weise herstellbar ist, daß auf beiden Seiten der Natursteinplatte Tragplatten mit Hilfe eines Klebers dauerhaft aufgebracht werden und dann der Trennschnitt der Natursteinplatte erfolgt. Dies bewirkt eine zerstörungsfreie Herstellung auch großformatiger dünnwandiger Natursteinplatten, wobei zweckmäßigerweise bereits in diesem Herstellungsprozeß die Anbindung der Keramikplatten erfolgt, die dann sowohl bei der Herstellung als stützende Tragplatten für den Trennschnitt der Natursteinplatte wie auch bei der an der Bauwerkfassade aufgehängten Platte als Stütze für die Natursteinplatte dienen.Such a natural stone element is also relatively easy to manufacture. Despite the small wall thickness of the natural stone and the large format, the production is possible because a prefabricated natural stone slab with twice the wall thickness of the natural stone slab contributing to the bond, taking into account the loss of material of a later middle cut in the slab plane, can be easily produced in such a way that on both sides the Natural stone slabs are permanently applied with the help of an adhesive and then the natural stone slab is cut. This leads to non-destructive production even in large formats thin-walled natural stone slabs, with the connection of the ceramic slabs advantageously already taking place in this manufacturing process, which then serve both as a support for the natural stone slab in the manufacture as supporting support plates for the separating cut of the natural stone slab and also in the slab suspended on the building facade.

Die Erfindung schlägt weiterhin vor, bei der Auswahl des zu verwendenden Natursteines dessen Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten in der Weise zu berücksichtigen, daß er zumindest annähernd dem der keramischen Platte entspricht, um die eingangs beschriebenen negativen Wirkungen unterschiedlicher Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizienten zu vermeiden. Der Wärmeausdehnungskoeffizient liegt bei dem vorliegenden Werkstoff, aus dem die großformatigen keramischen Platten bestehen, bei 5 × 10⁻⁶ m/m, derjenige von Natursteinen schwankt je nach Ausgangsmaterial zwischen 1,5 × 10⁻⁶ und 8,2 × 10⁻⁶ m/m.The invention further proposes to take into account the coefficient of thermal expansion in the selection of the natural stone to be used in such a way that it corresponds at least approximately to that of the ceramic plate in order to avoid the negative effects of different coefficients of thermal expansion described above. The coefficient of thermal expansion for the material from which the large-format ceramic plates are made is 5 × 10⁻⁶ m / m, that of natural stones varies between 1.5 × 10⁻⁶ and 8.2 × 10⁻⁶ m depending on the starting material / m.

In Weiterbildung des erfindungsgemäßen Gedankens wird vorgeschlagen, in das Verbundelement metallische Befestigungsmittel zu integrieren. Dies ermöglicht bei Anordnung aus statischen Gesichtspunkten randferne Lagerungen und damit großformatigere Verbundelemente als bei der üblichen Randlagerung.In a further development of the idea according to the invention, it is proposed to integrate metallic fastening means into the composite element. In the case of an arrangement from a static point of view, this enables bearings that are far from the edge and thus larger-format composite elements than in the case of the usual edge storage.

Die Integration dieser Befestigungsmittel soll kraft- und/oder formschlüssig erfolgen, wobei zur Aufnahme des metallischen Befestigungsmittels entweder die keramischen Platten Senklöcher zur Aufnahme des Schraubenkopfes oder ähnliches aufweisen können, oder die Aufnahme in der Natursteinplatte durch Ausnehmungen erfolgt, wobei die keramische Platte Bohrungen runden oder Durchführungen anderen Querschnitts aufweist.The integration of these fasteners should take place in a force-fitting and / or form-fitting manner, whereby for receiving the metallic fastener either the ceramic plates can have countersunk holes for receiving the screw head or the like, or the reception in the natural stone plate takes place through recesses, the ceramic plate rounding holes or Has bushings of different cross-section.

