EP0292354A1 - Anlage mit einer Pumpe zum Spritzen eines Beschichtungsstoffes - Google Patents

Anlage mit einer Pumpe zum Spritzen eines Beschichtungsstoffes Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0292354A1
EP0292354A1 EP88401110A EP88401110A EP0292354A1 EP 0292354 A1 EP0292354 A1 EP 0292354A1 EP 88401110 A EP88401110 A EP 88401110A EP 88401110 A EP88401110 A EP 88401110A EP 0292354 A1 EP0292354 A1 EP 0292354A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pump
installation
coating product
circuit
projector
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP88401110A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP0292354B1 (de
Inventor
Eric Prus
André Frene
Pascal Bordaz
Patrick Guerange
Caryl Thome
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Sames SA
Original Assignee
Sames SA
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Family has litigation
First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=26225987&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=EP0292354(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from FR8706969A external-priority patent/FR2615417B1/fr
Application filed by Sames SA filed Critical Sames SA
Publication of EP0292354A1 publication Critical patent/EP0292354A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0292354B1 publication Critical patent/EP0292354B1/de
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
    • B05B12/08—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area responsive to condition of liquid or other fluent material to be discharged, of ambient medium or of target ; responsive to condition of spray devices or of supply means, e.g. pipes, pumps or their drive means
    • B05B12/085—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area responsive to condition of liquid or other fluent material to be discharged, of ambient medium or of target ; responsive to condition of spray devices or of supply means, e.g. pipes, pumps or their drive means responsive to flow or pressure of liquid or other fluent material to be discharged
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
    • B05B12/14—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area for supplying a selected one of a plurality of liquids or other fluent materials or several in selected proportions to a spray apparatus, e.g. to a single spray outlet
    • B05B12/1418—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area for supplying a selected one of a plurality of liquids or other fluent materials or several in selected proportions to a spray apparatus, e.g. to a single spray outlet for supplying several liquids or other fluent materials in selected proportions to a single spray outlet
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
    • B05B—SPRAYING APPARATUS; ATOMISING APPARATUS; NOZZLES
    • B05B12/00—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area
    • B05B12/14—Arrangements for controlling delivery; Arrangements for controlling the spray area for supplying a selected one of a plurality of liquids or other fluent materials or several in selected proportions to a spray apparatus, e.g. to a single spray outlet

