EP0307007B1 - Elektrischer Kontakt zwischen Metallen und Widerstandselementen - Google Patents

Elektrischer Kontakt zwischen Metallen und Widerstandselementen Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0307007B1
EP0307007B1 EP88115948A EP88115948A EP0307007B1 EP 0307007 B1 EP0307007 B1 EP 0307007B1 EP 88115948 A EP88115948 A EP 88115948A EP 88115948 A EP88115948 A EP 88115948A EP 0307007 B1 EP0307007 B1 EP 0307007B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
resistivity
contact
resistive element
members
contact layer
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP88115948A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0307007A2 (de
EP0307007A3 (en
Inventor
Neville S. Batliwalla
Michael Charles Jones
Ravinder K. Oswal
Jeff Shafe
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Raychem Corp
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Raychem Corp
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Publication date
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Priority to AT88115948T priority Critical patent/ATE84658T1/de
Publication of EP0307007A2 publication Critical patent/EP0307007A2/de
Publication of EP0307007A3 publication Critical patent/EP0307007A3/en
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Publication of EP0307007B1 publication Critical patent/EP0307007B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/02—Details
    • H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/02—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/027—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having positive temperature coefficient consisting of conducting or semi-conducting material dispersed in a non-conductive organic material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/146—Conductive polymers, e.g. polyethylene, thermoplastics
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/34—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater flexible, e.g. heating nets or webs
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H05B2203/006—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using interdigitated electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/017—Manufacturing methods or apparatus for heaters
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/02—Heaters using heating elements having a positive temperature coefficient