Wegen der großen Bedeutung, die bei einem Verbundelement der erfindungsgemäßen Art der Festigkeit des die Natursteinplatte und die keramische Tragplatte verbindenden Klebers und seiner Elastizität zukommt, muß dieser in besonderer Weise eingestellt werden, um hohe Scherfestigkeit, Alterungsbeständigkeit und ein solch elastisches Verhalten zu gewährleisten, daß die auftretenden Bewegungen der Deck- und Tragplatte infolge von Wärmedehnung und Zug- oder Druckbeanspruchungen ohne Ermüdung und Festigkeitsverlust aufgenommen werden. Hierzu eignen sich modifizierte Kunststoffkleber. Wegen des besseren Verbundes von Kleber zu Natursteinplatte wird empfohlen, die Rückseite dieser Platte aufgerauht zu gestalten. Um jedoch die Kleberschicht weitgehend von vermeidbaren Beanspruchungen, hervorgerufen aus Biegelasten, freizuhalten, wird vorgeschlagen, die Wandstärke der Natursteinplatte so zu wählen, daß sie in ihrer Steifigkeit derjenigen der keramischen Platte entspricht, damit im Belastungsfall für das Verbundelement die neutrale Faser (neutrale Fläche) also die Fläche, in der sich keine Normalspannungen auswirken, in die durch den Kleber ausgefüllte Ebene des Verbundkörpers zu liegen kommt. Dies erreicht man durch Berücksichtigung des Einflusses von E-Modul und Plattenstärke auf das Biegemoment der Platte. Dazu geht man zur Bestimmung der Wandstärke eines bestimmten Natursteinwerkstoffes von einem konstanten E-Modul für einen gewünschten Natursteinwerkstoff und von einem E-Modul und einer konstanten Plattenstärke für die keramische Tragplatte aus.Because of the great importance that is attached to a composite element of the type according to the invention of the strength of the adhesive connecting the natural stone plate and the ceramic support plate and its elasticity, this must be adjusted in a special way in order to ensure high shear strength, aging resistance and such an elastic behavior that the occurring movements of the cover and support plate due to thermal expansion and tensile or compressive loads are absorbed without fatigue and loss of strength. Modified plastic adhesives are suitable for this. Because of the better bond between adhesive and natural stone slab, it is recommended to roughen the back of this slab. However, in order to keep the adhesive layer largely free of avoidable stresses caused by bending loads, it is proposed to choose the wall thickness of the natural stone slab so that its rigidity corresponds to that of the ceramic slab, so that when the composite element is loaded, the neutral fiber (neutral surface) that is, the area in which no normal stresses affect the plane of the composite body filled by the adhesive. This is achieved by taking into account the influence of the modulus of elasticity and plate thickness on the bending moment of the plate. To do this, the determination of the wall thickness of a certain natural stone material is based on a constant modulus of elasticity for a desired natural stone material and an modulus of elasticity and a constant plate thickness for the ceramic supporting plate.

Nachfolgend werden Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung anhand der Zeichnung beschrieben. Darin zeigen

Fig. 1
eine schematische Schnittansicht eines Natursteinelements mit konventioneller Aufhängung,
Fig. 2
eine vergleichbare schematische Schnittansicht eines bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiels der Erfindung sowie
Fig. 3 bis 5
Einzelheiten der für die Aufhängung verwendeten Befestigungsmittel,
Fig. 6
eine Draufsicht auf ein Ausführungsbeispiel, wobei links eine Platte mit üblicher Randeinspannung und rechts eine Platte mit randferner Einspannung dargestellt ist.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the drawing. Show in it
Fig. 1
1 shows a schematic sectional view of a natural stone element with conventional suspension,
Fig. 2
a comparable schematic sectional view of a preferred embodiment of the invention as well
3 to 5
Details of the fastening means used for the suspension,
Fig. 6
a plan view of an embodiment, a plate with conventional edge clamping on the left and a plate with clamping distant from the edge is shown on the left.