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an installation of coating product such as, for example, a paint or a varnish, of the type comprising a pump intended to supply at least one projector with such a product.
  • the invention relates more particularly to several improvements relating to the implementation of such a pump; it also targets several applications of its principle in installations of different natures.
  • a known paint spraying installation preferably provided with a programmed automatic pilot color change system, comprises a plurality of circuits for circulating paint of different colors which will be called hereinafter "primary circuits", in each of which a paint circulates continuously over a relatively large path, means for supplying rinse aid, also in the form of a continuous circulation circuit, means for supplying compressed air and a set of controlled valves and systems pilot forming what is generally called a "color change block" comprising at least one output connected to one or more projectors located in a paint spray booth.
  • the objects to be painted pass through said cabin.
  • the invention essentially relates to an installation for spraying liquid coating product, of the type comprising at least one circuit comprising a pump inserted upstream of at least one projector and connected thereto by a flexible conduit, characterized in that said pump is controlled by means for controlling the flow of liquid in said conduit.
  • the pump is preferably a gear pump, in particular because this type of pump is flushed relatively easily, the basic concept of the invention can be applied for any type of pump.
  • the pump is coupled to an electric motor; it is preferably a self-controlled synchronous motor.
  • the aforementioned servo means comprise a flow sensor inserted downstream of the pump in said circuit.
  • This flow sensor will preferably have a structure similar to that of a gear pump, while presenting a pressure drop as small as possible.
  • the invention advantageously applies to the use of two-component coating products (paint or varnish + hardener) by doubling the defined circuit.
  • the ratio of the mixture of the two components can be adjusted with precision by means of the two flow control means thus implemented jointly.
  • a manually operated coating product sprayer can easily be used in the context of the invention. For this, it suffices to copy with a suitable transducer the movements given by the user to the control unit of the manual headlamp and to use the signal delivered by the transducer as a variable setpoint signal of said servo means. .
  • a pressure regulator upstream of the or each pump.
  • a pressure regulator is a subset known per se, commonly used in the art under consideration.
  • the invention thus makes it possible to better exploit the installation connected to means forming a "color change block", themselves supplied by a plurality of primary circuits, for example conveying paints of different colors, a rinsing product and compressed air.
  • This pressure regulator makes it possible to further reduce the booster pressure of the pump, but also to vary this booster pressure as desired, during the completion of a predetermined operating cycle of the installation.
  • FIG. 1 there is shown a painting projection installation with color change system.
  • This installation comprises several primary circuits 11 for circulation of paints of respective different colors, a color change block 12, known per se, a motor-pump unit 13 in which essential elements of the invention are found, and at least one projector. of paint 14 placed in a cabin 15 in which circulate objects to be painted (not shown). It should be noted that the location of these subsets is not indifferent. Thus, the motor-pump unit 13 is placed near the color changing block 12 (at a distance of the order of one meter) and outside the cabin 15.
  • the length of the conduit 16 between the output of the motor-pump unit 13 and the headlamp 14 is relatively large (typically of the order of 12 meters), especially if the headlamp 14, mounted on a robot, must be able to be moved inside the cabin during a phase projection of paint.
  • the section of the duct 16 is nevertheless chosen to be relatively small, the presence of a pump making it possible to compensate for the pressure losses.
  • the primary circuits 11, which are only partially shown at their respective connection points with the color changing block 12, are in fact long conduits each defining a closed circuit.
  • Each circuit 11, in which paint is continuously circulating, is in communication with a paint tank of a given color, located remotely in the factory.
  • Each primary circuit 11 is therefore connected to the corresponding input of the or each color change block 12.
  • a circuit for circulating solvent or rinsing product 20, analogous in structure to a primary circuit for painting circulation, is connected to one specific input of the color change block 12.
  • Another circuit 21 distributes compressed air and is connected to another specific input of the color change block 12. All this arrangement is well known, the control and sequencing of the openings and valve closures which are integrated into the color change block, are conventional and are not part of the invention.
  • the output 25 of the color change block 12 is connected to the projector 14 by means of a circuit 22 successively including the motor pump group 13 and the conduit 16.
  • the motor pump group 13 successively comprises a pump 28, here of the gear type, the input of which is directly connected to the output 25 of the color changing block, a bypass valve 29, of the three-way type, a flow sensor 30 and flow control means 32 arranged in a control loop between the sensor 30 and the pump 28.
  • These control means are conventional in themselves and will only be briefly described.
  • An electric motor 34 is mechanically coupled to the pump 28 to drive it in rotation. It is a self-controlled synchronous motor, known per se, and therefore associated with control means 36 designed to develop an alternating voltage of variable frequency, supplying the motor.
  • the control means are themselves controlled by a signal from a compartment 38 producing an error signal from a first signal applied to a setpoint input 40 and a second signal directly or indirectly produced by the flow sensor 30.
  • the mechanical part of the latter is here very similar, structurally, to a gear pump; the fluid being channeled to pass between two pinions engaged with each other, driving them in rotation.
  • One of the pinions is integral with an axis linked to any transducer (not shown) capable of delivering an electrical signal operable by the comparator 38.
  • the bypass valve 29, of the three-way type has two outputs and one input . The latter is here connected to the output of the pump 28. One of the outputs is connected to the input of the flow sensor 30 and the other to its output.
  • a safety valve 42 connected in parallel to the pump 28, a pressure sensor 44 upstream of the pump and a pressure sensor 46 downstream of the flow sensor 30
  • the two pressure sensors thus make it possible to monitor the presence of a product when the pump 28 is actuated. Indeed, a pump of this kind "flu” quickly if it runs empty.
  • the sensor 46 makes it possible to avoid accidents resulting from a rise in pressure when the projector (s) 14 are closed.
  • the safety valve 42 is calibrated to open from a certain pressure (for example 15 bars) and recycles the product in the event of overpressure.