Definitions

  • This invention relates to electrical devices comprising conductive members having different resistivities.
  • Such devices may comprise, for example, a metallic member used in conjunction with a resistive element such as a conductive polymer, i.e. a mixture comprising a conductive filler and an organic polymer (this term being used to include polysiloxanes), the filler being dispersed in the organic polymer or otherwise held together by the organic polymer, or a ceramic.
  • a conductive polymer i.e. a mixture comprising a conductive filler and an organic polymer (this term being used to include polysiloxanes), the filler being dispersed in the organic polymer or otherwise held together by the organic polymer, or a ceramic.
  • the conductive polymer may exhibit PTC behavior.
  • Documents describing conductive polymer compositions and devices comprising them include U.S. Patents Nos.
  • an electrical device which comprises:
  • the further member provides a connection means for connection, for example to a power supply.
  • the resistive element in the devices of the invention is preferably composed of a conductive polymer.
  • the conductive polymer When the device is a heater, the conductive polymer preferably exhibits PTC behavior, thus rendering the heater self-regulating.
  • the preferred range of resistivity at 23°C depends upon the dimensions of the heater and the power supply to be used, e.g. 5 to 50 ohm.cm for voltages up to 6 volts DC, 50 to 500 ohm.cm for 4 to 60 volts DC, 500 to 10,000 ohm.cm for 110 to 240 volts AC and 10,000 to 100,000 ohm.cm for voltages greater than 240 volts AC.
  • the conductive filler in the conductive polymer usually comprises, and preferably consists essentially of, carbon black.
  • the contact layer preferably also is composed of a conductive polymer.
  • the contact layer can exhibit PTC, substantially ZTC or NTC behavior in the operating temperature range of the device.
  • the ratio of the resistivity of the resistive layer material to the resistivity of the contact layer material is preferably at least 20:1, preferably at least 100:1, especially at least 1000:1, or even higher, e.g. at least 100,000:1.
  • the contact layer can be applied to the resistive layer by printing a conductive ink thereon, or through use of polymer thick film technology, or by a process comprising an etching step, or in any other way.
  • the contact layer can be present only between the most conductive member and the resistive element, or can extend beyond the connection member, in which case it may act as a preferential current carrier.
  • the contact layer extends beyond the lowest resistivity member in which case the contact layer can provide one or more electrodes which extend beyond the connection member.
  • the electrodes provided by the contact layer are preferably arranged in a manner similar to that disclosed in our copending, Application No. 85300415.8 filed 85/01/22 (EP-A-0158410) corresponding to U.S. Serial No. 573,099 (MP0897), i.e. there are a plurality of ribbon-shaped electrodes which are dimensioned and positioned on a surface of the resistive heating element (in our case the highest resistivity layer) so that
  • the devices of the present invention each provide three components arranged relative to each other so that an electrical path can exist from the component having the lowest resistivity of the three components to the component having the highest resistivity of the three components through the other, intermediate resistivity component.
  • the devices may comprise more than three components of different resistivity. Where there are more than three components, the components are preferably arranged sequentially in order of their resistivity, so that the electrical contact between any two components is improved by the presence of an intermediate resistivity layer between them.
  • a preferred electrical device comprises four components of different resistivities in which the component having the lowest resistivity of the four comprises a metal connection member for connection to an electrical power source.
  • the device contacts a second higher resistivity member, which preferably extends beyond the connection member to provide electrodes, and in turn contacts a third higher resistivity layer, which preferably has the same configurations, but extends slightly beyond the second layer.
  • the third layer in turn contacts a higher resistivity layer which preferably provides a substrate resistive element.
  • the device according to this form of the invention comprises four members of sequentially increasing resistivity.
  • the contact layer preferably comprises a conductive polymer in which the conductive filler consists of or contains a metal, preferably silver, or a mixture of silver with graphite or silver with graphite and carbon black.
  • the contact layer preferably has a resistivity in the range 2.5x10- 5 to 1x10- 3 ohm.cm.
  • the contact layer preferably comprises a conductive polymer in which the conductive filler consists of graphite and/or carbon black, or a mixture of graphite and/or carbon black with a metal, for example silver, wherein there is more graphite and/or carbon black than silver.
  • the contact layer preferably has a resistivity in the range 0.5x10- 2 to 0.1 ohm.cm.
  • connection member that member is preferably composed of at least one metal, e.g. copper, which is usually preferred for reasons of economy, aluminum, nickel, silver or gold, or a coating of one metal on another, e.g. nickel-coated or tin- coated copper, and is usually a wire or sheet or tape, and may be straight or bent or folded.
  • metal e.g. copper
  • nickel, silver or gold e.g. aluminum, nickel, silver or gold
  • a coating of one metal on another e.g. nickel-coated or tin- coated copper
  • connection members there are two or more connection members in each device, the members being connectable to a power supply to cause current to pass through the resistive element.
  • connection area between each connection member and a contact layer is at least 3.23 cm 2 (0.5 inch 2 ), preferably at least 32.26 cm 2 (5 inch 2 ), e.g. at least 64.52 cm 2 (10 inch 2 ), in area and can be very much more, or the connection area has at least one dimension greater than 1.26 cm (0.5 inch), preferably greater than 2.54 cm (1 inch) and can be much more, e.g. at least 12,70 cm (5 inch).
  • the connection member makes substantially continuous contact with the contact layer, but this is not essential.
  • That member is preferably composed of a conductive polymer.
  • the member can exhibit PTC, substantially ZTC or NTC behavior in the operating temperature range of the device.
  • the further member has a resistivity less than that of the contact layer but greater than 1x10 -5 ohm.cm.
  • the further member has a resistivity in the range 1x10- 5 to 1x10- 2 ohm.cm, more preferably in the range 1x10- 4 to 1x10 -3 ohm.cm. In a preferred embodiment the resistivity is about 5x10- 4 ohm.cm.
  • the further member comprises a conductive polymer
  • it may be applied to the contact layer in the same way that the contact layer is applied to the resistive layer, through the use of polymer thick film technology, or by a process comprising an etching step or it may be applied in any other way.
  • Devices include (i) sheet heaters, e.g. a sheet heater wherein the resistive element is a laminar element comprising spaced-apart substantially flat surfaces to which the contact layers are bonded and in particular include sheet heaters wherein the further members are connection members, the connection members having substantially flat surfaces which are pressed against the respective contact layers, and the contact layers extend beyond the areas of contact with the connection members to provide a plurality of electrodes; and (ii) strip heaters wherein the resistive element is in the form of a strip comprising spaced-apart concave surfaces to which the contact layers are bonded, and the connection members have substantially complementary convex surfaces which are pressed against the respective contact layers.