Gemäß Fig. 1 sind die mit 1 bezeichneten Natursteinplatten unmittelbar über laschenartige Befestigungsmittel 2 an der Bauwerkstruktur 3 aufgehängt. Im einzelnen erfolgt die Befestigung der Natursteinplatten 1 über die Laschen 2 mittels an den Laschen ausgebildeter vorspringender Elemente 4, die in entsprechend ausgebildete Aussparungen 5 der Natursteinplatten eingreifen. Entsprechend der Darstellung nach Fig. 1 sind je Lasche 2 beidseitig vorspringende Elemente 4 angeordnet, wobei die oberen vorspringenden Elemente 4 in die am unteren Rand der oberen Natursteinplatte 1 eingearbeiteten Aussparungen 5 und die unteren vorspringenden Elemente 4 in die am oberen Rand der unteren Natursteinplatte 1 eingebrachten Aussparungen 5 eingreifen.1, the natural stone slabs denoted by 1 are suspended directly from the structure 3 by means of tab-like fastening means 2. In detail, the natural stone slabs 1 are fastened via the brackets 2 by means of projecting elements 4 formed on the brackets, which engage in correspondingly formed recesses 5 of the natural stone slabs. According to the representation according to FIG. 1, two tabs 4 are arranged on each tab 2, the upper tabs 4 in the recesses 5 machined at the lower edge of the upper natural stone slab 1 and the lower tabs 4 in the upper edge of the lower natural stone slab 1 engage recesses 5.

Im Ausführungsbeispiel nach Fig. 1 handelt es sich um reine Natursteinplatten, die aus statischen Gründen bei einem Format von 1,5 m × 0,5 m eine Wandstärke von ca. 3 cm aufweisen müssen. Eine solche Platte weist ein erhebliches Gewicht auf, so daß die Befestigungselemente für die Aufhängung der Natursteinplatte entsprechend stark dimensioniert sein müssen.1 is a pure natural stone slab, which for structural reasons must have a wall thickness of approximately 3 cm with a format of 1.5 m × 0.5 m. Such a plate has a significant Weight on, so that the fasteners for the suspension of the natural stone slab must be dimensioned accordingly strong.

Bei der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 2 ist das allgemein mit 6 bezeichnete Natursteinelement aus einer im Vergleich zur Fig. 1 wesentlich schmäleren Natursteinplatte 7 und einer an der Rückseite der Natursteinplatte 7 angeordneten, als Tragplatte für die Natursteinplatte 7 dienenden keramischen Platte 8 gebildet, an welcher auch die Befestigungsmittel angreifen.In the embodiment according to FIG. 2, the natural stone element, generally designated 6, is formed from a natural stone plate 7, which is considerably narrower than in FIG. 1, and a ceramic plate 8, which is arranged on the back of the natural stone plate 7 and serves as a supporting plate for the natural stone plate 7 also attack the fasteners.

Im dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiel ist die keramische Platte 8 über mehrere Schrauben, im besonderenm Fall Hammerkopfschrauben 9, an der Lasche 2 befestigt, die in üblicher Weise an der mit 3 bezeichneten Bauwerksstruktur befestigt sind.In the exemplary embodiment shown, the ceramic plate 8 is fastened to the bracket 2 by means of a plurality of screws, in particular in the case of hammer head screws 9, which are fastened in a conventional manner to the building structure designated by 3.

In der Darstellung nach Fig. 2 ist die hammerkopfartige Ausbildung des Schraubenkopfes in einer entsprechenden Aussparung in der Natursteinplatte 7 aufgenommen.2, the hammer-head-like design of the screw head is accommodated in a corresponding recess in the natural stone plate 7.

Bei der Darstellung nach Fig. 3 wird eine Senkkopfschraube verwendet, die in einer entsprechend konisch ausgebildeten Öffnung der keramischen Platte 8 aufgenommen ist.3, a countersunk screw is used, which is received in a correspondingly conical opening in the ceramic plate 8.