  • the presence of the pump 28 makes it possible both to cause a lower pressure to prevail in the primary circuits 11 and to reduce the section of the conduit 16, the pressure drops being compensated by the action of the pump.
  • any variation in the internal leakage of the pump 28 is corrected by the servo means 32, which gives very good operating stability and reliability, and avoids frequently changing the pump 28.
  • the means used according to the invention also make it possible to improve productivity by achieving an appreciable time saving when changing color. It is indeed now possible, shortly before the end of a paint spraying phase to "push" the paint already engaged in the circuit 22 and in particular in the conduit 16, with solvent or product of rinsing. We therefore begin to clean the circuit 22 before the end of the application of paint on the object being treated.
  • valve switches in the color change block are controlled to anticipate the introduction of the rinsing product into the circuit 22, with respect to the end of the paint spraying phase on a given object in the cabin 15 Consequently, the various elements of the motor-pump unit 13 are already almost cleaned when the actual rinsing cycle begins, characterized by a succession of injections of rinsing product and air into the circuit 22.
  • the flow sensor 30 in particular is quickly cleaned because of its structure, which then makes it possible to protect it by switching the valve 29.
  • FIG. 2 represents an installation for spraying a two-component coating product, one of them playing, for example, the role of a hardener. It may, for example, be a paint requiring such a hardener for its implementation, or even a varnish.
  • a hardener may, for example, be a paint requiring such a hardener for its implementation, or even a varnish.
  • the dosage between these two components must be extremely precise.
  • the invention achieves this objective.
  • all the structural elements similar to those of FIG. 1 have the same reference numbers and will not be described in detail again.
  • the elements conveying the "base" of the paint or varnish are identified by the index a while the elements conveying the hardener are identified by the index b .
  • circuit 22 a is associated with a color changing block 12 a .
  • circuit 22 b which is simply connected to a single circuit 11 b for circulation of the hardener.
  • circuit 22 b could be associated with a system analogous to the color change system already described.
  • the two flexible conduits 16 a , 16 b are selectively connected to the two inputs of a mixer 50 placed in the vicinity of the projector 14 or incorporated into it.
  • the proportion between the "base” and the hardener can be easily and precisely predetermined by adjusting the value of the setpoint signals applied to the inputs 40 a and 40 b .
  • Figure 3 shows a variant that uses a improper installation essentially to that of Figure 1. It is not distinguished by the nature of the projector 14 is used. It is a manually controlled projector therefore comprising a manual control member 52 or "trigger", the position of which is representative of the flow of product, chosen by the user. According to one aspect of the invention, a transducer 54 is coupled to this control member 52 and the electrical signal output of this transducer is connected to the setpoint input 40. The flow rate of the pump is therefore made variable as a function the action that the user exerts on the control member of his coating product sprayer.
  • this installation comprises several primary circuits 111 for circulation of paint, a color change unit 112, a motor-pump unit 113 and at least one paint projector 114, placed in a cabin 115.
  • the motor-pump unit 113 is placed near the color changing block 112 (at a distance of the order of one meter) and outside the cabin 115.
  • the length of the conduit 116 between the outlet of the motor-pump unit 113 and the projector 114 is relatively large (typically of the order of 12 meters), especially if the projector 114, mounted on a robot, must be able to be moved to the interior of the cabin during a paint projection phase.
  • the section of the duct 116 is nevertheless chosen to be relatively small, the presence of a pump making it possible to compensate for the pressure losses.
  • the installation also includes, as in the example in FIG. 1, a circuit for circulating solvent or rinsing product 120 and an air distribution circuit 121.
  • the output 125 of the color change block 112 is connected to the projector 114 via a circuit 122 including in particular the motor-pump group 113 and the conduit 116.
  • the motor-pump group 113 successively comprises a pump 128, here of the gear type, a bypass valve 129, a flow sensor 130 and flow control means 132.
  • These control means comprise an electric motor 134 mechanically coupled to the pump 128 to drive it in rotation and associated to control means 136 designed to develop an alternating voltage of variable frequency, supplying the motor.
  • the control means are themselves controlled by a signal from a comparator 138 producing an error signal from a first signal applied to a setpoint input 140 and a second signal directly or indirectly produced by the flow sensor 130.
  • the mechanical part of the latter is here very similar, structurally, to a gear pump.
  • Various safety devices are also provided as above, in particular a safety valve 142, a pressure sensor 144 and a pressure sensor 146.
  • a pressure regulator 150 is inserted upstream of the pump 128. More precisely, this regulator is interconnected between the output 125 of the color change block 112 and the input of the pump 128.
  • additional means for supplying rinse aid are connected to the circuit 122 between the outlet of the pressure regulator 150 and the inlet of the pump 128.
  • This rinse aid is taken here from another circuit 152 where it circulates in a closed loop, under high pressure.
  • the connection is made by means of a selection valve 153.
  • Another selection valve 154 is interconnected between the outlet of the pressure regulator, the inlet of the pump 128 and a circuit of purge 155.
  • the output of the pressure regulator 150 is connected to the input of the valve 154, one of the outputs of this valve is connected to the input of the pump 128 and the other output of the same valve is connected to the purge circuit 155.
  • the output of the valve 153 is connected to the circuit 122 between the valve 154 and the pump 128.
  • the setpoint of the pressure regulator can be modified as the a predetermined operating cycle, by conventional control means.
  • the booster pressure of the pump can advantageously be reduced to a value of the order of 2 bars, with primary circuits 111 carried between 4 and 5 bars.
  • This booster pressure is also advantageously stabilized whatever the nature of the equipment upstream of the pump.
  • the pressure can be increased beyond 3 bars, only during the filling phase of the circuit 122, after a color change cycle.
  • the phase of "pushing" the paint with rinse aid can, for its part, be advantageously carried out under low pressure, the rinse aid being injected from the block of Color change.
  • the pressure at the inlet of the pump is relatively stabilized, which further increases its service life.
  • the pump 128 no longer undergoes the variations transmitted by the primary circuits supplied by alternative pumps.