  • sheet heaters e.g. a sheet heater wherein the resistive element is a laminar element comprising spaced-apart substantially flat surfaces to which the contact layers are bonded and in particular include sheet heaters wherein the further members are connection members, the connection members having substantially flat surfaces which are pressed against the respective contact layers, and the contact layers extend beyond
  • Devices according to the present invention preferably include a dielectric layer, covering and intimately bonded to at least part of the electrodes.
  • Devices according to the invention especially devices which are heaters, preferably also comprises a laminar polymeric insulating element which is adjacent to, but not secured to, the electrodes or dielectric layer (if present), or to the electrode bearing face of the resistive element.
  • the insulating element is arranged in a manner described in the Patent Application No. 85306476.4 (EP 0175550A), filed contemporaneously with this application corresponding to U.S. Serial No. 650,918 (MP0959, Batliwalla et al).
  • connection area between the contact layer and the further member is at least 6.45 cm 2 (1 square inch), preferably at least 32.26 square centimeters, (5 square inches) in area.
  • the connection area preferably has at least one dimension greater than 7.62 cm (3 inches).
  • An advantage of devices according to the invention is that they can be used in applications where it is necessary for the device to carry a current of at least 5, and in some situations at least 10 Amps.
  • Figures 1 and 2 illustrate a heater which comprises a heating element comprising a laminar conductive polymer resistive element 11 having printed on the top surface thereof inter-digitated electrodes 12 and 13 which are composed of a conductive polymer composition containing a metal, e.g. silver, as the conductive filler and having substantially lower resistivity than the conductive polymer in element 11.
  • Bus bars 15 and 16 composed of expanded metal mesh, are folded around marginal portions of the element 11 and the electrodes 12 and 13 respectively, the marginal portions of the electrodes providing the contact layers of the present invention.
  • An insulating jacket is formed around the heating element and bus bars by a polymeric bottom sheet 17 and a polymeric top sheet 18.
  • Sheet 17 is secured to the bottom of the resistive element, to the bottom of the bus bars and to edge portions of the top sheet by a substantially continuous layer of adhesive 21 (as shown), or by melt bonding (not shown).
  • the top sheet is adjacent to, but not secured to, the bus bars, electrodes and resistive element.
  • the electrodes have a width t and a length I, and are separated by a distance d, and the bus bars have a width x. Typical values for these variables are
  • Figure 3 is a cross-section through a self-regulating strip heater having a constant cross-section along its length.
  • An elongate strip 1 of PTC conductive polymer has concave edges which are coated with contact layers 2 and 3 of a ZTC conductive polymer whose resistivity at room temperature is several times less than that of the PTC conductive polymer.
  • Elongate wires 5 and 6, which may be solid or stranded, are pressed against the contact layers 2 and 3 respectively by means of polymeric insulating jacket 7.
  • Figures 4 and 5 illustrate a heater similar to that shown in Figures 1 and 2 which comprises a heating element comprising a laminar conductive polymer resistive element 11.
  • a resistive conductive polymer composition 30 which contains carbon black, or a mixture of graphite and carbon black, as the conductive filler, and has substantially lower resistivity than the conductive polymer in the element 11.
  • interdigitated electrodes 32 which are composed of a conductive polymer containing a metal e.g. silver, as the conductive filler and having lower resistivity than the conductive polymer in the resistive pattern 30.
  • the configuration of the electrodes 32 is identical to that of the underprint layer 30, but the electrodes are narrower than the underprint layer. Thus the layer 30 extends between the electrodes 32 and the resistive element 11 and extends slightly beyond the electrodes 32.
  • Bus bars 15 and 16, as used in the device of Figures 1 and 2 are provided.
  • An insulating jacket in the form of a polymeric bottom sheet 17 and a polymer top sheet 18 which is secured by adhesive 21 or by a melt bond, is also provided as in the device illustrated in Figures 1 and 2, as is a metallic foil 19 which is held in place by polymeric insulating sheet 20 secured to sheet 18 by adhesive layers 22 and 23 or by a melt bond.
  • the width t and length I, of the electrodes 32 are the same as those for the electrodes 12 and 13 illustrated in Figure 1.
  • the width t' and the separation distance d' of the underprint layer 30 are
  • a heater as illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 was made in the following way.
  • the ingredients listed below were compounded together and melt-extruded at 232 ° C (450 ° F) as a sheet 0.04 cm (0.0175 inch) thick.
  • the sheet was irradiated to a dose of 14 megarads, thus cross-linking the polymer.
  • the resistivity of the cross-linked composition at 23°C was 3,500 ohm.cm.
  • the sheet was then heated and split into strips 18.42 cm (7.25 inches) wide.
  • An electrode pattern as illustrated in Figure 1 was deposited on the strips, by screen-printing a graphite-and-silver-containing composition onto the strip, followed by drying.
  • the distance (d) between adjacent electrodes was 0.64 cm (0.25 inch); the width (t) of each electrode was 0.16 cm (0.0625 inch); and the length (I) of each electrode was 13.72 cm (5.4 inches).
  • Bus bars of nickel-coated copper expanded metal 3.81 cm (1.5 inch) wide, were folded around the edges of the electrode-bearing strip, and the assembly laminated between (A) a bottom sheet of ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer ("Halar”) 21.6 cm (8.5 inch) wide and 0.05 cm (0.020 inch) thick, coated on the whole of its top surface with a layer 0.005 cm (0.002 inch) thick of a silicone adhesive sold by Adhesives Research Corporation under the trade name "Arclad”, and (B) a top sheet of ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene (“Halar”) 21.6 cm (8.5 inch) wide and 0.025 cm (0.010 inch) thick, placed in contact with the printed electrodes, which was coated on 1.27 cm (0.5 inch) wide edge portions of its bottom surface with a layer 0.005 cm (0.002 inch) thick of the same adhesive.
  • Halar ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer
  • Hyar ethylene-chlorotriflu
  • Lamination was carried out at 52 ° C (125°F) and 690 KPa (100 psi). There was no adhesive between the top sheet and the bus bars, or between the top sheet and the conductive polymer sheet, or between the top sheet and the electrodes.
  • Hyar ethylene-chlorotrifluoroethylene
  • a heater as illustrated in Figure 4 was made in a same way to the heater illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 as described in Example 1, except that before the electrode pattern was deposited on the strips, an underprint layer comprising a graphite containing composition, having a resistivity of about 0.1 ohm.cm, i.e., intermediate between the resistivity of the resistive element and the electrodes, was deposited on the strips by screen printing, and then dried.
  • the electrodes were then screen printed directly to overlie the underprint layer.
  • the interdigitated portions of the underprint layers were twice as wide as the electrodes.
  • the width (t) of each electrode was 0.16 cm (0.0625 inch) and the width (t') of each of the interdigitated portions of the underprint layer was 0.32 cm (0.125 inch).
  • the distance (d') between adjacent interdigitated portions of the underprint layer was 0.64 cm (0.25 inch).