Bei der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 4 ist wiederum eine Hammerkopfschraube 9 verwendet, deren Kopf in einer entsprechenden Ausnehmung der Natursteinplatte 7 aufgenommen ist. Bei dem Ausführungsbeispiel nach Fig. 4 ist die für die Hammerkopfschraube 9 vorgesehene Bohrung in der keramischen Platte 8 mit kreisrundem Querschnitt ausgebildet. Bei der Ausführungsform nach Fig. 5, die eine vergleichbare Hammerkopfschraube 9 beschreibt, ist hingegen der Bohrungsquerschnitt rechteckförmig oder in sonst einer Weise unrund ausgebildet, so daß ein kraftschlüssiger Sitz der Schraube gewährleistet ist.In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, a hammer head screw 9 is again used, the head of which is received in a corresponding recess in the natural stone plate 7. In the embodiment according to FIG. 4, the bore provided for the hammer head screw 9 is formed in the ceramic plate 8 with a circular cross section. In the embodiment according to FIG. 5, which describes a comparable hammer head screw 9, on the other hand the bore cross section is rectangular or in another Way out of round, so that a positive fit of the screw is guaranteed.

Aus Fig. 2 ist die randferne Anordnung bzw. der randferne Angriff der Befestigungsmittel an der keramischen Platte ersichtlich, was im einzelnen recht anschaulich aus der Fig. 6 hervorgeht, die rein schematisch auf der linken Seite eine randseitige Anordnung der Befestigungsmittel bei 12 und in der rechten Darstellung die randferne Anordnung der Befestigungsmittel bei 10 zeigt.From Fig. 2 the arrangement away from the edge or the attack away from the edge of the fastening means on the ceramic plate can be seen, which can be seen quite clearly from FIG. 6, which purely schematically shows an edge-side arrangement of the fastening means at 12 and in on the left right illustration shows the arrangement of the fasteners at 10 away from the edge.

Der Verbund aus keramischer Platte und Natursteinplatte wird durch einen geeigneten Kleber bewerkstelligt, der in Fig. 2 mit 11 bezeichnet und zwischen den benachbarten Flächen der beiden Platten angeordnet ist. Als Kleber eignet sich insbesondere ein lösungsmittelfreier, 2-Komponentenepoxidharzklebstoff, der kalt- oder warm aushärtend sein kann.The composite of ceramic plate and natural stone plate is brought about by a suitable adhesive, which is designated 11 in FIG. 2 and is arranged between the adjacent surfaces of the two plates. Particularly suitable as an adhesive is a solvent-free, two-component epoxy resin adhesive, which can be cold or warm curing.

Die Plattendicke der Natursteinplatte kann 10 mm und darunter betragen. Dicken von 3 bis 4 mm sind ohne weiteres möglich. Die Plattendicke der keramischen Platte beträgt zweckmäßigerweise 6 bis 8 mm.The slab thickness of the natural stone slab can be 10 mm and below. Thicknesses of 3 to 4 mm are easily possible. The plate thickness of the ceramic plate is advantageously 6 to 8 mm.

In einer bevorzugten Ausführungsform besitzt die Natursteinplatte ein Format von 1,5 m × 0,5 m und besitzt hierbei eine Plattendicke von 3 oder 4 mm. Die Natursteinplatte ist mit einer keramischen Platte mit einer Dicke von 8 mm verklebt, wobei ein 2-komponentiger Epoxidharzklebstoff verwendet wird, der leicht thixotropiert ist.In a preferred embodiment, the natural stone slab has a format of 1.5 m × 0.5 m and has a slab thickness of 3 or 4 mm. The natural stone slab is glued to a ceramic slab with a thickness of 8 mm, using a 2-component epoxy resin adhesive that is slightly thixotropic.