Landscapes

  • Spray Control Apparatus (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
EP88401110A 1987-05-19 1988-05-06 Anlage mit einer Pumpe zum Spritzen eines Beschichtungsstoffes Expired - Lifetime EP0292354B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8706969 1987-05-19
FR8706969A FR2615417B1 (fr) 1987-05-19 1987-05-19 Installation de projection de produit de revetement, a pompe
FR878707939A FR2616086B2 (fr) 1987-05-19 1987-06-05 Installation de projection de produit de revetement, a pompe
FR8707939 1987-06-05

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0292354A1 true EP0292354A1 (de) 1988-11-23
EP0292354B1 EP0292354B1 (de) 1991-09-18

Family

ID=26225987

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP88401110A Expired - Lifetime EP0292354B1 (de) 1987-05-19 1988-05-06 Anlage mit einer Pumpe zum Spritzen eines Beschichtungsstoffes

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US4928880A (de)
EP (1) EP0292354B1 (de)
JP (1) JPS63305955A (de)
DE (2) DE292354T1 (de)
ES (1) ES2025305B3 (de)
FR (1) FR2616086B2 (de)

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0459892A1 (de) * 1990-05-31 1991-12-04 Sames S.A. Farbspritzanlage mit kontrolliertem Durchfluss
EP0480080A1 (de) * 1990-10-08 1992-04-15 Trinity Industrial Corporation Beschichtungsvorrichtung
WO1992021447A1 (de) * 1991-05-29 1992-12-10 Abb Fläkt Ransburg Gmbh Sprühbeschichtungsvorrichtung
WO1998041316A1 (en) * 1997-03-19 1998-09-24 Akzo Nobel N.V. Apparatus for applying multi-component coating compositions
WO2015185190A1 (de) * 2014-06-03 2015-12-10 Eisenmann Se Anlage zum lackieren von gegenständen, insbesondere von fahrzeugkarosserien

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SE458749B (sv) * 1988-05-18 1989-05-08 Bengtsson Bengt Goeran Foerfarande och anordning foer reglering av sprutning av belaeggningsmaterial
CA2107523C (en) * 1993-10-01 2004-05-04 Gary D. Langeman Plural component delivery system
JPH1119553A (ja) * 1997-07-01 1999-01-26 Honda Motor Co Ltd 多色塗装装置
US6223645B1 (en) 1999-05-28 2001-05-01 Autoquip, Inc. Compressed air flow rate controller for paint sprayer system
US6874404B1 (en) 1999-05-28 2005-04-05 Autoquip, Inc. Compressed air flow rate controller
US6291018B1 (en) 1999-11-15 2001-09-18 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Method for applying a composite coating having a polychromatic effect onto a substrate
US6296706B1 (en) 1999-11-15 2001-10-02 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Method and apparatus for dynamically coating a substrate
EP1232019A2 (de) * 1999-11-15 2002-08-21 PPG Industries Ohio, Inc. Verfahren und vorrichtung zum aufbringen einer polychromatischen beschichtung auf einem substrat
US7445816B2 (en) * 1999-11-15 2008-11-04 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Method and apparatus for coating a substrate
US6641666B2 (en) 1999-11-15 2003-11-04 Ppg Industries Ohio, Inc. Method and apparatus for coating a substrate
US7005159B2 (en) * 2001-04-02 2006-02-28 Abb Inc. Method of operating powder paint applicator
US20070000947A1 (en) * 2005-07-01 2007-01-04 Lewis Russell H Apparatus and methods for dispensing fluidic or viscous materials
US20070069040A1 (en) * 2005-08-15 2007-03-29 Lewis Russell H Apparatus and methods for dispensing fluidic or viscous materials
US8662410B2 (en) * 2005-11-03 2014-03-04 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Multiple color powder paint application
EP2606981B1 (de) * 2011-12-20 2014-04-30 ABB Technology AG Farbwechslermodul und Farbwechsler
US9726168B2 (en) 2013-03-29 2017-08-08 Epic Solutions, Inc. System and method for multi-component mixture control
DE102014209157A1 (de) * 2014-05-14 2015-11-19 Wiwa Wilhelm Wagner Gmbh & Co Kg Verfahren zur Steuerung eines Pumpensystems sowie Pumpensystem
US9895708B2 (en) 2014-10-20 2018-02-20 Akurate Dynamics LLC System for dispensing multiple component chemical sprays
US10758933B2 (en) * 2016-03-01 2020-09-01 Carlisle Fluid Technologies, Inc. Fluid regulation system