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Non-Adjustable Resistors (AREA)
  • Coupling Device And Connection With Printed Circuit (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
  • Surface Heating Bodies (AREA)
  • Fixed Capacitors And Capacitor Manufacturing Machines (AREA)
  • Contacts (AREA)
  • Apparatuses And Processes For Manufacturing Resistors (AREA)

Claims (8)

1. Elektrische Einrichtung, die folgendes aufweist:
(1) ein Widerstandselement, das aus einem ersten leitfähigen Material besteht, das einen spezifischen Widerstand von 1-500 000 Ohm·cm bei 23 ° C hat;
(2) eine Kontaktschicht, die mit einer Oberfläche des Widerstandselements direkt verbunden ist und aus einem zweiten leitfähigen Material besteht, das einen spezifischen Widerstand bei 23 ° C hat, der niedriger als der spezifische Widerstand bei 23 ° C des ersten Materials ist; und
(3) ein weiteres Element, das aus einem dritten leitfähigen Material besteht, das einen spezifischen Widerstand bei 23 ° C hat, der niedriger als der spezifische Widerstand bei 23 ° C des zweiten Materials ist, wobei das weitere Element in direktem physischem Kontakt mit der Kontaktschicht ist und in einem solchen Kontakt im wesentlichen nur durch Druck über eine Anschlußfläche gehalten ist, deren Fläche wenigstens 3,23 cm2 (0,5 inch2) ist oder die wenigstens eine Dimension hat, die größer als 2,54 cm (1 inch) ist,
wobei die Komponenten der Einrichtung so positioniert sind, daß die Einrichtung an eine Stromversorgung anschließbar ist, so daß durch die Kontaktschicht hindurch ein elektrischer Pfad von dem weiteren Element zu dem Widerstandselement existiert.
2. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, wobei das zweite Material einen spezifischen Widerstand bei 23 ° C hat, der zwischen 10-6 und 103 Ohm·cm liegt und derart ist, daß das Verhältnis des spezifischen Widerstands bei 23 ° C des ersten Materials zu dem spezifischen Widerstand bei 23 ° C des zweiten Materials wenigstens 20:1 beträgt, und wobei das weitere Element aus einem Metall besteht.
3. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, die wenigstens zwei weitere Elemente in Form von kontinuierlichen langgestreckten metallischen Anschlußelementen aufweist, die an eine Stromversorgung anschließbar sind, um zu bewirken, daß Strom durch das Widerstandselement fließt, und die durch entsprechende Kontaktschichten hindurch einen im wesentlichen kontinuierlichen Kontakt mit dem Widerstandselement herstellen.
4. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 1, 2 oder 3, die eine flächige Heizeinrichtung ist, wobei das Widerstandselement ein laminares Element ist, das voneinander beabstandete im wesentlichen ebene Oberflächen aufweist, mit denen die Kontaktschichten verbunden sind, und die metallischen Elemente im wesentlichen ebene Oberflächen haben, die gegen die entsprechenden Kontaktschichten gepreßt sind, wobei die Kontaktschichten sich vorzugsweise über den Bereich des Kontakts mit den metallischen Elementen hinaus erstrecken, um eine Vielzahl von fingerartig ineinandergreifenden Elektroden zu bilden.
5. Einrichtung nach Anspruch 3, die eine bandförmige Heizeinrichtung ist, wobei das Widerstandselement die Form eines Bands hat, das voneinander beabstandete konkave Oberflächen aufweist, mit denen die Kontaktschichten verbunden sind, und die metallischen Elemente im wesentlichen komplementäre konvexe Oberflächen haben, die gegen die entsprechenden Kontaktschichten gepreßt sind.
6. Einrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei wenigstens entweder das erste oder das zweite Material ein leitfähiges Polymer ist, das ein organisches Polymer und, in dem Polymer dispergiert, einen teilchenförmigen leitfähigen Füllstoff aufweist, der vorzugsweise wenigstens eines der Materialien Silber, Graphit und Ruß aufweist.
7. Einrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei das erste Material ein leitfähiges Polymer ist, das im Betriebstemperaturbereich der Einrichtung ein PTC-Verhalten zeigt.
8. Einrichtung nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, wobei kein direkter physischer Kontakt zwischen dem Widerstandselement und dem weiteren Element besteht.
EP88115948A 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Elektrischer Kontakt zwischen Metallen und Widerstandselementen Expired - Lifetime EP0307007B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
AT88115948T ATE84658T1 (de) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Elektrischer kontakt zwischen metallen und widerstandselementen.