Claims (10)

1. A natural stone element in the form of a large-size plate for covering building façades, said natural stone element being permanently connected on the side thereof opposite the visible side with a supporting plate and suspended to said building via said supporting plate, characterized in that suspension of said natural stone plate (7) happens via a ceramic plate (8) conglutinated with the back of said natural stone plate.
2. A natural stone element according to claim 1, characterized in that the thermal expansion coefficient of said natural stone plate (7) is almost equal to the one of said ceramic plate (8).
3. A natural stone element according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the composite element (6) consisting of a natural stone plate (7) and a ceramic plate (8) comprises metallic attachment elements (9) on the side thereof opposite the visible side, said attachment elements (9) being integrated positively and/or non-positively in said composite element (6).
4. A natural stone element according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the side of said ceramic plate (8) facing towards said natural stone plate (7) comprises countersinking holes for receiving said metallic attachment elements.
5. A natural stone element according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that said natural stone plate (7) comprises recesses on the side thereof opposite the visible side and said ceramic plate (8) comprises drill holes or openings for receiving said metallic attachment elements.
6. A natural stone element according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that positioning and arranging said metallic attachment elements takes place taking static aspects into account.
7. A natural stone element according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the wall thickness of said natural stone plate (7) is selected so as to make said natural stone plate (7) exhibit the same rigidity as said ceramic plate (8).
8. A natural stone element according to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that  the side of said natural stone plate (7) facing said ceramic plate (8) is roughened.
9. A natural stone element according to any of the preceding claim characterized in that the glue is such that it exhibits a high shearing strength.
10. A natural stone element according' to any of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thickness of said natural stone plate either is smaller than or equals about 8 mm, preferably 3 to 4 mm, and the thickness of said ceramic plate is about 6 to 8 mm.
EP89102036A 1988-02-08 1989-02-06 Natural stone element to cover building façades Expired - Lifetime EP0328030B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT89102036T ATE66513T1 (en) 1988-02-08 1989-02-06 NATURAL STONE ELEMENT FOR COVERING BUILDING FAÇADES.

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE3803739 1988-02-08
DE3803739A DE3803739A1 (en) 1988-02-08 1988-02-08 NATURAL STONE ELEMENT FOR CLADDING CONSTRUCTION FACADES

Publications (3)

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EP0328030A2 EP0328030A2 (en) 1989-08-16
EP0328030A3 EP0328030A3 (en) 1989-12-20
EP0328030B1 true EP0328030B1 (en) 1991-08-21

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ID=6346885

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EP89102036A Expired - Lifetime EP0328030B1 (en) 1988-02-08 1989-02-06 Natural stone element to cover building façades

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US (1) US5042215A (en)
EP (1) EP0328030B1 (en)
JP (1) JPH0224449A (en)
AT (1) ATE66513T1 (en)
CA (1) CA1310503C (en)
DE (3) DE3803739A1 (en)
DK (1) DK40889A (en)
FI (1) FI89296C (en)
NO (1) NO172403C (en)
PT (1) PT89568B (en)
ZA (1) ZA89708B (en)

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NO172403C (en) 1993-07-14
FI89296B (en) 1993-05-31
EP0328030A2 (en) 1989-08-16
EP0328030A3 (en) 1989-12-20
NO172403B (en) 1993-04-05
DE3803739A1 (en) 1989-08-17
NO890373D0 (en) 1989-01-30
ATE66513T1 (en) 1991-09-15
PT89568A (en) 1989-10-04
FI890447A (en) 1989-08-09
DK40889D0 (en) 1989-01-30
ZA89708B (en) 1989-09-27
DE8811912U1 (en) 1989-01-12
DK40889A (en) 1989-08-09
JPH0224449A (en) 1990-01-26
NO890373L (en) 1989-08-09
DE58900225D1 (en) 1991-09-26
PT89568B (en) 1994-01-31
US5042215A (en) 1991-08-27
FI890447A0 (en) 1989-01-30
CA1310503C (en) 1992-11-24
FI89296C (en) 1993-09-10

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