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US3477870A (en) * 1966-03-03 1969-11-11 Gen Motors Corp Method of spray coating a series of articles including the application of different colors to different articles
US3974879A (en) * 1975-02-14 1976-08-17 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Method and apparatus for delivering constant water flow rates to a fire hose at each of a plurality of selectable flow rate settings
US4204612A (en) * 1978-05-11 1980-05-27 Foam Controls Inc. System for applying foam insulation
GB2091911A (en) * 1981-01-27 1982-08-04 Binks Bullows Ltd Automatic control of liquid supply
DE3221326A1 (de) * 1982-06-05 1983-06-16 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Anlage zum maschinellen farbspritzen von serienteilen
DE3221327A1 (de) * 1982-06-05 1983-09-15 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Anlage zum farbspritzen von serienteilen wechselnder farbe
US4510397A (en) * 1983-07-20 1985-04-09 Marathon Oil Company Polymer flow control apparatus

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US3974879A (en) * 1975-02-14 1976-08-17 Grumman Aerospace Corporation Method and apparatus for delivering constant water flow rates to a fire hose at each of a plurality of selectable flow rate settings
US4204612A (en) * 1978-05-11 1980-05-27 Foam Controls Inc. System for applying foam insulation
GB2091911A (en) * 1981-01-27 1982-08-04 Binks Bullows Ltd Automatic control of liquid supply
DE3221326A1 (de) * 1982-06-05 1983-06-16 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Anlage zum maschinellen farbspritzen von serienteilen
DE3221327A1 (de) * 1982-06-05 1983-09-15 Daimler-Benz Ag, 7000 Stuttgart Anlage zum farbspritzen von serienteilen wechselnder farbe
US4510397A (en) * 1983-07-20 1985-04-09 Marathon Oil Company Polymer flow control apparatus

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PATENT ABSTRACTS OF JAPAN, vol. 9, no. 180 (C-293)[1903], 25 juilliet 1985, page 155 C 293; & JP-A-60 51 566 (ITOUKI KOUSAKUSHIYO K.K.) 23-03-1985 *

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0459892A1 (de) * 1990-05-31 1991-12-04 Sames S.A. Farbspritzanlage mit kontrolliertem Durchfluss
FR2662620A1 (fr) * 1990-05-31 1991-12-06 Sames Sa Installation de projection de produit de revetement pulverise a debit controle.
EP0480080A1 (de) * 1990-10-08 1992-04-15 Trinity Industrial Corporation Beschichtungsvorrichtung
WO1992021447A1 (de) * 1991-05-29 1992-12-10 Abb Fläkt Ransburg Gmbh Sprühbeschichtungsvorrichtung
WO1998041316A1 (en) * 1997-03-19 1998-09-24 Akzo Nobel N.V. Apparatus for applying multi-component coating compositions
US6383572B1 (en) 1997-03-19 2002-05-07 Akzo Nobel N.V. Apparatus for applying multi-component coating compositions
WO2015185190A1 (de) * 2014-06-03 2015-12-10 Eisenmann Se Anlage zum lackieren von gegenständen, insbesondere von fahrzeugkarosserien
US10137470B2 (en) 2014-06-03 2018-11-27 Eisenmann Se System for painting objects
RU2675911C2 (ru) * 2014-06-03 2018-12-25 Айзенманн Се Система для покраски объекта, в частности кузова транспортного средства

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
US4928880A (en) 1990-05-29
ES2025305B3 (es) 1992-03-16
JPS63305955A (ja) 1988-12-13
DE3864898D1 (de) 1991-10-24
FR2616086B2 (fr) 1990-01-26
EP0292354B1 (de) 1991-09-18
DE292354T1 (de) 1989-04-20
FR2616086A2 (fr) 1988-12-09

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