Applications Claiming Priority (6)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US65092084A 1984-09-14 1984-09-14
US650920 1984-09-14
US66301484A 1984-10-19 1984-10-19
US663014 1984-10-19
US73540885A 1985-05-17 1985-05-17
US735408 1985-05-17

Related Parent Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP85306477.2 Division 1985-09-12

Publications (3)

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EP0307007A2 EP0307007A2 (de) 1989-03-15
EP0307007A3 EP0307007A3 (en) 1989-04-12
EP0307007B1 true EP0307007B1 (de) 1993-01-13

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EP85306477A Expired - Lifetime EP0176284B1 (de) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Elektrischer Kontakt zwischen Elementen mit verschiedenem spezifischen Widerstand
EP88115948A Expired - Lifetime EP0307007B1 (de) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Elektrischer Kontakt zwischen Metallen und Widerstandselementen

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EP85306477A Expired - Lifetime EP0176284B1 (de) 1984-09-14 1985-09-12 Elektrischer Kontakt zwischen Elementen mit verschiedenem spezifischen Widerstand

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EP (2) EP0176284B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2554617B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE74480T1 (de)
DE (2) DE3585761D1 (de)

Cited By (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8895152B2 (en) 2003-10-24 2014-11-25 Lonza Cologne Gmbh Method for generating an elecrically contactable area on a doped polymer and formed body produced by this method

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EP0209224B1 (de) * 1985-05-17 1992-08-05 RAYCHEM CORPORATION (a Delaware corporation) Folienheizelemente
US4882466A (en) * 1988-05-03 1989-11-21 Raychem Corporation Electrical devices comprising conductive polymers
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IT201700048690A1 (it) * 2017-05-05 2018-11-05 Eltek Spa Dispositivo riscaldatore elettrico, particolarmente ad effetto ptc

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Cited By (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8895152B2 (en) 2003-10-24 2014-11-25 Lonza Cologne Gmbh Method for generating an elecrically contactable area on a doped polymer and formed body produced by this method

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DE3586994D1 (de) 1993-02-25
JPS6199292A (ja) 1986-05-17
JP2554617B2 (ja) 1996-11-13
EP0307007A2 (de) 1989-03-15
EP0307007A3 (en) 1989-04-12
ATE74480T1 (de) 1992-04-15
EP0176284B1 (de) 1992-04-01
DE3586994T2 (de) 1993-08-19
DE3585761D1 (de) 1992-05-07
EP0176284A1 (de) 1986-04-02

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